International Journal of Management Excellence

Volume 17 No.2 August 2021

Road and Air Transport Sectors to a Greener Future in

The Uk: Lessons for Vietnam
Le Thanh Xuan1*, Tran Minh Thu2 & Le Thai Phong3
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Goldkids Vietnam1
Lecturer, Foreign Trade University, Vietnam2&3
thanhxuan.mytalents@gmail.com1
thutm@ftu.edu.vn2
lethaiphong@ftu.edu.vn3
*
Corresponding author
Abstract - Putting Britain on the path to a low carbon future is one of the national targets, demonstrating the UK’s
leadership in tackling climate change. Building a greener economy means that low carbon travel and freight must be a viable
and attractive option for businesses and ordinary citizens. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) needs in-depth discussion,
especially in enterprises about the transportation industry. This paper examines the UK transportation industry, explains the
impact of the 2050 net-zero goal, and investigates some issues with empirical evidence. It focuses on the transportation
industry problems coming from the two sectors which are road and air transport. Using Triple Bottom Line, PESTLE
analysis, and Sustainability Change Matrix, the paper suggests identifying the opportunities, challenges, issues, and future
scenarios about these two transport sectors. The authors recommend three main matters of transport impacted by supply
chain are (i) shortcomings from the use of renewable fuels, (ii) job creation and human capital, and (iii) cheating emissions
from manufacturing companies. Hence, depending on the collected data and information analysis, we predicts the next 30
years as future visions for the road and aviation sectors. Governments, businesses, academics, NGOs and local communities
can acquire valid and informative literature to go further and faster to achieve the common goal with a global effort.
Keywords: road transport; air transport; greener future; the UK; Vietnam
1. INTRODUCTION connectivity, convenience, and wellbeing, there is the fact
Transportation underpins the UK's quality of life and that transport is now the most magnificent contributor of
economic prospects, but it presents major problems with GHG emissions in the UK (Department for Transport,
massive greenhouse gas emissions. In bringing forward 2018)[11]. The proof is 50% of UK domestic NOx
Low Carbon Transport: a greener future, a key component emissions come from the transport sector (Department for
of the UK's Low Carbon Transition Plan, the authors Transport, 2020)[12]. Although total GHG emissions
acknowledge the obstacles in cutting emissions in line from all sources have decreased year over year (2016
with meeting long-term goals and obligations to 2050. down 5% from 2015, 2018 down 2% from 2017), the
This report focuses on analyzing and evaluating consequences of GHG emissions have long-term negative
opportunities and challenges the road and air transport effects on sustainability in society, environment and
face. Road traffic will be largely decarbon, while air economy (Banister, 2019).
traffic will face greater technical challenges. By using 2.2 The impact of the 2050 net zero goal
Triple Bottom Line, PESTLE analysis, and Sustainability The 2050 net-zero GHG emissions goal is an ambitious
Change Matrix as theoretical frameworks, the report aims and determined goal announced by the Prime Minister to
to clarify the UK transportation industry, identify the reduce UK emissions to at least 68% by 2030 and be fully
impact of the net-zero goal 2050, highlight opportunities, decarbonized by 2050. The target also follows the Prime
issues, and predict emerging trends of future visions for Minister ’s Ten Point Plan whilst building back better,
these two transport sectors to reduce emissions in the supporting 250.000 green jobs, and accelerating their path
coming decades. to net zero (HM Government, 2020)[19]. Recognizing the
urgency to go further in addressing climate problems -
2. OVERVIEW
their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under
2.1 The Uk Transportation Industry the Paris Climate Agreement - one of the categories the
A world without transportation is a utopia that none of highest spending in the world helps the UK in order to cut
citizens could ever experience in the 21st century. greenhouse gas emissions at the fastest rate than any other
Without it, people's lives nowadays would be entirely economy. Therefore, the UK needs to make fundamental
different. Although transportation provides people with a changes in all sectors of the economy by promoting
great deal of convenience for business, work, convergence of energy, transport, and heat sectors. The

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Volume 17 No.2 August 2021

consulting report tends to focus on the transport sector. LNG will penetrate 30% and 3% more by 2040,
The question is how the net-zero goal will impact the UK respectively. Thus, it would seem that the UK's future key
transportation industry. technologies are EV, HFCV, and Biofuel. The
According to KPMG LLP (2019)[21], driven by the transformation is in the prime minister's Ten Point Plan,
introduction of the UK Government's ban on gasoline and with three points related to the transport sector
diesel from 2040, electric vehicle (EV) sales were up over significantly, Point 4 (Accelerating the Shift to Zero
60% in April 2017, and they are expected to be rapidly Emission Vehicles), Point 5 (Green Public Transport,
increased to 70% in 2030 and over 90% in 2040, though Cycling and Walking), and Point 6 (Jet Zero and Green
EVs only account for 1% of new car sales in the UK in Ships). In addition, the transport sector also relates to the
2018. Those are changes when the UK is just in its power and heat sectors. In the power sectors, EV batteries
infancy in the first stage of the carbon reduction process. are expected to bring stability to the grid as a flexible
KPMG analysis shows that, for Heavy Goods Vehicles source of power in managing supply and demand. Table 1
(HGVs), alternative fuel sources such as HFCVs and shows the expected impacts for the UK transportation.
Table 1 – The UK expected transitions and impacts

Source: Authors’ compilation from HM Government (2020)

These are remarkable transitions and impacts of the 2050 balance of economic, environmental, and social
net-zero goal in transportation that make businesses imperatives coined the "Triple Bottom Line Approach" by
belonging to the industry consider more strictly corporate John Elkington (1998)[15]. TBL provides a framework
social responsibility (CSR). In accordance with Philip for measuring the business performance and the
Kotler and Nancy Lee (2004), CSR is committed to organizational success using three lines: economic, social,
improving the lives of the community through self- and environmental (Goel, 2010)[18]. The framework is
choosing businesses and contributing resources to the applied in the UK transportation industry to clarify the
company while Mallen Baker (2004) [5]mentions that responsibilities of businesses to behave ethically and
CSR companies manage their business processes to make contribute to economic development while enhancing the
an overall positive impact on society. CSR is generally quality of life for the local community and society at
understood as being the way that a company achieves a large.

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Table 2 – The Triple Bottom Line for the UK transportation businesses

Source: Authors’ compilation

To achieve sustainability in the UK transportation, transportation, postal, courier activities, warehousing,
enterprises need to comply with social and environmental storage, and handling.
conditions: meeting human needs within ecological In the UK, most of the freight moved domestically was in
constraints. It does not mean that businesses have to put road sectors. Following the Department for Transport
financial gain last or polish their brand name. It is (2020)[12], 196 billion tons of domestic goods were
creating a long-term vision so that transportation shipped within the UK in 2019, accounting for 79% by
businesses can directly enhance their reputation, road. As can be seen, Figure 1 shows the amount of
strengthen their brand, provide them with “a sustainable domestic emissions by mode of 1990 compared to 2018.
competitive advantage”, and clearly go beyond that when The majority of visitors to the UK use road public
contributing to the environment and society (Allen and transport. In the same year, 873 billion kilometers of
Craig, 2016)[8]. passengers moved to the UK, with 84% of the passenger
kilometers utilized by cars, trucks, and taxis. Besides, the
2.3 The Road And Air Transport Sectors
air traffic accounts for more than three-fifths of overseas
2.3.1 Key information and rationale
visits, up 57% over the past ten years. Additionally,
Traffic in the UK involves several categories such as
international air emissions, which are not part of UK
road, water, rail, and air. As mentioned, the report mainly
domestic emissions, have more than doubled since 1990.
investigates two areas of traffic: road and air. For these
Therefore, the road and air now are the transport sectors
two chosen sectors, the first is passenger transportation
accounting for more than two-thirds of the market, the
that combines driver, pilot, crew operations, route
issue of GHG emissions from road and air traffic are of
planning, customer service, safety, and fairness forms
concern and need to be minimized.
such as aviation, bus and coach, taxi, and private hire. The
second is logistics or supply chain divided into freight

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Figure 1 – UK transport GHG emissions by mode: 1990 and 2018

Source: Department for Transport, 2020

2.3.2 Opportunities and challenges due to the 2050 net assessment of factors. This framework allows the authors
zero goal to assess the most important external factors affecting the
PESTLE analysis is a framework for analyzing the road and aviation industry to the 2050 net-zero goal in the
business environment depending on six fundamental UK context. The consultant report looks at the road and
factors: Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, aviation sector, so the PESTLE analysis provides a
Legal, and Environmental. As stated in the CIPD comprehensive understanding of key industry trends that
(2017)[9], managers or business owners can make affect the UK in the global efforts for tackling climate
objective and accurate decisions through the overall change.
Table 2 – PESTLE analysis for the road and aviation sectors
PESTLE THE ROAD AND AVIATION SECTORS
analysis
The road sector: Prime Minister Boris Johnson had set out new goals for the UK to become the
Political factors leadership in dealing with climate change. These goals are made clear by the Ten Point Plan for a green
industrial revolution. Decarbonizing their public transport could deliver the government investment of
£5bn in buses, cycling and walking this parliament. Nonetheless, the political environment is causing
uncertainty for businesses through the UK. Fuel supplies for transport infrastructure and EU drivers are
likely to be affected by Brexit. As a result, the UK's transportation industry may depend on foreign
suppliers, subject to higher imported fuel prices, and consequently, trade barriers with higher costs affect
the profit margin.

The aviation sector: Through the Industrial Strategy, the government has set out its ambition to create a
push forward low carbon travel green economy. According to The Ten Point Plan of the Prime Minister,
the UK action will cement their position as a global leader in aerospace and position the UK at the
forefront of the zero-emission aircraft revolution. The government will run a £15 million competition to
support the production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) in the UK, building on the success of the
Future, Fuels for Freight and Flight Competition. Meaningful government support is the driving force
behind the airline industry in innovation, research and development.

From 2030, the UK will end sales of new petrol and diesel cars and trucks. The accompanying £2.8
Economic billion investment package demonstrates their belief in the auto manufacturing industry as the backbone
factors of the UK. The UK is a leading manufacturer of Electric Vehicles such as manufacturing Nissan Leaf
(KPMG, 2019). The changes in the UK policy require businesses to transition quickly to produce aircraft
and vehicles that ensure reduced carbon emissions. However, problems with the cost of producing and
importing green fuels such as hydrogen and biogas in the transport sector are likely to require much of
the same infrastructure and renewable sources as end-users. In addition, costs and benefits of climate
policies and the ability to shape such policy is not extended equally to those who suffer the greatest costs.
Inclusion is vital to ensure that policy is socially equitable (Abram et al., 2020).

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The transition to net-zero will not be sustainable or credible for the road and aviation sectors if it creates
Sociological or worsens social inequalities. A social justice approach can facilitate the transition globally. The
factors government could deliver up to 3000 jobs by 2025 in public transport and up to 5200 jobs supported by a
domestic SAF industry (HM Government, 2020). Job creation does not guarantee just outcomes. It must
take into account what jobs are created, how secure they are, who has access to them and the skills and
education required. In addition, it is essential to use alternative fuels such as biofuel to operate electric
vehicles. Nonetheless, biofuel produces from alcohol and fermented corn, which can occupy many lands
to grow maize for biofuel production. It turns to threatens food security, farm market, land issues, water
scarity, and even drivers or pilots have to accept lower vehicle or airplane performance to ensure reduced
emissions.
Besides, the fear of Coronavirus has already hit the industry hard. Apart from the shutdown of several
airports worldwide, several airlines involving Flybe in the UK have been severely affected. Coronavirus
has spread in society leading to people cutting back on travel to foreign destinations, affecting airline
revenues and other costs associated with maintaining planes (Vickerman, 2021).

The road sector: As for technological factors, the CCC expects all new car sales to be electric by 2035;
Technological creating a new source of power demand but also storage. Demand for hydrogen to power Hydrogen fuel
factors cell vehicles (HFCV) may also be produced via electrolysis from renewable sources, further raising
power demand. Faced with the need to improve technology in fuel production for electric vehicles,
businesses in the trucking industry need to explore, measure, and improve the efficiency of EV batteries,
hydrogen electrolysis, and biofuels (KPMG, 2019). Unique and effective technology element brings a
competitive edge to businesses in the industry to meet UK customer needs and regulations.
The aviation sector: Technology has been central to the growth of the aviation sector, and in addition to
more fuel-efficient and safer aircraft, the development of better sales and service technologies has also
supported faster growth of the aviation sector. Net-zero goal 2050 pushes the airline industry to explore
and measure for decarbonizing that have become critical to the performance and reputation of
companies. The higher focus on technology has helped aviation companies to handle the key challenges
arising from Brexit and Corona-virus with greater efficiency. Additionally, the aviation sector also
receives investment from the government to invest £15 million into FlyZero – a 12-month study,
delivered through the Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI), into the strategic, technical and commercial
issues in designing and developing zero-emission aircraft that could enter service in 2030 (HM
Government, 2020).

Legal factors is one of the most vital concerns in the entire aviation and vehicle sectors in the UK market.
Legal factors Compliance is crucial for all airlines and transportation companies as failure can lead to heavy fines and
also damage the brand's reputation. Industry regulatory factors may be related to labor rights, consumer
rights, passenger safety, or environmental impact. Examples of reputable damage include the emissions
scandal from the UK's most popular car manufacturers such as Mercedes, BMW, Volkswagen, and Audi
(The Guardian, 2019). The emissions cheating allegations has many consequences such as loss of
customer confidence, fees to pay fines, and compensation to car owners. Thus, legal compliance is of
paramount importance for businesses to pay special attention to in the context of the UK moving to the
first major economy to legislate for net-zero emission by 2050.

Environmental factors are at the forefront of operators as well as the air and road transport authorities.
Environmental Environment impacts on industries are of the utmost concern for UK regulators. Businesses need to take
factors some reliable steps in the right direction to minimize their environmental impact to make their business
models more sustainable. Sustainability is now one of the core areas of strategic importance for corporate
branding to increase the fuel efficiency of transport vehicles' carbon footprint. Accompanying HM
Government (2020), UK companies have to proactively plan to achieve the net-zero goal GHG emissions
by 2050. Enterprises in the road and air sectors also need to continuously update their methods and new
technology to control carbon emissions. There are several reasons behind the increased focus on
sustainability, some of the main reasons include a better reputation and social image (applying CSR),
incentives from the UK government as well as improving operational efficiency and customer
satisfaction.

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Source: Authors’ compilation

The PESTLE analysis is summarized in Table 3 below:

Source: Authors’ compilation from the PESTLE analysis

In general, the factors are related to manufacturing,
funding, renewable sources, technologies, depending on 3. KEY ISSUES FOR THE ROAD AND
the different types of vehicles and aircraft. The other in AVIATION SECTORS
the PESTLE indicates the long-term sustainability of the
With The Triple Bottom Lines, the authors provide a
road and aviation sectors in the external macro-
framework to measure an organization's business
environment. The high cost and modern technology
performance based on three factors: economic, social, and
demands associated with a transition to the green
environmental. Businesses can consider assessment
economy are considered feasible for an independent and
criteria to achieve sustainability for the UK transportation
developed country like the UK. However, the two
businesses. With PESTLE analysis, the authors identify
transport sectors still have risks, issues and challenges
the opportunities and challenges that affect the
from financial resources, choosing the relevant business
achievement of their broadcast target down to zero
model, specific operation plans, high technology for
emissions of the UK in 2050. Thus, the issues of the paper
manufacturing, and human resources for overcoming the
encourage it to be the sustainable corporation in the two
barriers and achieving the 2050 net zero goal. The next
sectors following The Sustainability Change Matrix. The
section turns on an analysis of the main issues raised
approach is essentially beneficial when companies in the
currently about the road and air sectors. In this the authors
road and aviation sectors are facing a rapid transition to
focus on the situation in the United Kingdom.
the green economy, the business crisis, or when the
company makes a strategic decision strategy to address
barriers and find new sustainable business paths.
Figure 2 – The Sustainability Change Matrix for Corporation

Source: authors’ compilation from Prof. Suzanne Ben

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In line with Suzanne Benn et al. (2013)[6], principles of sales increased by 60% over the same period last year and
Sustainability performance are a sustainable guarantee of in an increasing trend in 2030 and 2040. Regarding
ethics, transparency, community involvement, aviation, the UK has set goals and policies in R&D to
employment practices, stakeholder relationships, develop green planes. Along with utilities, there are
product/service value, governance, financial return, always disadvantages to use. Clean sources may save
environmental protection. The key issues present the fossil fuel and bring a friendly ecosystem, but they
challenge that is managing sustainably in the two chosen provide features that have to be considered and enhanced
sectors. over time. Electric energy is used to operate electric
vehicles (EVs) such as BEV, PHEV, PEV, HEV, Hybrid,
3.1 Shortcomings From Renewable Batteries
and NGV (Ali et al., 2019)[2]. Hydrogen electrolysis is
And Fuels used to operate alternative fuel sources such as HFCVs or
3.1.1 Issue
Bio-LNG. Evans-Pritchard (2020) states that hydrogen is
The road and aviation market trend is toward vehicles and
about to become the dominant energy force of the 21st
aircraft that reduce emissions, be environmentally
century. Bioenergy (Biofuels, Biodiesel, Bioethanol, and
friendly and save fossil fuels. The use of renewable
Biopropane) and solar power are used to run vehicles and
sources for passenger and freight transport is becoming
aircraft. Table 4 presents the key technological challenges
increasingly common in the UK following the
of alternative battery, fuel cell technologies, and solar
technological factors in PESTLE and Environmental line
power.
in TBL. According to KPMG (2019)[21], electric vehicle
Table 4 – Comparison on technological development challenges on alternative batteries and fuel cell technologies

Table 5 – Technological development challenges on biofuel & biodiesel and solar

Source: Authors’ compilation

It can be seen that alternative sources contain general solved, the UK will soon achieve the principles of
disadvantages such as high cost, low efficiency, limited employment practices and product / service value in
availability, and even harm to the environment and sustainability performance to a greener future.
engine. Whether these disadvantages can be solved or not 3.1.2 Recommendation
depends on the time and scientific research of the UK. If If non-commercial crops are grown, you could use the
most of the barriers to renewable energy application are fuel significantly cleaner than oil. The solution is to find
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clean crops early without much fertilizer, water, and other have seen, the UK has suffered one of the highest-ranking
inputs. For instance, corn alcohol made of biofuels is not of infection and death from the Covid-19. The economic
the ideal choice. It requires plenty of water, fertilizer, and recession and the prospect of mass unemployment are real
additional costs, to become expensive and affect problems and increasingly urgent, such as the global British
with food and land. But crops grown in marginal lands Airways pilot's strike, which affected hundreds of
offer potential. thousands of passengers (BBC News, 2020)[7]. Those
According to The Times (London, England) in 2020, who are flight attendants face a so-called "fire and
Tesla was considered a king of electric cars rented by replace" policy. Near Caerphilly, approximately 600
businesses. Lex Autolease, the group car rental company, headquarters had been lost at the aircraft engine
said that by the end of October, the number of electric maintenance plant run by the behemoth General Electric,
cars and trucks they rent to British firms had increased which before the pandemic employed 1,400 people (The
from more than 1,000 at the beginning of the year to more Guardian, 2020)[26]. When the economy is inactive,
than 2,500. Hence, instead of buying expensive electric small and medium enterprises (SMEs) will be the most
cars, we can use electric public transport such as electric vulnerable, they are closed because of their small
buses and rent electric cars, HFCVs or Bio-LNG vehicles potential but a large number. In the private sector, SMEs
from rental enterprises. account for 99.9% of the business population (6 million
businesses), achieving 61% of employment and 52% of
3.2 Job Creation And Human Capital For
turnover (Department for Business, Energy & Industrial
Green Economy Strategy, 2020)[14]. Figure 3 represents the transportation
3.2.1 Issue
sector as among the industrial sectors with the highest
The widespread unemployment of workers mentioned in
SME revenue and employment concerning national
the second issue leads them to urgently need the support
statistics 2020.
of policymakers for sustainable living in the future. As we

Figure 3 – Industrial sectors with highest SME turnover and employment

Source: Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, 2020

Confronting the challenge of mitigating the harmful 3.2.2 Recommendation
effects of Coronavirus and decarbonizing to zero, the The policy must have a clear update on plans,
Prime Minister could deliver up to 3000 jobs supported requirements with employees, number of employees,
by public transport in 2025 and 5200 jobs supported by annual targets set for regions in training labor resources
the domestic sustainable aviation fuels industry. As the for green jobs in the United Kingdom. Also, educational
sociological factor mentioned in PESTLE, the issue is that institutions or universities should orient their students and
job creation does not guarantee the expected outcomes. undergraduates to find suit careers helping for the green
Official public documents have not been submitted on the economy so that they may prepare for the future with
list of supported occupations yet, or how secure they are, passion, knowledge, and professional ethics.
who can assess the employees, or the required skills and
education. It is the ambiguity in the planning and
implementation of policies aiding human resources in
moving towards the net-zero emissions target.
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3.3 Cheating Emissions From Manufacturing of the road transport and aviation sectors, focusing on
Companies opportunities and bioenergy industry prospects in the
3.3.1 Issue future.
Toward emissions scandals, it is impossible not to 4.1 The Road Transport Sector
mention the brand Volkswagen (VW) in 2015. VW The problems of the road transport sector as the limitation
admitted to cheating half a million cars in the US and $11 of alternative sources, the lack of human resources for the
million worldwide to circumvent the rules about clean air green economy, or the fraud of emissions, in short, are
by software that makes emissions less toxic than they are. painful issues or risks related to principles of
VW has agreed to pay $14.7 billion to settle the scandal, sustainability performance such as governance,
mainly for car-owners to repair or buyback. In November employment practices, financial return, ethics, and
2016, Volkswagen announced it would cut 30,000 jobs environmental protection. In the future of 2050, traffic in
because of huge bills related to the scandal (CNN Money, the UK is forecast to have expected outcomes when the
2015)[10]. Lawyers representing more than 50,000 car national goals on tackling climate change are almost
buyers in the UK also sued VW in the High Court of blooming. From 2021 traffic is forecast to grow between
Justice, London. It is considered the largest class-action 20% and 58% by 2050. Carbon dioxide emissions from
lawsuit in legal history in the UK. After the "dieselgate" the road sector forecast to fall by between 16% and 80%
scandal, Hagens Berman UK, a subsidiary of a US law in 2050. The proportion of traffic in congested conditions
firm, filed a detailed lawsuit with the High Court of will rise from 10% in 2021 to 16% in 2050 because of the
Justice in London, alleging that Daimler, the maker of tendency to use more private vehicles. 2050 will be an
Mercedes-Benz, have set "defeat devices" to further year when the transtion to zero-emission vehicles is
artificially lower emissions (The Guardian, 2021)[31]. modeled in the chart that all of these vehicles are electric
Emission cheating not only exists at Volkswagen and or hydrogen. In fact, the combination of many advanced
Mercedes-Benz in the UK but also other manufacturers as technologies minimizes fuel inadequacies. This decision
Audi, Seat, Skoda could receive compensation by 2022 to model using electric vehicles reflects the ability to
for the installation of illegal 'defeat devices' to cheat provide better renewable sources to improve the
European Union emissions standards. performance of EVs and can be applied to other public
Moving onto the unfortunate owners of these cars, they transport.
have lost money and effort on things like hiring a lawyer,
preparing a lawsuit to claim compensation. Besides, the 4.2 The Aviation Sector
car corporation violated the laws of the host country or Regarding the aviation sector, the key issues mentioned
Europe, lost a lot such as attorney fees, court time, loss of like unemployment, unclear job creation policy, difficulty
car company reputation, stock decline, customer trust, and in obtaining suitable green fuels, and increasing
even shareholders. For the environment and society, the emissions, which are predicted to be resolved by 2050.
consequences are the increase of Greenhouse gas, and Regarding the aviation sector, the key issues mentioned
unemployment as companies cut human resources for like unemployment, unclear job creation policy, difficulty
compensation. This violation was classified as a violation in obtaining suitable green fuels, and increasing
of business ethics, subject to public opposition, and emissions, which are predicted to be resolved by 2050.
became an unsustainable corporation in the Sustainability Stakeholder relationships are even more vital to the
Change Matrix. That is the whole previous efforts to aviation industry with the UK's strategy for 2050 [Figure
become a sustainable corporation quickly dissipated. 4].
3.3.2 Recommendation Over the past 30 years, the aviation industry has seen
It is necessary to comply, effectively, and sustainably changes as the market share of low-cost airlines increases,
enforce the laws and regulations issued. Law enforcement meeting challenges ranging from volcanic eruptions to
agencies need clever checks to detect gaps in vehicle outbreaks of infectious diseases. The upcoming 30 years
manufacturers' emissions declarations early. are likely to be chaotic as the wave of technological
innovation unfolds. Technology is not the only source of
4. FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR THE disruption. We have always understood that political
BUSINESSES 2050 situations and institutions can always create surprises like
Brexit or presidential elections in the United States.
In the upper issues section, the authors evaluated and Government projections show that the aviation industry
highlighted the challenges or risks that exist. The future will continue to grow until 2050 with passenger numbers
scenarios section is the general forecast about the trends likely to increase by up to 70%.

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Figure 4 – Partnership for sustainable growth

5. CONCLUSION for scientists, scholars, policymakers, and managers to

have informed strategies in the future. Terminating
In summary, the consultation report has reviewed climate climate change can be a significant challenge, so leaders
change issues, net-zero target by 2050, significant issues, should consult for using renewable energy for
brief recommendations, and forecast future scenarios for organizational sustainability in social, economic, and
the road and aviation sectors in the UK context. After environmental aspects.
analyzing and evaluating Triple Bottom Lines, PESTLE
analysis, and Sustainability Change Matrix, the challenges 6. LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
and problems presented by different alerts represent
In Vietnam, trees are increasingly shrinking, along with a
potential long-term risks. In particular, PESTLE analysis
series of buildings crowded together in urban areas, the
shows that the external environment is relatively
air environment is more and more seriously affected. The
affirmative for these two transport industries to make
AirVisual application caused an uproar in Vietnam in
significant progress. Government regulations and support
September 2019 warns that Hanoi "rises" to the top of the
proposals have encouraged the development of
ranking of the world's most polluted cities, ahead of
infrastructure and abundant human resources. Moreover,
Indonesia's Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City (People's Army
Triple Bottom Lines also shows three factors that
Newspaper, 2020)[24]. According to the report of the
businesses need to adhere to, belonging to people, planet,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on the
and profit to have a sustainable competitive advantage
current state of the air in Hanoi (2017), the PM2.5 dust
when corporations create profits based on contributing to
index is continuously higher than 50 - a safe threshold
society and the environment. The Sustainability Change
following Vietnam's regulations in 2013 and is considered
Matrix helps to analyze each outstanding issue related to
the highest among the previous five years. Associate
the sustainable activities of companies in the industry.
Professor and Doctor Ho Quoc Bang, Institute of
Shortcomings from renewable batteries and fuels involve
Environment and Natural Resources in Vietnam National
actual manufacturing operations. Job creation and human
University said that the results on emission testing in Ho
capital for the green economy involve community
Chi Minh City have shown that traffic activities is the
participation, personnel planning. Finally, there is the
most significant contributor to air pollution today.
issue of ethics and transparency in business relates to
Speaking at the forum “Environmental protection – urgent
cheating emissions from manufacturing companies. The
issues”, the minister Natural Resources and Environment,
positive thing is the analytical frameworks, problems, and
Tran Hong Ha said that environmental pollution and
forecasts depicted contributing to the academic literature
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natural resources exhaustion have been becoming more [6] Benn., S. (ed.) 2013, Sustainability at Work:
serious, effecting health and living of people and causing Readings, Cases and Policy, Australia, accessed 2
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