Microprocessors

By
Mr. Parag R. Sali
Lecturer
Department of Computer Technology
SNJB’s Shri. Hiralal Hastimal ( Jain Brothers)
Polytechnic, Chandwad
Program Name: Computer Engineering Group
Program Code : CO/CM/IF/CW
Semester : Forth
Course Title : Microprocessors
Course Code : 22415

8086 Instruction Set

 Instruction Format in 8086 Microprocessor
For every instruction that is executed in the 8086 microprocessor,
an instruction format is available that is the binary representation of that
instruction.
This instruction format can be coded from 1 to 6 bytes depending upon the
addressing modes used for instructions.
The general Instruction format that most of the instructions of the 8086
microprocessor follow is:
The Opcode stands for Operation Code. Every Instruction has a unique 6-bit
opcode.
For example, the opcode for MOV is 100010.

D stands for direction

If D=0, then the direction is from the register
If D=1, then the direction is to the register

W stands for word

If W=0, then only a byte is being transferred, i.e. 8 bits
If W=1, them a whole word is being transferred, i.e. 16 bits

The MOD and R/M together is calculated based upon the addressing mode
and register being used in it. This is calculated as follows:
MOD 00 01 10 11
(Memory Mode (Memory mode (Memory Mode (Register Mode)
with no with 8 bit with 16 bit
R/M displacement) displacement) displacement)
000 [BX] + [SI] [BX] + [SI] + d8 [BX] + [SI] + d16 AL AX

001 [BX] + [DI] [BX] + [DI] + d8 [BX] + [DI] + d16 CL CX

010 [BP] + [SI] [BP] + [SI] + d8 [BP] + [SI] + d16 DL DX

011 [BP] + [DI] [BP] + [DI] + d8 [BP] + [DI] + d16 BL BX

100 [SI] [SI] + d8 [SI] + d16 AH SP

101 [DI] [DI] + d8 [DI] + d16 CH BP

110 d16 (direct) [BP] + d8 [BP] + d16 DH SI

111 [BX] [BX] + d8 [BX] + d16 BH DI

REG stands for register selected. It is a 3-bit code which is calculated as follows:

REG Code Register Selected

000 AL AX
001 CL CX
010 DL DX
011 BL BX
100 AH SP
101 CH BP
110 DH SI
111 BH DI
The low order displacement and high order displacement are optional and
the instruction format contains them only if there exists any displacement in
the instruction. If the displacement is of 8 bits, then only the cell of low
order displacement is filled and if the displacement is of 16 bits, then both
the cells of low order and high order are filled, with the exact bits that the
displacement number represents.
The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of instructions −
 Data Transfer Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 String Instructions
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop
Instructions)
 Processor Control Instructions
 Iteration Control Instructions
 Interrupt Instructions
Data Transfer Instructions
These instructions are used to transfer the data from the source operand to the
destination operand. Following are the list of instructions under this group −
Instruction to transfer a word
 MOV − Used to copy the byte or word from the provided source to the provided
destination.
 PPUSH − Used to put a word at the top of the stack.
 POP − Used to get a word from the top of the stack to the provided location.
 PUSHA − Used to put all the registers into the stack.
 POPA − Used to get words from the stack to all registers.
 XCHG − Used to exchange the data from two locations.
 XLAT − Used to translate a byte in AL using a table in the memory.
Instructions for input and output port transfer
 IN − Used to read a byte or word from the provided port to the accumulator.
 OUT − Used to send out a byte or word from the accumulator to the provided
port.
Instructions to transfer the address
 LEA − Used to load the address of operand into the provided register.
 LDS − Used to load DS register and other provided register from the
memory
 LES − Used to load ES register and other provided register from the
memory.
Instructions to transfer flag registers
 LAHF − Used to load AH with the low byte of the flag register.
 SAHF − Used to store AH register to low byte of the flag register.
 PUSHF − Used to copy the flag register at the top of the stack.
 POPF − Used to copy a word at the top of the stack to the flag register.
Arithmetic Instructions
These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
Instructions to perform addition
 ADD − Used to add the provided byte to byte/word to word.
 ADC − Used to add with carry.
 INC − Used to increment the provided byte/word by 1.
 AAA − Used to adjust ASCII after addition.
 DAA − Used to adjust the decimal after the addition/subtraction operation.
Instructions to perform subtraction
 SUB − Used to subtract the byte from byte/word from word.
 SBB − Used to perform subtraction with borrow.
 DEC − Used to decrement the provided byte/word by 1.
 NPG − Used to negate each bit of the provided byte/word and add 1/2’s
complement.
 CMP − Used to compare 2 provided byte/word.
 AAS − Used to adjust ASCII codes after subtraction.
 DAS − Used to adjust decimal after subtraction.
Instruction to perform multiplication
 MUL − Used to multiply unsigned byte by byte/word by word.
 IMUL − Used to multiply signed byte by byte/word by word.
 AAM − Used to adjust ASCII codes after multiplication.
Instructions to perform division
 DIV − Used to divide the unsigned word by byte or unsigned double word by word.
 IDIV − Used to divide the signed word by byte or signed double word by word.
 AAD − Used to adjust ASCII codes after division.
 CBW − Used to fill the upper byte of the word with the copies of sign bit of the lower
byte.
 CWD − Used to fill the upper word of the double word with the sign bit of the lower
word.
Bit Manipulation Instructions
These instructions are used to perform operations where data bits are involved, i.e.
operations like logical, shift, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
Instructions to perform logical operation
 NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.
 AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in another
byte/word.
 OR − Used to multiply each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in another
byte/word.
 XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit in a byte/word with the
corresponding bit in another byte/word.
 TEST − Used to add operands to update flags, without affecting operands.
Instructions to perform shift operations
 SHL/SAL − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards left and put zero(S) in LSBs.
 SHR − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the right and put zero(S) in MSBs.
 SAR − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the right and copy the old MSB into the
new MSB.
Instructions to perform rotate operations
 ROL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the left, i.e. MSB to LSB and to Carry Flag
[CF].
 ROR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to MSB and to Carry Flag
[CF].
 RCR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to CF and CF to MSB.
 RCL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the left, i.e. MSB to CF and CF to LSB.
String Instructions
String is a group of bytes/words and their memory is always allocated in a
sequential order.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
 REP − Used to repeat the given instruction till CX ≠ 0.
 REPE/REPZ − Used to repeat the given instruction until CX = 0 or zero flag ZF = 1.
 REPNE/REPNZ − Used to repeat the given instruction until CX = 0 or zero flag ZF =
1.
 MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW − Used to move the byte/word from one string to
another.
 COMS/COMPSB/COMPSW − Used to compare two string bytes/words.
 INS/INSB/INSW − Used as an input string/byte/word from the I/O port to the
provided memory location.
 OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW − Used as an output string/byte/word from the provided
memory location to the I/O port.
 SCAS/SCASB/SCASW − Used to scan a string and compare its byte with a byte in
AL or string word with a word in AX.
 LODS/LODSB/LODSW − Used to store the string byte into AL or string word into
AX.
Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch and Loop Instructions)
These instructions are used to transfer/branch the instructions during an execution. It
includes the following instructions −
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution without any condition
 CALL − Used to call a procedure and save their return address to the stack.
 RET − Used to return from the procedure to the main program.
 JMP − Used to jump to the provided address to proceed to the next instruction.
Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution with some conditions −
 JA/JNBE − Used to jump if above/not below/equal instruction satisfies.
 JAE/JNB − Used to jump if above/not below instruction satisfies.
 JBE/JNA − Used to jump if below/equal/ not above instruction satisfies.
 JC − Used to jump if carry flag CF = 1
 JE/JZ − Used to jump if equal/zero flag ZF = 1
 JG/JNLE − Used to jump if greater/not less than/equal instruction
satisfies.
 JGE/JNL − Used to jump if greater than/equal/not less than instruction
satisfies.
 JL/JNGE − Used to jump if less than/not greater than/equal instruction
satisfies.
 JLE/JNG − Used to jump if less than/equal/if not greater than instruction
satisfies.
 JNC − Used to jump if no carry flag (CF = 0)
 JNE/JNZ − Used to jump if not equal/zero flag ZF = 0
 JNO − Used to jump if no overflow flag OF = 0
 JNP/JPO − Used to jump if not parity/parity odd PF = 0
 JNS − Used to jump if not sign SF = 0
 JO − Used to jump if overflow flag OF = 1
 JP/JPE − Used to jump if parity/parity even PF = 1
 JS − Used to jump if sign flag SF = 1
Processor Control Instructions
These instructions are used to control the processor action by setting/resetting
the flag values.
Following are the instructions under this group −
 STC − Used to set carry flag CF to 1
 CLC − Used to clear/reset carry flag CF to 0
 CMC − Used to put complement at the state of carry flag CF.
 STD − Used to set the direction flag DF to 1
 CLD − Used to clear/reset the direction flag DF to 0
 STI − Used to set the interrupt enable flag to 1, i.e., enable INTR input.
 CLI − Used to clear the interrupt enable flag to 0, i.e., disable INTR input.
Iteration Control Instructions
These instructions are used to execute the given instructions for
number of times. Following is the list of instructions under this group −
 LOOP − Used to loop a group of instructions until the condition
satisfies, i.e., CX = 0
 LOOPE/LOOPZ − Used to loop a group of instructions till it satisfies
ZF = 1 & CX = 0
 LOOPNE/LOOPNZ − Used to loop a group of instructions till it
satisfies ZF = 0 & CX = 0
 JCXZ − Used to jump to the provided address if CX = 0
Interrupt Instructions
These instructions are used to call the interrupt during program execution.
 INT − Used to interrupt the program during execution and calling service
specified.
 INTO − Used to interrupt the program during execution if OF = 1
IRET − Used to return from interrupt service to the main program