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Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G

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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6202-0_14

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Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G

Mitrabinda Khuntia, Debabrata Singh, and Sipra Sahoo

Abstract Currently, a disconnected system makes a major challenge for IoT tech-
nologies. The ability of 5G to transmit data more quickly and support further links
can benefit at once address the present challenge and simplify the connected device
control. In contrast, using 4G/LTE networks, 5G will be able to process data quickly,
which was a challenge for IoT solutions. The consequence has been long delays
from sending data to receiving it. By using the 5G network, more users could contin-
uously send more information without fear of overcrowding the network, leading
to delays in the past. The 5G connectivity would allow everyone to realize the IoT
technology’s strength. Now, IoT potential is vast, but the potential connectivity will
come to fruition with 5G technology. Using sensors, “Smart” apps can easily transmit
data even from thousands of miles away. In this paper, we discuss the impact and
importance of 5G on IoT with its applications. As IoT is more established and essen-
tial due to the rapid growth of 5G, we discuss the establishment and necessity of IoT
over 5G. Lastly, we focus on the aspect of IoT on updated 5G technology.

Keywords 4G/LTE · 5G · Internet of Things · Security · Artificial intelligence

M. Khuntia (B) · S. Sahoo

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technical Education and Research,
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751030, India
e-mail: mitrabindakhuntia@soa.ac.in
S. Sahoo
e-mail: siprasahoo@soa.ac.in
D. Singh
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute of Technical Education
and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751030,
India
e-mail: debabratasingh@soa.ac.in

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 125

D. Mishra et al. (eds.), Intelligent and Cloud Computing,
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 153,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6202-0_14
126 M. Khuntia et al.

1 Introduction

In the last few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the pervasive measure
including a large collection of built-up applications covering different sensor types.
A large number of activities are expected to grow in the IoT-based product lines
in the coming years of planning of up to billions of devices with an average of 6–7
devices per person by 2020 [1]. With most of the above device and protocol concerns
resolved over the past decade, the cyber-physical and device-to-device (D2D) inter-
action convergence of sensors and sensor-based systems are now growing. A lot of
discussion about 5G of the fifth generation of mobile communication networks has
been taking place recently. As each new generation arrives, they are accompanied
by more capacity and faster connections. Projected benefits include:
• Enhanced coverage: over the 4G and LTE towers, 5G cell towers will have
improved capacity, which ensures that more phones will connect [2] simulta-
neously.
• Reduced latency: 5G eliminates log time and delays in sending and receiving
information significantly.
• Faster connection: it is estimated that 5G speeds are about 10× faster than 4G
connections are now feasible.
It is promised that the upcoming 5G wireless network technology will be respon-
sive, fast and power-efficient [3]. While faster downloads and insufficient latency
offered through 5G will attract mobile phone users, it is just not enough to explain
the huge cost Bloomberg estimates at 200 billion a year.
The Internet of Things is still one industry that can see all of this differently
as depicted in Fig. 1. According to projections by Bain and the firm, the B2B IoT
market will reach 300 billion by 2020. And total IoT investment in 2022, based

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
0G 1980- 1990- 2001- 2015--
1918- 1958-
1999 2002 2019 2030
1926 1984
Bandwidth 2Mbps 200Mbps >1Gbps
14-16Kbps
2Kbps
1Kbps
Germany Japan 2001 Japan2006 Korea 2018
German Germany 1992 (GSM (UMTS Net) (1st LTE Net) 1st NR(5G)
Railway, A-Net (95%) Network)
B-Net (Self Germany Germany
f=30- dialing car)
300KHz,19 2002 (UMTS (Pvt.4G & 5G)
C-Net (SIM
CEPT 1985 Net)
2 meters Card)
(GSM Spec)
long Germany
Antenna USA 1946
2019
(Private 5G)
(Public call)

Fig. 1 Generation of private networks in Germany (from 0G to 5G in Germany)

Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G 127

on IDC results, is expected to reach 1.2 trillion [4]. The researchers, engineers and
scientists face different challenges on IoT-based system development with 5G wire-
less communications. Mostly the advancement of cloud computing and its extension
version fog computing, with the proliferation of smart IoT devices can be extended
further. As IoT technologies, i.e. machine to machine communication, intelligent
data analyses are expected to impact on the 5G. This research challenge helps us to
design a new system with the presence the smart IoT devices and its applications.
The 5G network will mainly contribute to the creation of the Internet of Things
as an integral part of the world by laying the foundation to unlock its full potential.
Recent mobile technology has no equal accommodation for 20.4 billion connected
devices and is setting up the exchange of data without small lags [5]. IoT’s increas-
ingly emerging technologies revealed an impressive step in five key areas in the
technology interruption:
• Sensing—Endpoints of IoT,
• Communication—IoT communication,
• Secure—Secure IoT,
• Comprehension—IoT information and analytics,
• Acting—Intelligence Artificial IoT (AI).
5G promises a massive, friendly IoT ecosystem, with huge improvements over
the 4G’s current capacity. It is capable of covering up to 100 times more connected
devices per unit area compared to the 4G LTE. IoT’s idea is to have heterogeneous
connected devices that collect the information in real-time over a limited period of
time. After all, the continuous transmission of data contributes to exhaustion in the
battery life of both the network and the phones. The new cellular network will see
a 90% reduction in the network energy routine for up to 10 years of battery life for
low-power IoT phones. Businesses and consumers of apps are enthusiastic about the
prospects that will grow in 2019 and 2020 [6].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 presents the IoT challenges,
which most likely offers the system requirements. In Sect. 3, we discuss 5G chal-
lenges. Section 4 presents 5G characteristics along with their applications. Section 5
describes the impact of 5G on IoT. Finally, in Sect. 6 we conclude the advantage of
5G over the use cases of IoT.

2 IoT Challenges

IoT offers everything systems with the requirement of software and a large number of
items must be accessible at low cost. Therefore, IoT’s problems and the core criteria
are as follows:

1. Energy efficiency: Three important stages are harvesting, conversation and

consumption of IoT ecosystem require energy. Novel energy-efficient solutions
need to be explored [7]. Harvesting technologies and small batteries contribute
128 M. Khuntia et al.

towards saving energy. But the problem occurs when the application takes
place in a remote area where reaching is effort-consuming task and recharging
or replacing batteries is another impossible task. When direct communication
between IoT devices is established energy consumption may be reduced. Local
connectivity is achieved by using short-range standardization wireless tech-
nologies and wireless gateways are adopted for providing remote connectivity
to the Internet. The modern LTE-A cellular network is another contributor to
energy-efficient networking solutions.
2. Scalability: Enormous statistics of smart devices are responsible to be part of the
upcoming IoT world leading to the drawback of current network infrastructure.
There are many drawbacks to be addressed in 5G based IoT systems though some
recent works are carried out by 3GPP for supporting MTC in LTE-A. We expect
percentage-based IoT architecture to include eliminating surplus in link access
by maintaining efficient allocation of resource radio and efficient handling of
small-size data communication on the assumption of high device performance.
3. Resilience: The dynamic essence of the wireless IoT ecosystem ensures system
operation under severe conditions including deficiencies in connectivity to the
network infrastructure. Unlike the capillary network broadcasting successes,
due to crowded incidents, network node failure situations, not so good wire-
less networking conditions, and many catastrophic circumstances, an unforeseen
lack of infrastructure base is likely to occur. In addition to the lack of network
infrastructure access, the inherent dynamic nature of wireless IoT environments
often needs device stability assurances under harsh conditions.
4. Interoperability: Highly heterogeneous artifacts populate the IoT, each having
specific functions that are accessible through its own language and network one
of the main criteria, is to handle this inherent diversity, which provides efficient
solutions for the seamless integration of devices, technologies and services [8].
From the communication point of view, IoT versatility will take the range of radio
technologies involved in the support of low-power devices. In 5G network, all
evolving trends are supported by the connectivity of IoT applications. For those
next-generation cellular networks needs an effective mechanism to handle hetero-
geneous data capabilities, manages different radio technologies and integrated
mobility management, etc.
5. Team communications: In IoT universal environments, data provided by a single
object may not be reliable or useful enough to support specific applications and the
required quality of the data. At the same time, autonomous IoT systems can have
advantages in activating simultaneous actions on multiple actions such as street
light lamps in a smart city. The relevance of IoT group communication involves
standardizing a resource-constrained device application protocol based on IPv6
[3]. Multicast and unicast-oriented solutions can provide team communications.
The former situation is the most difficult because the network has to facilitate
the simultaneous transmission of packets to a number of recipients. This enables
network traffic to be reduced and the efficient use of resources to be improved
[8].
Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G 129

6. Cloud-based IoT network environment: Supporting a dynamic execution

system for complex IoT applications is another major challenge. On-demand
processing and storage tools are deployed globally with supported by data centers.
IoT device virtualization, dynamic processing sensor events, image transcoding,
face reorganization, storing huge amount of data and analyzing the big data make
more challenges in IoT platforms. Vehicular networks [9], Fog computing [6]
was introduced for IoT, address these issues through cloud services. These cloud
computing solutions face delays in communication with remote data centers due
to traffic congestion.
7. Multimedia IoT support: Multimedia smart devices also need to be fully incor-
porated to support multimedia services in order to implement a robust IoT plat-
form. Different use cases involve telemedicine-based ambient assisted living and
patient care, integrated smart home monitoring systems, advanced interactive
smart city monitoring involving real-time processing of sensor data. In addition,
the so-called “Multimedia Things Internet” [7] incorporates functionality and
network specifications that vary from those of the traditional resource-limited
IoT environment. Multimedia things foresee higher computational capabilities
to manage multimedia flows and, above all, communication is focused on band-
width, jitter, and loss rate to ensure acceptable multimedia content delivery. Low-
power radio systems are not well suited to serve these traffic types, although
cellular networks offer better performance for multimedia flows. Nevertheless,
taking into account the additional traffic created by multimedia products, 5G must
include new, efficient strategies to satisfy both system and human requirements,
e.g. by utilizing edge data caching and delivery of proximity information.

3 5G Challenges

In 5G development, the early challenges include:

• Using different frequency bands: In 5G networks a combination of low, medium
and high channels. All the mobile operators are expected to be implementing 5G
services through a smaller spectrum band.
• 4G to 5G Gradual transition: In industry, services must be 4G to 5G, due to the
critical continuous requirements of on-demand delivery of hardware, software
and services.
• Preparing the core network: Implementing the 5G setups, requires substantial
improvements in cloud computing networks, in the area of virtualization and
MIMO.
• Data interoperability: It is very crucial to achieve interoperability between
user elements (UE) and commercially developed 5G networks to validate key
technology.
• 5G business models Establishment: In industries, 5G business models must be
low-cost and high-performance implementations as depicted in Fig. 2. Developing
130 M. Khuntia et al.

Fig. 2 Evolution of mobile technology [8]

a network infrastructure and application ecosystem to help a sustainable business

model for 5G services.

4 5G Characteristics and Their Values/Applications

There are some characteristics of 5G along with their values/applications are

summarized in Table 1.

4.1 5G on IoT: A Single Network for Millions of Applications

With commercial 5G deployments beginning across the world, there will be

increasing interest surrounding the benefits that 5G can provide to the growing
Internet of Things (IoT) movement. A major roadblock to realizing the potential
and promise of the IoT is that multiple, specialized networks are being utilized
for different IoT use cases, from applications that utilize low-data transfer rates to
high-end mission-critical applications that require instantaneous data transfers. 5G,
however, offers a solution that allows for a single network to support myriad IoT use
cases and build economies of scale.
Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G 131

Table 1 Characteristics and their application

Characteristics Application
Network characteristics Cloud computing, software engineering, virtualization,
slicing
Maximum data rate 20 Gb/s
Maximum experienced data rate 0.1 Gb/s
Efficiency rate 3 times of 4G
Network efficiency 10–100 times of 4G
Traffic capacity 10 Mb m2 /s
Density of the connectivity 106 devices/km2
Latency 1 ms
Mobility 500 km/h
Technology Cloud/fog/edge computing, massive MIMO, flexible frame
structure, network slicing
Usage scenario eMBB, URLLC and mMTC

4.2 The Importance of 5G on the IoT

In short, IoT growth is exploding, and using multiple specialized networks to handle
various IoT applications is costly and difficult to scale. By 2020–2030 in a period of
just ten years, IoT devices will expand by 40–140 billion and the IoT upgrade from
4G to 5G is strong: today’s 4G networks, for instance, can accommodate up to 6000
NB-IoT devices on one cell. With 5G, on the other hand, a single cell can handle
up to one million devices. IoT applications that require minimal data transfer rates
can result in massive volumes of data transmitting over networks, and this requires a
great deal of connection management for each network. On 5G, however, this is not
the case: the single network approach of 5G is already optimized to handle massive
data transfers across a broad range IoT application [10].

4.3 Application of 5G Over IoT

5G and IoT together would also help to put each product on the shelves to the Internet.
Consumer products do not need to be continuously connected to the Internet as hard-
ware devices, but they can send and receive data about themselves as connected smart
products based on event-based experiences with clients and other entities through
scanning, RFID readers, NFC tags and more [11]. The current wireless infrastructure
is not up to the task of dealing with so many network devices, but 5G will make it
possible. Smart Packaging and Digital Labels can transform the way retailers manage
inventory and logistics and provide a hotbed of imagination to use them as a way to
interact with consumers in a creative manner. 4G does not manage data load from the
132 M. Khuntia et al.

ever-increasing number of online sensors and connected devices, limiting what IoT
can actually do. The 5G is the ideal enabler for the Internet of Things with its high
data speed, low latency, increased mobility, low energy consumption, cost efficiency
and the ability to handle much larger devices. 5G can play a major role not only in
transforming the way we communicate but also in changing industry and society.
There are a number of companies in which 5G as well as IoT can cause interruption
together, that are:

1. Self-driving cars: Sensors generate large quantities of data on self-driving cars,

temperature measurement, traffic conditions, weather, GPS location, etc. The
collection and assimilation of each quantity of data require a great deal of energy.
These cars also heavily relay on real-time information transmission in order to
provide optimum services. Nevertheless, with high-speed communication and
low latency, this intelligent care will be able to collect all kinds of data on an
ongoing basis, including time-critical data on which algorithms will work inde-
pendently to keep track of the working condition of the car and improve future
designs.
2. Healthcare: As all types of medical devices are powered by IoT, changes in their
services will also be seen in the medical field. Notwithstanding proper healthcare
infrastructure, the IoT link will greatly benefit rural areas and other similar remote
locations. With such low latency, it becomes an option to provide world-class
health care services such as remote surgery [12].
3. Logistics: 5G networking will improve end-to-end logistics operations with
advanced IoT monitoring sensors. High speeds and low latency will not only
allow data to be obtained in real-time, but also enable energy efficiency to generate
more diverse information at all points within a supply chain for a very long time.
A buyer would have access to detailed information such as where the fish she had
just bought was caught, the temperature at which it was treated during processing,
and when delivered to the seller.
4. Smart cities: 5G will allow broader applications from water and waste manage-
ment to smart city projects, traffic control to enhanced facilities for health care.
Smart cities will benefit from the benefits of the new generation network as more
and more devices reach urban infrastructure. Not only will 5G be able to handle
the massive data load, it will also make it a reality to incorporate multiple smart
systems that continuously interact with each other, bringing a truly connected
city’s dream closer.
5. Retail: As they attempt to shape customer engagement and experience through
mobile phones, retail IoT will see a positive impact from 5G’s arrival. Improved
connectivity and a larger number of network-connected devices would allow
new and innovative ways of engaging consumers to engage faster with shoppers
through better digital signage. With increased reality and virtual reality, it will
become more popular. Retailers will be able to enhance the shopping experience
by implementing omnichannel sales activities more efficiently.
6. Automotive: It is one of the main uses of 5G connecting cars to Augmented
Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) [10]. Enhanced vehicle communication
Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G 133

services will include direct vehicle-to-pedestrian and vehicle-to-infrastructure

communication, as well as autonomous driving communication that is network-
friendly. Supported use cases would concentrate on vehicle comfort and safety,
including real-time communication of purpose, route planning, organized driving
and community updates.
7. Industrial: By incorporating 5G security into the core network architecture, we
would also provide an extremely secure network for industrial IoT.

5 The Impact of 5G on IoT

Today, disconnected networks are a major challenge for IoT technologies. The
capacity of 5G to transmit data more rapidly and allow more connections will help
at once address this issue as well as simplify the management of connected devices.
In contrast, 5G will be able to process data quickly using 4G/LTE networks, which
has been a challenge for IoT solutions. The result was a long delay from the time the
data was sent to the time it was received. The 5G connectivity would allow everyone
to understand the IoT technology’s strength. As of now, IoT’s potential is enormous,
but the real networking must come to fruition with 5G technology. Using sensors,
“Smart” apps can easily transmit data even from thousands of miles away. The impli-
cations on an individual and municipal scale are endless. The ‘smart’ city has become
a reality that will reap the rewards for both local businesses and residents [11].
5G will make it possible for companies investing in IoT technology or creating
IoT-based platforms to have many of the desired specifications. Better connectivity,
lower latency and faster connection mean more people can transmit more data at
the same time. As a result, IoT solutions will grow companies constantly without
thinking about disconnected networks that have plagued IoT developments so far.
5G facilitates the development of IoT applications to help all.

5.1 Establishing a 5G—IoT Ecosystem

IoT will have more chances to expand capabilities; services as well as reliability as
more development resources like 5G enter the market. According to Statista, “The
Internet of Things Devices installed base is expected to grow to nearly 31 billion
worldwide by 2020” [12], Factors needed to build a 5G-IoT ecosystem are as follows:

1. Automatic power supply: Batteries and wires may be a viable IoT power solution
now, but it will be nearly impossible to keep up as IoT’s sheer volume expands
globally. A failed or drained battery can cost a company’s revenue and increase
protection and liability concerns in an IoT sensor, M2M or factory automation.
Having wireless power without pads and over the range is important.
134 M. Khuntia et al.

2. Innovators, integrators and implementers: The implementation of 5G is clearly

expensive. Companies need a short and long term growth strategy along with
people to help them fully realize the benefits, safe and secure [13].
3. A electronic recycling program: Normally we will keep our home appliances and
work equipment for dozens of years. With IoT enabled by 5G and a continuous
and automatic IoT sensor wireless power supply, existing “non-smart” devices
will soon become obsolete and need recycling or upcycling. Industries and soci-
eties that prepare differently for this will become an opportunity to present a
potential threat to the environment.

5.2 Future of IoT

• By 2025, it is estimated that more than 21 billion IoT devices are in the market.
• Cybercriminals will continue their role with IoT devices through DoS and DDoS
attacks.
• More cities will seem smarter [14].
• Artificial intelligence with networking will become a bigger challenge in the
upcoming scenario.
• Routers will continue to become more secure and smarter.
• Instead of 4G, 5G networks will continue to fuel IoT growth.
• Vehicular networks, i.e. Cars, trains, buses will get even smarter [15].
• 5G’s arrival will help in smart home automation and also act to open the door
with privacy and security concerns.
• IoT-based DDoS attacks will create a major problem in the networks [16].
• Security and privacy concerns will drive legislation and regulatory activity.

5.3 Aspects of IoT on Updated 5G Technologies

There are some of the different aspects of IoT to be enhanced by 5G technology,

which are as follows:

Data The most obvious impact 5G technology implementation will have on the
IoT is its ability to share far larger data volumes at faster speeds than 4G. Using
more advanced communication techniques, such as MIMO, to improve 5G networks
ensures that more information can be sent and retrieved in a relatively short time
frame. Numerous transmitters and receivers distributed over large areas work much
better than the distribution of single antennas. Hence, coverage is usually more
difficult to reach remote rural areas or large buildings inside that can certainly be
enhanced.

Size In the previous years, the IoT’s sheer size has improved significantly as those
devices are linked and additional applications are being created. 5G networks’ ability
Impact of Internet of Things (IoT) on 5G 135

to transmit more data at faster speeds would empower more connected devices to
connect and talk to each other to the network. High latency has been a continuous
problem for companies with multiple connected devices, but after adapting the 5G
network, companies have been able to add many more devices to their network
without causing congestion and further latency problems.
Power Consumption Another issue that concerns organizations and individuals
planning to implement multiple connected devices to a system. For example, recent
developments in the narrowband IoT enable narrow bandwidth that is optimized
for low-data rates IoT applications. This would empower the network with much
lower power consumption and reduce the strain on data transmission as well. For
many industrial and business operations, scalability is key and 5G technologies will
hopefully make such conceivable results viable.

6 Conclusion

Over the past few years, there has been an increase in mobile broadband technology,
2G networks were designed for voice communication, 3G networks added voice and
data and 4G offered a boost to Internet-based broadband experiences. 5G is about
fusing networking computing capabilities with imagine a world in which connected
devices do not have to take the computing load because the network they communi-
cate over is capable of processing enough. 5G will also help to realize IoT’s potential
well beyond what is possible with today’s technologies. Human and object interac-
tions will increase to all-new levels. 5G will provide countless benefits on the road to
realizing the potential of the IoT. The advantage of using a single 5G networks will
prove more efficient, more cost-effective and will provide economies of scale across
a wide variety of IoT use cases. 5G is believed to be more speed up to 10 Gbps, lower
latency and higher extensive coverage and increase the data traffic protection.

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