POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS

MARINA S. D. PERDIGÃO (perdigao@isec.pt)

 DC-DC POWER CONVERTERS
Buck, Boost, Buck-boost and Flyback
DC-DC conversion?

Single-phase or
three-phase Buck
rectifier Boost
Buck-boost
DC-DC conversion?
DC-DC conversion?
DC-DC conversion?
DC-DC conversion
Purpose: regulated output voltage
The average output voltage must be
controlled to be equal to a desired level,
though the input voltage and the output
load may fluctuate;
In a switch-mode dc-dc converter with a
given input voltage the average output
voltage is controlled by controlling the
switch on and off durations – therefore,
the average output voltage depends on
𝑡𝑜𝑛 and 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓

𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 ; 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠

DC-DC conversion
Purpose: regulated output voltage
The average output voltage must be
controlled to be equal to a desired level,
though the input voltage and the output
load may fluctuate;
In a switch-mode dc-dc converter with a
given input voltage the average output
voltage is controlled by controlling the
switch on and off durations – therefore,
the average output voltage depends on
𝑡𝑜𝑛 and 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓
Switching a constant frequency and simply
𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 ; 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠
adjusting the on duration of the switch is
called pulse-width-modulation
The switch duty ratio 𝐷 is defined as the
ratio of the on duration to the switching
time period
 PWM switching scheme

Note: The frequency of the sawtooth dictates the value

of the switching frequency of the converter (typically
few kHz to a few hundred kHz) 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 ; 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠

𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
𝐷= =
𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑠𝑡
DC-DC conversion

average value of the output voltage

1 𝑇𝑠
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑣 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑠 0 𝑜
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑠
1
= 𝑉𝑑 𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷𝑉𝑑
𝑇𝑠 0 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐷𝑇𝑠 ; 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠

DC-DC converters: Buck

1. Step-down converter: buck converter;

2. Step-up converter: boost converter;
3. Step-up, step down converter: buck-boost;
Boost
4. Isolated dc-dc converters;
Flyback converter;
Forward converter.

Buck-boost
1. Buck converter

General remarks:

The circuit operates in steady-state:

all voltages and current are periodic
and ending at the same points over
one switching period;
C is very large resulting in constant
output voltage 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 ;
At first current in 𝐿 is assumed to be
continuous;
The circuit is assumed to be lossless
(𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑜 )
 1. Buck converter

Equivalent
circuit
with
switch ON
 1. Buck converter

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch ON switch OFF
1. Buck converter

The output voltage fluctuations are

diminished by using a low-pass filter,
consisiting of an inductor and a
capacitor:
𝑣𝑜𝑖 corresponds to the input of the low-pass
filter, which consists of a dc component and the
harmonics at the switching frequency and its
multiples
If the corner frequency of the filter is selected to
be much lower than the switching-frequency, the
ripple will be essentially eliminated
 1. Buck converter

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch ON switch OFF
 1. Buck converter

SWITCH CLOSED:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in 𝐿

𝑣𝐿 + 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑑 = 0 → 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜

𝐷𝑇
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐿 𝑑

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch ON switch OFF
 1. Buck converter

SWITCH OPEN:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in 𝐿

𝑣𝐿 + 𝑉𝑜 = 0 → 𝑣𝐿 = −𝑉𝑜

(1 − 𝐷)𝑇
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = −𝑉𝑜
𝐿

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch ON switch OFF
 1. Buck converter

Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =0

𝐷𝑇 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇
𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0
𝐿 𝐿

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐷

voltage conversion ratio

𝑉𝑜
𝑀 𝐷 = =𝐷
𝑉𝑑
Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch ON switch OFF
 1. Buck converter

average value of the inductance voltage

𝑇𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑠
𝑣𝐿 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑡𝑜𝑛
=0

𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 − 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 = 0

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐷
 1. Buck converter

maximum and minimum values of the inductor current

∆𝑖𝐿 1 1−𝐷
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = 𝑉𝑜 +
2 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓𝑠

∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 −
2

𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑜 =
𝑅

𝑃𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑃𝑜
 1. Buck converter

Output voltage ripple ∆𝑉𝑜

𝑖𝐶 = 𝑖𝐿 − 𝐼𝑜
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝑜

∆𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉𝑜

𝑇𝑠 ∆𝑖𝐿
×
2 2
∆𝑄 2
∆𝑉𝑜 = =
𝐶 𝐶
𝑉𝑜
= (1 − 𝐷)
8𝐿𝐶𝑓 2

∆𝑉𝑜 (1 − 𝐷)
=
𝑉𝑜 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 2
1. Buck converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)
∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − =0
2

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 ?
1. Buck converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)
∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − =0
2

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 ?

Example of
discontinuous
conduction
1. Buck converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)
 1. Buck converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)

𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 when 𝐷 = 0.5

1
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 𝑖𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 𝑇𝑠
= 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝐷𝑉𝑑 = 𝐷 1−𝐷
2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿

During an operation
condition (with a given
values of 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑉𝑑 , 𝑉𝑜 , 𝐿 and
𝐷, if the average output
current (and hence the
average inductor
current) becomes less
than 𝐼𝐿𝐵 , then 𝑖𝐿
becomes discontinuous
 1. Buck converter

For given constant values of 𝑇, 𝐿, 𝑉𝑑 and 𝐷, if the output

load power is decreased (i.e., the load resistance goes up),
then the average inductor current will decrease.

Example of This dictates a higher value of 𝑉𝑜 than before and results in

discontinuous a discontinuous current
conduction
 1. Buck converter

For given constant values of 𝑇, 𝐿, 𝑉𝑑 and 𝐷, if the output

load power is decreased (i.e., the load resistance goes up),
then the average inductor current will decrease.

Example of This dictates a higher value of 𝑉𝑜 than before and results in

discontinuous a discontinuous current
conduction
𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 − ∆1 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 = 0

voltage conversion ratio (𝐷 + ∆1 <1)

𝑉𝑜 𝐷
𝑀 𝐷 = =
1 𝑉𝑑 𝐷 + ∆1
𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑖𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2 If 𝑉𝑑 is constant
𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 𝑇𝑠
= 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝐷𝑉𝑑 = 𝐷 1−𝐷 The maximum value of 𝐼𝐿𝐵 occurs at 𝐷 = 0.5
2𝐿 2𝐿 2𝐿

Or If 𝑉𝑜 is constant
𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠
= 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = − 𝑉𝑜 = 1−𝐷 The maximum value of 𝐼𝐿𝐵 occurs at 𝐷 = 0
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐷 2𝐿
 1. Buck converter

𝑉𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 1. Buck converter

𝑉𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2. Boost converter
 2. Boost converter

Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
 2. Boost converter

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 2. Boost converter

SWITCH CLOSED:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in 𝐿

𝑣𝐿 − 𝑉𝑑 = 0 → 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑

𝐷𝑇
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉
𝐿 𝑑
𝑉𝑜 Equivalent Equivalent
𝑖𝐶 = − circuit circuit
𝑅 with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 2. Boost converter

SWITCH OPEN:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in 𝐿

𝑣𝐿 + 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑑 = 0 → 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜

(1 − 𝐷)𝑇
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐿
𝑉𝑜 Equivalent Equivalent
𝑖𝐶 = 𝑖𝐿 − circuit circuit
𝑅 with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 2. Boost converter

Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =0

𝐷𝑇 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇
𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0
𝐿 𝐿

𝑉𝑑
𝑉𝑜 =
1−𝐷
Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 2. Boost converter

The ideal boost converter is capable of

producing any output voltage greater
than the input voltage
In the real converter the inductor current
(𝑖𝑑 = 𝑖𝐿 ) flows through the semiconductor
forward voltage drops, the inductor winding
resistance and other sources of power
losses. As 𝐷 approaches 1, 𝑖𝐿 becomes very
Δ𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + Δ𝑖𝑚 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =0 large and these components non-idealities
lead to large power losses. As consequence
𝐷𝑇 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 the efficiency of the converter decreases
𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0 rapidly at high duty ratio
𝐿 𝐿

𝑉𝑑
𝑉𝑜 = voltage conversion ratio
1−𝐷
𝑉𝑜 1
𝑀 𝐷 = =
𝑉𝑑 1 − 𝐷
 2. Boost converter

maximum and minimum values of the inductor current

∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝑇𝑠
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = +
2 (1 − 𝐷)2 𝑅 2𝐿

∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 −
2

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 2. Boost converter

average value of the inductor current

𝑉𝑜2
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑃𝑜 =
𝑅

𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝐿 =
1 − 𝐷 2𝑅

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 2. Boost converter

Output voltage ripple ∆𝑉𝑜

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝑜

∆𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉𝑜

∆𝑄 𝐼𝑜 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝐷
∆𝑉𝑜 = = =
𝐶 𝐶 𝑅𝐶𝑓

∆𝑉𝑜 𝐷
=
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝐶𝑓
2. Boost converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − =0
2

𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 ?
 2. Boost converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

1 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 𝑖𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑑 = 𝐷 1−𝐷
2 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑑 (1 − 𝐷)
𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠 2
𝐼𝑜𝐵 = 𝐷 1−𝐷
𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 when 𝐷 = 0.5 2𝐿

1
𝐼𝑜𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 when 𝐷 =
3

During an operation
condition (with a given
values of 𝑇𝑠 , 𝐿 for a
constant 𝑉𝑜 ,and for a
given 𝐷, if the average
output current drops
below 𝐼𝑜𝐵 and hence the
average inductor current
becomes less than 𝐼𝐿𝐵 ,
then 𝑖𝐿 becomes
discontinuous
 2. Boost converter

Example of
discontinuous
conduction

𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 − ∆1 𝑇𝑠 (𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 ) = 0
The discontinuous current conduction occurs due to the
decrease of the output load power, hence the average
inductor current will decrease - 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑑 and 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑑 voltage conversion ratio (𝐷 + ∆1 <1)
(considering 𝑉𝑑 , 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡).
𝑉𝑜 ∆1 + 𝐷
𝑀 𝐷 = =
Since the peak inductor current remains the same in both 𝑉𝑑 ∆1
modes, but 𝐼𝐿 is lower, (this current is now discontinuous )
this implies that a higher value of 𝑉𝑜 is required
 2. Boost converter

Example of
discontinuous
conduction

𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 − ∆1 𝑇𝑠 (𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 ) = 0
The average input current which is also equal to the
average inductor current:
voltage conversion ratio (𝐷 + ∆1 <1)
𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝑇 𝑉𝑜 ∆1 + 𝐷
𝐼𝑑 = (∆1 + 𝐷) 𝐼𝑜 = ∆
2𝐿 2𝐿 1 𝑀 𝐷 =
𝑉𝑑
=
∆1

𝐼𝑜 ∆1 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑜
=
𝐼𝑑 ∆1 + 𝐷
 2. Boost converter

If 𝑉𝑜 is held constant and 𝐷 must vary in response to the

variation in 𝑉𝑑 it is more useful to obtain the required
duty ratio as a function of the load current for various
values of 𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑑

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
3. Buck-boost converter

The buck-boost converter is used when

a negative polarity may be desired with
respect to the common terminal of the
input voltage
This converter can be obtained by the
cascade connection of a buck and a
boost converter and the voltage
conversion ratio can be obtained by
multiplying the two voltage ratios
(assuming that the switches in both
converters have the same duty ratio)
 3. Buck-boost converter

The buck-boost converter is used when

a negative polarity may be desired with
respect to the common terminal of the
input voltage
This converter can be obtained by the
cascade connection of a buck and a
boost converter and the voltage
Buck conversion ratio can be obtained by
multiplying the two voltage ratios
𝑉𝑜 Boost (assuming that the switches in both
=𝐷
𝑉𝑑 converters have the same duty ratio)
𝑉𝑜 1
=
𝑉𝑑 1 − 𝐷
Buck-boost

𝑉𝑜 1
=𝐷
𝑉𝑑 1−𝐷
 3. Buck-boost converter

Equivalent
circuit
with
switch
ON
 3. Buck-boost converter

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 3. Buck-boost converter

SWITCH CLOSED:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in 𝐿

𝑣𝐿 − 𝑉𝑑 = 0 → 𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝑑

𝐷𝑇
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉
𝐿 𝑑
𝑉𝑜 Equivalent Equivalent
𝑖𝐶 = − circuit circuit
𝑅 with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 3. Buck-boost converter

SWITCH OPEN:
The relationship between the input and output
voltages can be determined by examining the
current in 𝐿

−𝑉𝑜 − 𝑣𝐿 = 0 → 𝑣𝐿 = −𝑉𝑜

(1 − 𝐷)𝑇
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =− 𝑉𝑜
𝐿
Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 3. Buck-boost converter

The ideal buck-boost converter is

capable of producing any output
voltage greater or smaller than the
input voltage, depending on the duty
ratio of the switch
If 𝐷 > 0.5, the output is larger than the
input, and if 𝐷 < 0.5, the output is smaller
than the input (the circuit combines the
Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + Δ𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =0 capabilities of the buck and of the boost
converter)
𝐷𝑇 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 Polarity reversal of the output may be a
𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0 disadvantage in some applications
𝐿 𝐿
The source is never directly connected to
the load
𝐷
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑
1−𝐷
Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 3. Buck-boost converter

Δ𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + Δ𝑖𝑚 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =0

𝐷𝑇 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇
𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0
𝐿 𝐿

𝐷
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑
1−𝐷
Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
 3. Buck-boost converter

Δ𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + Δ𝑖𝑚 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =0

𝐷𝑇 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇
𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑜 = 0
𝐿 𝐿

𝐷
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 average value of the inductance voltage
1−𝐷
𝑇𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑠
𝑣𝐿 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝐿 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑡𝑜𝑛
=0

𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 − 1 − 𝐷 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 = 0
 3. Buck-boost converter

𝑃𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑃𝑜 𝐷
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝑜 1 − 𝐷 1−𝐷
=
𝐼𝑑 𝐷
𝑉𝑜2
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝐼𝐿 = 𝑃𝑜 =
𝑅

𝐼𝑑 = 𝐷𝐼𝐿 Equivalent Equivalent 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑑

circuit circuit
with with
𝑉𝑑 𝐷 switch switch
𝐼𝐿 =
1 − 𝐷 2𝑅 ON OFF
 3. Buck-boost converter

maximum and minimum values of the inductor current

∆𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑠 𝐷 𝑉𝑠 𝐷𝑇
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿 + = +
2 𝑅(1 − 𝐷)2 2𝐿

∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 −
2

Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit
with with
switch switch
ON OFF
3. Buck-boost converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)
∆𝑖𝐿
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 − =0
2

1 − 𝐷 2𝑅
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2𝑓
 3. Buck-boost converter

Boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction

(By definition, the inductor current goes to zero at the end of the off period)

1 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠
𝐼𝐿𝐵 = 𝑖𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑑 = 1−𝐷
2 2𝐿 2𝐿

𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑑
2
𝐼𝑜𝐵 = 1−𝐷
2𝐿
𝐼𝐿𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 when 𝐷 = 0

𝐼𝑜𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 when 𝐷 = 0
 3. Buck-boost converter

Output voltage ripple ∆𝑉𝑜

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝑜

∆𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉𝑜

∆𝑄 𝐼𝑜 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑜 𝐷
∆𝑉𝑜 = = =
𝐶 𝐶 𝑅𝐶𝑓

∆𝑉𝑜 𝐷
=
𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝐶𝑓
 3. Buck-boost converter

The average inductor current is also affected:

𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑑 + ∆1 𝑇𝑠 (−𝑉𝑜 ) = 0
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇 𝐷 + ∆1
2𝐿 𝑠
voltage conversion ratio (𝐷 + ∆1 <1)

𝑉𝑜 𝐷
𝑀 𝐷 = =
𝑉𝑑 ∆1

𝐼𝑜 ∆1 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝑜
=
𝐼𝑑 𝐷
 3. Buck-boost converter

Since 𝑉𝑜 is kept constant, it is useful to obtain 𝐷 as a

function of the output load current for various values of
𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑑 . Using the equations derived earlier, we find that:

𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝐷=
𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑜𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
3. Buck-boost converter

𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠
𝐼𝑜𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝐿

𝑉𝑜 𝑇𝑠 2
𝐼𝑜𝐵 = 1−𝐷
2𝐿
4. Switch-mode power supply, isolation
4. Switch-mode power supply, isolation
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)

General remarks:

• C is very large resulting in constant output voltage 𝑉𝑜 ;

• The circuit operates in steady-state: all voltages and current are periodic and ending at the same
points over one switching period;

• The circuit operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM), with small inductor current ripple;

• The magnetizing current of the flyback transformer is unipolar, and hence no more than half of
the core material 𝐵(𝐻) loop can be utilized;

• The converter is ideal, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 .

 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF

𝑉𝑑
𝜙 𝑡 =𝜙 0 + 𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑁1
𝑉𝑑
𝜙 = 𝜙 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝜙 0 + 𝑡
𝑁1 𝑜𝑛
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch
ON

𝑉𝑑
𝜙 𝑡 =𝜙 0 + 𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑁1
𝑉𝑑
𝜙 = 𝜙 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝜙 0 + 𝑡
𝑁1 𝑜𝑛
4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch
OFF

𝑣2 = −𝑉𝑜
𝑡𝑜𝑛 < 𝑡 < 𝑇𝑠
𝑉𝑂
𝜙 𝑡 =𝜙− 𝑡
𝑁2 𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝜙 𝑇𝑠 = 𝜙 0

𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑂
𝜙 𝑇𝑠 = 𝜙 − 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝜙 0 + 𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 𝑡
𝑁2 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑜𝑓𝑓
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF

𝑉𝑑 𝑣2 = −𝑉𝑜
𝜙 𝑡 =𝜙 0 + 𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛 < 𝑡 < 𝑇𝑠
𝑁1 𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑑 𝜙 𝑡 =𝜙− 𝑡
𝑁2 𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝜙 = 𝜙 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝜙 0 + 𝑡 𝜙 𝑇𝑠 = 𝜙 0
𝑁1 𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑂
𝑁2 𝐷 𝜙 𝑇𝑠 = 𝜙 − 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝜙 0 + 𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 𝑡
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑑 𝑁2 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝑁1 1 − 𝐷
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF

𝑉𝑜 2 𝑉𝑜 2 𝑁2 𝑉𝑜 𝑁2 𝐼𝑜
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑤 = 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑠𝑤 = 𝐷𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚 = = =
𝑅 𝑉𝑑 𝐷𝑅 𝑁1 (1 − 𝐷)𝑅 𝑁1 (1 − 𝐷)
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)
Equivalent circuit with switch Equivalent circuit with switch
ON OFF

(1−𝐷)2 𝑅 𝑁1 2 ∆𝑉𝑜 𝐷
• CCM  𝐼𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0 𝐿𝑚,𝑓 = = 𝑅𝐶𝑓
2𝑓 𝑁2 𝑉𝑜

• DCM  when the switch is open, the current in 𝐿𝑚 decreases to zero

before the start of the next switching cycle.
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)

Exercises:
• A flyback converter has the following circuit parameters:
𝑁1
𝑉𝑆 = 24𝑉, = 3, 𝐿𝑚 = 500𝜇𝐻, 𝑅 = 5Ω, 𝐶 = 200𝜇𝐹, 𝑓 = 40𝑘𝐻𝑧, 𝑉𝑜 = 5𝑉
𝑁2
Determine : a) the required duty ratio; b) the average, the maximum and minimum
values for the current in 𝐿𝑚 and c) the output voltage ripple.
∆𝑉𝑜
SOLUTIONS: 𝐷 = 0.385, 𝐼𝑚 = 540𝑚𝐴, Δ𝑖𝑚 = 460𝑚𝐴, 𝐼𝑚,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 770𝑚𝐴, 𝐼𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 310𝑚𝐴, = 0.96%
𝑉𝑜
 4. Flyback converter (Switch-mode power supply)

Exercises:
• Design a flyback converter to produce an output of 32V from an input of 24V. The
load resistance is 20. Design for CCM in the transformer magnetizing inductance.
The minimum current in the magnetizing inductance should be 20% of the average
current. The voltage ripple on the output must be less than 1%. Choose the
transformer turns ratio and magnetizing inductance, the switching frequency
(30kHz), the duty ratio of the switch and the output capacitor. Assume that all
components are ideal.
𝑁1
SOLUTIONS: 𝐷 = 0.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 = 0.5, 𝐼𝑚 = 5.33𝐴, 𝐼𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.07𝐴, 𝐿𝑚 = 37.5𝜇𝐻, 𝐶 = 66.7𝜇𝐹
𝑁2