TOURISM AND CULTURAL DETERIORATION AMONG THE YOUTH IN

ZANZIBAR

A CASE STUDY OF URBAN DISTRICT UNGUJA

MARYAM MZEE YUNUS

BA/IPA/005/BIRD.2020

A Research Report Submitted to the Department of Arts and Social Science in Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements for the Award of the Bachelor Degree in International Relations and

Diplomacy at the Institute of Public Administration

2023
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certify that he has read and here by recommend for acceptance by the Institute

of Public Administration Research report entitled “Tourism and Cultural Deterioration

Among the Youth in Zanzibar” in fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor Degree in

International Relations and Diplomacy of the Institute of Public Administration

……………….

Mr. Amour Salum Abdi

SUPERVISOR

DATE ………………………….

i
 DECLARATION AND COPY RIGHT

I Maryam Mzee Yunus declare that this research report is my own original work and that it has

not been presented and will not presented to any other Collage or Institute for a similar or any

other Bachelor Degree of International Relations and Diplomacy Award

No part of this research report may reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form or by any means without prior written permission or the author or the Institute of

Public Administration Zanzibar

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The most grateful I would like to thanks ALLAH most Merciful who give me good health and

ability that enable to complete my research work. Especially, I would like to say thanks to the

Institute of Public Administration Zanzibar and other organizations which help me to fulfill this

Research work through their information which have been responded from their employee

(respondents)

I would also like to thank my supervisor MR. AMOUR SALUM ABDI for their valuable

comments, advice, cooperation, directive, supervision and guidance, which have given me at the

study and suggestions, which helped to shape and refine this research report. I believe that

without his full supervision and cooperation my study would have not been successful especially

in practice as well in writing it

My sincere appreciation goes to the Second Vice President Office, and my family for their

unwavering support and encouragement throughout my academic journey. Their love and care

has been a constant source of strength and motivation

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the participant of this study, without whom this

research would not have been possible. Their willingness to share their experiences insights has

enriched this work and contributed to the advancement of knowledge in this field

Thank you all for your invaluable contributions to this research report. ALLAH blesses me and

everyone who assisted me in moral supporting, cooperation and material aid in conducting

during the research study

iii
 DEDICATION

I express my sincere grateful dedication to all who support me, because their contributions have

more affect me to accomplished this research study, but special dedicated to the Second Vice

President Office especial private office as my employee and my family especial my Husband Mr.

Abdulswamad Ibrahim Haji who gives their outmost support, and never-ending inspiration

throughout the study. They are the one who provide the resources that needed in the making of

this study. It also dedicated the teachers who are behind in making the research possible through

guiding the researcher to complete this study. I would also like to dedicate this study to the

students that may need help in battling their mental health issues

iv
 ABSTRACT

This study examines tourism and cultural deterioration among youths in urban west region,

Zanzibar. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in Zanzibar. Its rapid expansion has

been considered as an interesting possibility for cultural deterioration. Tourism becomes a threat

industry in both poor and rich economies because of its impacts on social, livelihoods and socio-

cultural development. Zanzibar currently is a poor country with full of traditions and customs

applied by its people, with its glorious tourist attraction which it is a threat toward culture if steps

are not taken in the right direction. One of the sectors where this country has a great future is

tourism, which can play a very important role to preserve culture so as to attract more tourists.

The study adopts descriptive research design. The data were collected through Questionnaire and

Interview methods, while Qualitative and Quantitative data analysis approach was applied. The

study findings and analysis showed that tourism activities had contributed immensely in cultural

deterioration among youths in Zanzibar since youths tend to adopt the culture from abroad

through acculturation, commodification and homogenization and the increase in the general

welfare of the local people through increased income. It has also increase pressure on the

resources of the area, loss of cultural identity of the community reduced income poverty by

increasing local purchasing power. On the other hand, the price of the commodities has increased

due to the development of tourism and address some challenges faced cultural preservation along

with tourism activities include lack of lack of awareness on how to invest and to deal with in

tourism, lack of qualification to work in the tourist hotel and ineffective local authorities. Finally,

this study has come up with some recommendations to the individuals and the government so as

to prevent cultural deterioration including creation of better policies

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION..........................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION AND COPY RIGHT.......................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OR ACRONYMS.......................................................................ix

CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY...................................................1
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study...........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................3
1.3 Research Objectives...................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objectives..................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives..................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions....................................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the Research/study............................................................................................4
1.6 Scope of the Study.....................................................................................................................5
1.7 Limitation of the research..........................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................6
2.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Definition of the key terms........................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Tourism...................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Cultural tourism......................................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Tourist.....................................................................................................................................7
2.1.4 International Tourism.............................................................................................................7

vi
2.1.4 Domestic tourism...................................................................................................................7
2.1.5 Cultural deterioration..............................................................................................................8
2.3 Theoretical Literature Review...................................................................................................8
2.3.1 Bourdieu's theory....................................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Theoretical Models7...............................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Theory of Change.................................................................................................................11
2.4 Empirical literature review......................................................................................................13
2.4 Research gap............................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................17
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................17
3.0 Introduction..............................................................................................................................17
3.1 Research design.......................................................................................................................17
3.2 Research Approach..................................................................................................................18
3.3 Area of Study...........................................................................................................................18
3.4 Study population......................................................................................................................18
3.5 Sample size and sample techniques.........................................................................................19
3.6 Data Collection Method...........................................................................................................20
3.6.1 Questionnaires......................................................................................................................20
3.6.2 Interview...............................................................................................................................21
3.7 Data analysis and Presentation................................................................................................22
3.8 Ethical consideration...............................................................................................................22

CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................23
DISCUSSION OF FINDING......................................................................................................23
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................23
PART A.........................................................................................................................................23
4.1 Demographic Characteristics...................................................................................................23
PART B..........................................................................................................................................24
4.2.1 The impacts of tourism and cultural deterioration towards the youth in urban areas in
Zanzibar.........................................................................................................................................24

vii
4.2.2.1 Conclusion of First Objective............................................................................................25
4.2.2 Youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar..........................................26
4.2.2.1 Conclusion of Second Objective........................................................................................27
4.2.3 Effort does Zanzibar Commission of Tourism used in controlling the cultural deterioration
among the youth in Zanzibar?........................................................................................................28
PART C..........................................................................................................................................30
4.3 The impact of tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar..............................................30
4.4 Youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar.............................................32
4.5 Effort does Zanzibar Commission of Tourism used in controlling the cultural deterioration
among the youth in Zanzibar.........................................................................................................33
4.6 Discussion................................................................................................................................36

CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................39
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................39
5.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................39
5.1 Recommendation.....................................................................................................................40
5.2 Suggestions for Future Studies................................................................................................41

References.....................................................................................................................................43
APPENDEX I: QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE.............................................................................45
APPENDEX II: RESEARCH PERMIT....................................................................................49

viii
LIST OF TABLE

S
Table1: Profile of respondents.......................................................................................................21
Table 2: Impacts of Tourism and Cultural Deterioration Towards Youth.....................................22
Table 3: Youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar....................................24
Table 4: Effort taken by Zanzibar Commission of Tourism..........................................................25

ix
 LISTOF ABBREVIATIONS OR ACRONYMS

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IPA Institute of Public Administration

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

RGoZ Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization

WB World Bank

WHSs World Heritage Sites

WTO World Tourism Organization

WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council

ZCT Zanzibar Commission for Tourism

x
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.0 Introduction

The chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, research objective,

research questions, and significance of the study and limitation of the study

1.1 Background of the Study

The development of tourism induces changes in the social character of a destination. Tourism is

a globalized business activity and thus presents growing challenges in terms of traditional social

culture. With the continuous development of the tourism industry, traditional social culture has

changed dramatically at many World Heritage Sites (WHSs). Additionally, the growing

dependence of many regions’ economies on the tourism industry has brought about an inexorable

shift in the perception of many rural residents. These transformations include the impact of

tourism development and its economic efficiency on inhabitants’ traditional values, lifestyles,

and interpersonal relationship in ancient villages serving as WHSs. A qualitative analysis

including participatory in-depth interviews was conducted to compare changes in the social

culture induced by tourism development at the WHS comprising three ancient villages in China.

Furthermore, a qualitative content analysis was chosen to examine the impact of tourism

development on residents’ perceptions of changes in moral values. The results demonstrate that

tourism development is the major catalyst for change in local household moral values. Zanzibar's

economy relies heavily on tourism, which also serves as the island nation's main source of

foreign exchange (WB document 2019)

1
In 2018, there were 520,809 tourist arrivals, which resulted in revenue of about $135 million for

lodging and food services, or roughly US$ 260 per visitor. Zanzibar's tourism industry has

expanded quickly in recent years, with average annual growth in international visitor numbers of

13% over the past four years (WB, 2019). Zanzibar's tourism industry has expanded quickly, and

it is a stunning island. Currently, the tourist industry is the main source of income for most island

enterprises. A little over 40,000 people are engaged in the tourism sector, with half of those

individuals working directly, according to the Ministry of Labor and Public Service (Wild

Whispers Africa, 2019)

Moreover, the term "cultural tourism" describes a subcategory of tourism that emphasizes and

values local culture. It could include artistic performances, historical lectures, excursions to

significant locations, or regular cultural events. Typically, locals arrange and create tours based

on how they go about their daily lives. These kinds of journeys typically focus particularly on

development activities, such as irrigation and soil conservation initiatives (Tanzania, 2016)

According to Zanzibar Commission of Tourism (ZCT.2022), The Zanzibar government has tried

a lot in minimizing the negative impacts that are brought by tourism sector but also tourism

sector has positive impacts which has been very helpful to the people of Zanzibar rural areas for

instance the construction of infrastructure has been increasing whereby the roads have been built

are continuing to been constructed day to day, also other sectors are being more and more

developed and this is all because of the achievement made by the tourism sector and those

sectors that have become more developed are health sector whereby hospitals are constructed,

medical equipment’s are being modernized more and more but also the doctors that are highly

qualified are the ones that are being hired and those that are not highly qualified are being more

trained with more knowledge and skills in order to become more highly qualified doctors.

2
Education sector has also become developed due to tourism sector whereby schools are being

built more and more and also the teachers are being trained more in order to have highly and

more knowledge and skills for teaching and parents are being given more support in order to

send their youth to schools in order to become more and more knowledgeable and people with

skills. (World Bank, 2018)

Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the impacts of tourism and cultural

deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar, taking Zanzibar Commission of Tourism at urban

area as a case study

1.2 Statement of the problem

Zanzibar is widely marketed as the best travel destination in the world due to its distinctive

coastal regions, beaches, gorgeous marine habitat, rich wildlife, and Swahili heritage and culture.

Also it’s the one of cultural preserved area since Zanzibar has its identity in culture. As a result,

it possesses the potential industry of tourism. It is believed that the growth of tourism enhances

not just the quality of life for residents but also the sector's contribution to the national economy.

On the other hand, tourism has the ability to contribute to social change, the erasure of culture

and tradition, and the damage of the environment (Gössling, 2020). Additionally, a number of

researchers have explored the cultural effects of tourism in different manner and come up with

diverse suggestion these studies such as (Ashley & Mitchell 2019)

1.3 Research Objectives

1.3.1 General objectives

The main objective of the study is to examine the relationship between tourism and cultural

deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar.

3
1.3.2 Specific objectives

i) To determine the impacts of tourism and cultural deterioration towards the youth in urban

areas in Zanzibar.

ii) To examine youth views on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar.

iii) To find out the effort of the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism used in controlling the

cultural deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar

1.4 Research Questions

For the purpose of this case study, the research guiding questions was as follows;

i) What is the impact of tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar?

ii) What is youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar?

iii) Which effort does Zanzibar Commission of Tourism used in controlling the cultural

deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar?

1.5 Significance of the Research/study

The study was providing baseline information for future research related to this study. The

knowledge obtained from this research was help tourism stakeholders and other stakeholders to

ensure increasing positive impacts of tourism activities to the youth, and improve their life due to

the participation of tourism industries. The research is very important to the policy makers,

especially tourism policy as it aids the government to review tourism policy to ensure increasing

positive impacts of tourism activities to the youth participation while negative impacts are

minimized

4
1.6 Scope of the Study

This study was examining the relationship between tourism and cultural deterioration among

youth particularly in urban area district taking in Zanzibar Commission of Tourism (ZTC-2020)

as a case study. It was conducted at Stone town area, Amani, urban west region, Unguja,

Zanzibar where ZTC is located. The study was use the sample size of 100 respondents was

carried out from May 2023 to August 2023.Data was gathered through mixed approach of

interview and questionnaire by simple random and purposive techniques

1.7 Limitation of the research.

Some of the limitations this study expects to face are poor response from respondents, especially

ministry officials due to the complexity of duties and responsibilities. Another limitation is

biasness, because choosing one institution with limit the researcher’s ability to investigate the

situation at other institutions and see how public relations departments are used. The availability

of the current literature review on International Relations and Diplomacy in government

institutions, especially when the authorities at the center instructed that literature used in the

study should not more than ten years’ old

5
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The chapter was present definitions of the key term words, theoretical framework, theoretical

literature reviews and empirical literature review and research gap. It was trace information from

professional articles, journal, research books and academic books and it was broadly use to

describe clearly on how tourism and cultural deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar

2.1 Definition of the key terms

2.1.1 Tourism

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of

people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or

business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may either tourists or

excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of

which involve tourism expenditure. (UNWTO 2019).

AIEST and Medlik (2020) tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which

deliver travel services comprising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking

establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses and other hospitality services provided for

individuals or groups travelling away from home

2.1.2 Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism markets. Culture and

creative industries are increasingly being used to promote destinations and enhance their

competitiveness and attractiveness. (OECD-2021)

6
MNRT (2012) cultural tourism is a form of tourism where the main objective is the discovery

and enjoyment of historic monuments, sites and cultural landscapes of an area. It mainly involves

traveling to experience places and activities that represent the cultural history of the host

communities. According to Hargrove (2019) Cultural tourism is based on the mosaic of places,

traditions, art forms, celebrations, and experiences that define the nation and her people,

reflecting the diversity and character of the States. UNWTO (2019) defined cultural tourism

based more on visitor intent: “movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as

study tours, performing arts and cultural tours, travel to 12 festivals and other cultural events,

visits to sites and monuments, travel to study nature, folklore or art, and pilgrimages”

2.1.3 Tourist

A tourist is defined as a visitor who travel to a country other than that in which he or she has his

or her usual residence for at least one night but not more than one year, 11 and whose main

purpose of visit is other than the exercise of activities that represent the cultural history of the

host communities (Policy, N. T. 2018)

2.1.4 International Tourism

The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places

outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and

other purposes". (WTO 2019)

2.1.4 Domestic tourism

Domestic tourism is a type of tourism that refers to recreational travel within the borders of one’s

own country. Domestic tourists are people who travel within the same country for leisure

purposes. (Travelazine).

7
2.1.5 Cultural deterioration

The action or process of becoming impaired or inferior in quality, functioning, or condition that

state of having deteriorated rust deterioration the deterioration of academic standards Synonyms

debilitation decay decaying declension decline degeneration descent ebbing.(Dictionary Ox ford

language 2016)

2.3 Theoretical Literature Review

In this item particularly mentioned various reviews from different researcher how they explain

their theory based with this topic in their reports in the bringing of knowledge to the global

society

2.3.1 Bourdieu's theory

Bourdieu's theory conceptualizes both the supply and demand sides of the market, as well as

specifying their interaction with external social factors. Two cases from American culture are

developed to demonstrate the explanatory power of Bourdieu's theory of cultural change: the

demise of tail fins in automobile design and the fall of modernism in architecture. These cases

reveal, however, that Bourdieu's theory fails to account for the leveling of cultural hierarchies

and the emergence of pluralized cultural fields. The general conditions for such leveling and

pluralization are developed from a comparison of the two cases. (Bourdieu Pierre, 1984)

2.3.2 Theoretical Models7

Several models are developed to assess the impacts of tourism on the host community and the

ways in which these impacts are perceived by locals. Doxey’s Irridex Model (1975), Butler’s

Tourist Area Life Cycle Model (1980) and Social Exchange Process Model (1992) are widely

used to assess tourist-host relationships and their specific socio-economic and cultural impacts

8
2.3.2.1 Doxey’s Irridex Model

Doxeys Irridex Model (1975) presents an analysis of the effects of tourism activities on the host

country. It was a four stages model with different stages of development on a host country. At

first stage, tourism activities are minimal, few tourists visit the destination area, tourists want to

mix with the local population and they welcome the tourists. At this stage, limited commercial

activities take place. In the second stage, the number of tourists increase, the local population

perceives that more tourists were visit their destination and the relationship between tourists and

the local community becomes formal. This is then, followed by the third stage, where there is

significant tourist growth demanding more resources. During this phase, the competition of

resources creates tension between the local population and tourism. Where the local population

becomes concerned about tourism and its impact on their livelihood. The last phase (fourth

stage); there is a conflicting situation, where tourists are seen in a negative way. Doxey (1975)

argues that resident irritation is determined by the degree of incompatibility between residents

and tourists.

2.3.2.2 Butler’s Tourist Area Lifecycle Model

Butlers Tourist Area Lifecycle Model (1980) proposes that tourism is developed through the

stages of exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline. At the

exploration stage, the destination area is discovered by independent or explorer-type tourists,

commercial activities in the destination area are usually minimal and the tourist and the local

resident contacts are frequent. At this stage little or no marketing activities occur. At the

involvement and development stages, infrastructure and services are created to serve the growing

9
number of tourists. At these stages, robust infrastructural development occurs. Initially, locally-

owned businesses are set up to provide tourism services but gradually control of tourism is

transferred to the externals. Mass tourists replace explorer type tourists and the relationship

between tourists and hosts becomes more commercial. This is then followed by consolidation

stage; this is where large numbers of visitors and the facilities provided for them is expected to

arouse some opposition and discontent among permanent residents. Lastly, is a stagnation stage,

where maximum number of tourists is achieved and the destination area is no more perceived as

an attractive place. It’s at this stage where larger tourist businesses transfer their investment from

the destination area

2.3.2.3 Social Exchange Process Model

The basic assumption of social exchange theory is that individuals create and continue social

relations on the basis of their desire that such relations was mutually advantageous. The model

describes the process by which individuals or community groups become engaged in tourism

exchanges, continue the relationships and how they become disconnected from the exchanges.

The main components of the model are need satisfaction, exchange relations, consequences of

exchange, and the no-exchange outcome

According to Ap (19922) individuals engage in exchange7 if three preconditions are realised:

(1) the rewards are valued (2) the exchange produces valued rewards and (3) the costs do not

exceed expected rewards. The exchange process follows a sequence of events. The first event is

identification of need. Ap (1992), argues that an actor was initiate an exchange relationship when

there is a need to satisfy. To initiate an exchange there must a need to satisfy and satisfaction of

need justify the rationale for engaging in social exchange. Therefore, unless a community has a

need to develop tourism or perceives tourism as a means of achieving social and economic

10
benefits, it is unlikely to welcome the development of tourism (Ap, 1992; and Crompton, 1998).

The social exchange must reciprocal, i.e. the resource exchange between parties should roughly

equip the above models provide a theoretical basis for assessing the impact of tourism on socio-

economic upgrading in destination areas. Doxey’s Irridex Model (1975) and Butler’s Tourist

Area Lifecycle Model (1980) are valuable because they highlight that negative social impacts

was increase if tourism is not well-planned, managed and developed. They explain the growing

irritation on the part of the community which has been supported by earlier studies (Pizam, 1978;

De Kadt, 1979). Theory that directed in this study is Social Exchange Process Model because

individual within Mikumi and Bagamoyo district accepted and participated in these tourism

activities as there were benefit as the activities were proceeding. Involvement of people within

these areas was considered. People were informed of the advantages that would have been

gained by accepting the tourist activities. And it has shown that the benefit of tourism activities

has been greater than the negative effects, hence the reason to choose Socio Exchange Process

Model

2.3.3 Theory of Change

Also the theory of change that was introduced by a team of researchers lead by World Bank,

theory of change in tourism about understands why and how change happens so that

development programs can make most of the development potential of this sector. Theory of

change (TOC) provides a framework for the planning, execution and evaluation of tourism

projects and programs that connects to project goals and development objectives and helps

maximize tourism’s potential. This theory of change also tends to talk about on how the impacts

of tourism tend to affect the residents of that place, this shows how the impacts of tourism tend

to affect the Zanzibar rural areas in all aspects whether politically, socially or economically. The

11
theory of change tends to include a step by step guide to using Theory of change for tourism

project and program design, it is all about understanding why and how change happens so that

development occurs

The diversity of approaches to the relationship between tourism and culture underlines the

problems of definition which exist in this field. Because culture touches every aspect of human

life, it can argue that everything is cultural. According to this view, all tourism might considered

as “cultural tourism”, because “all movements of persons…satisfy the human need for diversity,

tending to raise the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge, experience

and encounters” (UNWTO 1985). This broad approach is not very useful because it does not

allow us to identify those forms of culture which are particularly important for tourism, and vice

versa. Richards (1996) suggested that early approaches to the relationship between tourism and

culture tended to base on the “sites and monuments” approach, where the cultural attractions of a

country or region were basically seen as the physical cultural sites which were important for

tourism. This approach informed the compilation of the Cultural Tourism Inventory for Europe

in the 1980s, for example. Gradually, however, a broader view of culture in tourism emerged

(Box 2.2), which included the performing arts (Hughes, 2000), crafts (Richards, 1999), cultural

events, architecture and design, and more recently, creative activities (Richards and Wilson,

2006) and intangible heritage (UNWTO, 2017)

Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries, contributing more than 10% to the global GDP

(Mikayilov et al. 2019). Mobilizing such a human tourist’s mass is most likely to trickle

environmental pollution along with its other positive effects. The local pollution at tourist

destinations may include air emissions, noise, and solid waste. In addition, an uncontrolled,

overcrowded, and ill-planned tourist population has substantial adverse effects on the quality of

12
the environment. It results in the over-consumption of natural resources, degradation of service

quality and increase in wastage and pollution. Furthermore, tourism arrivals beyond capacity

brings problems rather than a blessing, such as leaving behind soil erosion, accumulation of

waste and air pollution, and endangering biodiversity, and decomposition of socio-cultural

habitats

2.4 Empirical literature review

Several studies that relate to this topic have been conducted in different parts of the world

OECD, (2019) examined the impact of culture 77 on tourism the work has also focused on

country practices in this area. This book provides an analysis of the relationship between tourism

culture and the attractiveness and competitiveness of destinations. It also examines the

development of tourism production and distribution processes in relation to cultural resources,

identifying the key factors and policy interventions which can maximize the attractiveness of

destinations as places to visit, live and invest in

Rosemary, (2019) investigated Social Economic and Cultural Impacts of Coastal Tourism to

Local Communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. This study intends to examine socio economic and

cultural impact of coastal tourism on local people. The study used two theoretical approaches for

examining the impact of tourism activities to the local people. Integrated coastal management

approach was used to assess the conflicts over resources use between local people and other

tourism stakeholders including investors. The Sustainable livelihood approach was used to

examine the resilience of local people from development of tourism activities in terms of

security, recognition and participation in tourism development. The combined approach was

13
useful to allow local people to cope with the changes brought as results of the development of

the tourism sector and allow them to participate in the tourism development while minimizing

the negative impacts associated with tourism activities. The study used mixed research methods

including survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, semi-structure interviews and direct

observations. All these were carried out to grasp important information required for addressing

the research objectives and questions. The main findings from this study show that tourism in the

main economic activities in both Paje and Nungwi villages

Samwel, (2015) examined the impact of tourism activities to the local communities in the

Mtowambu ward in Monduli district. He work evaluated the impact of tourism activities to the

local community in MtowaMbu ward in Monduli district. The objectives of the study were to

identify the various tourism activities in the study area, to assess the impact of tourism activities

to the local communities in MtowaMbu ward and to explore challenges facing local people

participating in tourism activities in MtowaMbu ward. He also used both primary data and

secondary data were used to collect data from the respondents where by 157 respondents was

selected as a sample size was used SPSS, content analysis and Excel was used to analyze data

generated for this study. The finding identifying main tourism activities undertaken in

MtowaMbu which are agro tourism, nature walking, cycling, visiting MtowaMbu cultural

tourism and business in Masai central market

Archleus, (2018) investigated factors affecting the growth of cultural tourism enterprises in

Arusha region, Tanzania. The study assessed factors affecting the growth of Cultural Tourism

Enterprises in Arusha Region. The findings revealed that tourism stakeholders perceive tourism

as means of local people to participate direct in tourism and as a tool for alleviation of poverty if

well utilized

14
Comero and Strozzi (2018), examined the development in social impact of tourism research and

argues that the quantitative methods potentially limit our ability to gain a more in depth

understanding of the impacts and how they both tend to influence the host community and

tourists

Qadar Baksh et al (2022) examined how the impacts of tourism development tend to affect the

environmental sustainability. Tourism is a vibrant force that stimulates travel to explore nature,

adventures, wonders, and societies discover cultures, meet people, interact with values, and

experience new traditions and events. Moreover, environmental sustainability is the future based

conscious effort aimed at conserving socio-cultural heritage and preserving natural resources to

protect environment but tourism tend to affect the natural resources like water bodies and so the

environment tends to become unsustainable

Butler (1998), investigated the impacts of tourism as provider of better standard of living,

recreation facilities, and improved social factors but also tourism tend to have negative impacts

which tend to affect the same better living standards of people and so having worse living

conditions.so this shows that a coin does not have the same face, anything has its positive and

negative impacts in life no matter how good or bad it is

2.4 Research gap

From different reviews that have been cross-checked, researcher found that those works are

much like and related to the topic because most of them examined issues of OECD, (2009)

examined the impact of culture on tourism the work has also focused on country practices in this

area. Rosemary, (2019) Social Economic and Cultural Impacts of Coastal Tourism to Local

Communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania.Samwel, (2015) the impact of tourism activities to the local

15
communities in the Mtowambu ward in Monduli district. Archleus, (2018) factors affecting the

growth of cultural tourism enterprises in Arusha region, Tanzania. Niccolo Comero and

Fernanda Strozzi (2018), their paper traces the key that development in social impact of tourism.

Qadar Baksh et al (2022), their paper talks about how the impacts of tourism development tend

to affect the environmental sustainability. Butler (1998) identifies the impacts of tourism as

provider of better standard of living From the researcher’s knowledge and searching, also found

that there is a need to go on with the study on investigating the relationship between tourism and

cultural deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar, hence there exists the research gap

16
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents research design of the study, study area, study, target population, sample

size and sampling techniques, data collection methods, data analysis methods and ethical

consideration

3.1 Research design

Research design refers as reflection of researcher’s thought that can help in stopping frustration

by joining all the study together through structural form that shows how all main parts of the

study can work together in addressing research questions (Asenahabi, 2019)

According to Kumar (as cited in Thyer,2011), assert that research design as complete plan for

how the study is to completed by using different variables that can measured, using different

technique in selecting samples, selecting techniques of data collection that can test hypothesis

and research questions and finally finding result by making analysis from collected data.

Research design also can describe as patterns in which the study expects to follow, the plan,

direction or strategies for conducting research (Osso & Onen, 2016). This study was use case

study as research design

Therefore, researcher was concentrate on describing, explaining and analyze the relationship

between tourism and cultural deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar in Urban Region as

bounded case, moreover this was help researcher to use small sample for extensively analysis

17
3.2 Research Approach

Creswell, (2018) define research approaches as plans and procedures for the study that stretch

the steps of research from wider assumptions to main data collection methods, analysis and

interpretation. Weiss, (2019) argues that research approach concerned with tactics and

techniques, formulating experiment, accumulating facts and analyzing them. This study was

mixed method which combine both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In quantitative

approach researcher was analyze the data from questionnaires which was distributed to

respondents. But in qualitative approach researcher was interview with core workers and make

analysis and interpretation from their respond

3.3 Area of Study

The study was conducted at Urban district of Unguja in Zanzibar. The area is relevant because a

large number of tourist attractions are located in urban region as compared with other Regions.

More than 50 % of the total tourist attractions are located in Urban district, Zanzibar Unguja

(RGoZ, 2016). Also, the area of study is easy for access to market. This helped to get the reliable

and valid information

This study was conducted in the Urban District which is the one among the ten Districts that

constitute in Zanzibar. It is surrounded by Indian Ocean in Eastern and Southern part. It is

boarded by West District to West and Northern part to North side

3.4 Study population

Majid, (2018) defines targeted population as a population of interest where by researches intend

to use them in completing his/her study, Asiamah et al, (2017) argues that it is very important for

a researcher to select target and accessible population specifically if study population is very

18
huge because failure to do so may result not to reach appropriate sample especially for

qualitative research. The target population for this study was 5 ZCT public relations

practitioners, 5 institutional leaders such as directors and heads of departments, 30 other urban

area people and another 10 peoples who use ZCT services like hotelier and tour guide because

the researchers want to learn about their perspectives on public relations.

3.5 Sample size and sample techniques.

Kothari, (2004) defines sample size as a number of items in which researcher intend to select out

from universe so as to formulate his/her own sample, and it advisable sample size should not

very large but also not too small, the best sample is the one which can meet the needs and

accomplish the plans of researcher, Olsen, (2012) assert that sampling is a way of saving the cost

in which researcher may use to create sets of cases. Pandey, (2015) acknowledges that sampling

technique are strategies used by researcher in selecting representatives of respondents from target

population so as to get correct and reliable information of the study. In this study, the sample size

was 100 respondents, including workers from ZCT and other people. Also, both simple random

and purposive sampling technique was used

3.5.1 Simple Random Technique

Sendelowski, (2000) argues that a sampling approach is used when there is a vast pool of

potentially information-rich examples and no evident reason to choose one over another. In this

study sample random was gave researchers a chance to select 50 to 75 samples without bias

from targeted population, especially for lower-level officers of ZCT and other people who use

ZCT services. This was making sure all members of target population have the same opportunity

to incorporate into the sample

19
3.5.2 Purposive Technique

Purposive Sampling Purposive sampling refers to as judgment, selective or subjective sampling

(Kothari, 2004). It is a non-probability sampling method characterized by a deliberate effort to

gain representative samples by including groups or typical areas in a sample. In this study

purposive sampling was give researcher a chance to choose 2 institutions leaders of ZCT, 3

middle-level officers of ZCT to include in the sample according to their typicality, and 5 workers

in the public relations department of ZCT in order to secure reliable information. These

categories of respondents are expected to have necessary information with regard day to day

tourism and cultural deterioration relationship activities. This was done by visiting them in their

respective areas/offices

3.6 Data Collection Method

Data collection is a process of accumulation and estimating of information on research variables

that can help researcher in establishment of techniques which can lead respondents to answer

questions, hypothesis and evaluation of findings (Kabir, 2016). In this study questionnaires and

interview was used as main tools for data collection, the choices of those tools are due to the

nature of data to collected, availability of time and the main concern of research

3.6.1 Questionnaires

Kumar, (2011) defines questionnaires as a printed list of questions to which respondents must

respond and record their responses. Respondents read the questions, interpret what is anticipated,

and then write down their replies in a questionnaire

Kirsty, (2018) argues that some of the benefits of self-administered questionnaire are implied by

some of the points above, such as the low cost of collecting, large amounts of data and the

20
anonymity provided to respondents, which can encourage candid responses. They can also

complete at a time convenient to the respondent and are less intrusive than interviews. Data from

the responses is relatively easy to collect and analyze, especially if attention is paid to designing

the questionnaire with the analysis in mind. In this study, 50 questionnaires were distributed to

different respondents from the targeted population. Among them are workers at low and middle

levels, as well as other people who receive services from ZCT. This is because it was not easy

for researchers to use other tools of data collection, the interviews with a large number of people,

also questionnaire which are time-convenient for respondents

3.6.2 Interview

Gill et al, (2008) asset that interviews include a series of important questions that help define the

areas to investigate but also allow the interviewee to deviate in order to catch an idea or

response. The interview format is most commonly used in research since it gives participants

some direction on what to talk about. This approach’s flexibility enables the discovery or

elaboration of material that is essential to participants but may not have been considered relevant

by the researcher earlier. Sandy and Dumay, (as cited in Berg, 1998) argues that a type of

unstructured interview in research, assumes that the interviewers do not know all of the essential

questions ahead of time. Interviewers are compassionate listeners who explore the interviewees,

knowing that not all interviewees were understanding questions in the same way. In this study,

interviews were conducted with 50 respondents, including 30 youths, 15 institutional leaders and

5 high-level officers in ZCT. This is because the researcher intends to deeply investigate

information from respondents and she also gets a chance to open up more questions

21
3.7 Data analysis and Presentation

Uperty (as cited Kerlinger,1978) defines data analysis as the continual process of analyzing and

classifying data as it is gathered, generating additional questions, validating data, and drawing

conclusions. Pandey et al, (2015) acknowledged data analysis as a way of studying organized

information for the purposes of description and construction of measurement scale. Oso & Onen,

(2016) argues that this study needs a researcher to show how he/she was present the information

gathered from respondents in to usable size. In a qualitative approach, researchers were

analyzing data through the statistical package for social science SPSS and data was presented by

using graph, diagrams, tables, and charts to give a clear notion of the research concern

3.8 Ethical consideration

According to Kumar, (2011) acknowledged that ethical consideration in research can viewed in

relation with research respondents, researcher and sponsoring organization to the main concern

of gathering data, information seeking, protecting harm to respondents and assuring of

confidentiality. Marcysky et al, (2005) argues that ethical consideration is a part of research that

emphasize on the protection of human participants in the study, this was purposely established to

insure autonomy, beneficence and justice. Based on ethical considerations, researchers in this

study was fully adhere to research codes of ethics, in which participant privacy, confidentiality,

and anonymity was carefully considered, and the information gathered was used appropriately

22
 CHAPTER FOUR

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter analysis and presents research findings based on research objectives which are: The impacts

of tourism and cultural deterioration towards the youth in urban areas in Zanzibar, Youth views

on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar, the effort of the Zanzibar Commission for

Tourism used in controlling the cultural deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar. In this

chapter are mainly based on the research tool that was questionnaire and interview that was used

to collect data. This chapter divided into Part A, B, C. Whereby A present demographic

Characteristics while B present data from questionnaire and C present data from Interview

PART A

4.1 Demographic Characteristics

Table1: Profile of respondents

Category Frequency Percent

Sex
Female 23 46.0%
Male 27 54.0%
Total 50 100.0%
Age
18-30 30 60.0%
31-35 9 18.0%
36 and above 11 22.0%
Total 50 100.0%
Highest education level
Bachelor’s Degree Section 19 38.0%
Diploma/ Advanced Diploma 22 44.0%
Primary education 3 6.0%
Secondary education 6 12.0%

23
Category Frequency Percent
Total 50 100.0%
Source: Field Data, 2023

The profile of the respondents provides insights into the demographics and educational

background of the participants as shown below: -

Sex: The respondents were nearly evenly split between male and female participants, with 54%

being male and 46% being female. This suggests that the survey captured a balanced

representation of both genders

PART B

4.2 Presentation of findings

4.2.1 The impacts of tourism and cultural deterioration towards the youth in urban areas
in Zanzibar.

Table 2: Impacts of Tourism and Cultural Deterioration Towards Youth

Responses Frequency Percent

Cultural Erosion and Identity Loss 14 39.5%
Superficial Engagement with Culture 16 33.7%
Shift in Aspirations and Values 10 14.0%
Loss of Social Cohesion 9 11.6%
Other 1 1.2%
Total 50 100.0%
Source: Field Data, 2023

The provided table above illustrates the perceived effects of tourism on young people with

regards to cultural degradation. The data suggests that a considerable percentage of respondents

(39.5%) are of the opinion that tourism contributes to the erosion of cultural values and the loss

of identity among youth. Furthermore, a significant portion (33.7%) believes that tourism leads

to a surface-level engagement with culture, implying that young individuals might not deeply

24
connect with their cultural heritage due to tourism influences. Some respondents (14.0%) also

mention that tourism can result in a shift in the aspirations and values of young people,

potentially influenced by exposure to different cultures. Another concern highlighted is the loss

of social cohesion, with 11.6% of respondents expressing worry about this outcome. In

summary, the data reflects apprehensions about the potential negative effects of tourism on the

cultural well-being and identities of the youth, encompassing issues such as cultural erosion,

shallow engagement, and shifts in values

4.2.2.1 Conclusion of First Objective

In conclusion, the research's underlying objective has been effectively realized by delving into

the survey data from questionnaires. The investigation highlights five distinct impacts that stem

from the surge in tourism activities. Firstly, the intensified presence of tourism often triggers the

commercialization and commodification of indigenous culture. As local customs and values

undergo modifications to cater to tourist preferences, younger generations might find themselves

growing apart from their authentic heritage. This detachment can lead to an erosion of cultural

identity and a weakening of their roots. Moreover, the rapid-paced nature of tourism emphasizes

expedient and entertaining encounters, potentially urging the youth to engage with their own

culture on a superficial level. In doing so, the depth of their comprehension and appreciation for

their cultural heritage could be hindered, resulting in a lack of profound connection.

The survey data also underscores the influence of tourism on youth aspirations, with materialistic

values promoted by the industry redirecting career priorities. Additionally, the resource

allocation challenges brought about by tourism expansion raise alarms about the potential

deprivation of essential resources for local youth development. The disruption of social cohesion,

resulting from the rapid influx of tourists and subsequent restructuring of traditional

25
relationships, poses further risks to the youth's acquisition of cultural knowledge. Overall, the

survey-based insights serve as a clarion call for holistic strategies that balance the advantages of

tourism with the preservation of cultural integrity and the well-being of the youth in Zanzibar's

urban centers

4.2.2 Youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar

Table 3: Youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar

Responses Frequency Percent

The Cultural Exchange Enthusiast 34 39.5%
The Economic Booster 29 33.7%
The Innovator 12 14.0%
The Erosion of Authenticity: 10 11.6%
The Loss of Cultural Control 1 1.2%
Total 86 100.0%
Source: Field Data, 2023

The table above shows the outcomes of a survey that aimed to capture diverse perspectives on

how tourism impacts cultural deterioration, likely within the context of Zanzibar. The responses

have been grouped into five distinct viewpoints: "The Cultural Exchange Enthusiast,"

represented by 34 respondents (39.5%), emphasizes the positive aspects of cultural interchange

facilitated by tourism; "The Economic Booster," supported by 29 respondents (33.7%),

underscores the economic advantages of tourism for preserving local culture; "The Innovator,"

backed by 12 respondents (14.0%), sees tourism as a catalyst for innovative cultural evolution;

"The Erosion of Authenticity," articulated by 10 respondents (11.6%), raises concerns about

tourism diluting cultural genuineness; and "The Loss of Cultural Control," articulated by one

respondent (1.2%), reflects apprehensions about external forces shaping cultural portrayal. In

26
total, 86 respondents engaged in the survey, with the percentages forming a comprehensive

representation of opinions. This distribution underscores the intricate spectrum of perspectives

surrounding tourism's effects on cultural integrity and how they resonate among the surveyed

individuals

4.2.2.1 Conclusion of Second Objective

The study required to understand youth views and perception on tourism development as an

agent of cultural deterioration in Zanzibar. Different views were noted among youth where most

of them were tour guides, community members and those who live along tourist attractions. That

perception placed in the following themes (ideas). Tourism is a main source of cultural

deterioration; therefore, more emphasis is needed to educate local people to take a managerial

position in the tourism investments. To reduce risk through tourism the local people should

empowered through education to increase the capability on dealing with tourism impacts

accordingly. Proper supervision and implementation of tourism policies is needed to reach the

target of reducing threat of cultural deterioration in the local communities

4.2.3 Effort does Zanzibar Commission of Tourism used in controlling the cultural
deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar?

Table 4: effort taken by Zanzibar Commission of Tourism

Effort Frequency Percent

Cultural Education Programs 2 4.0%
Cultural Festivals and Events 15 30.0%

27
Effort Frequency Percent
Cultural Exchange Programs 18 36.0%
Media and Social Media Campaigns 14 28.0%
Incorporating Cultural Elements in Education 1 2.0%
Total 50 100.0%
Source: Field Data, 2023

The table displays the results of a survey or questionnaire that sought to understand the efforts

made by the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism to address cultural deterioration among the youth

in Zanzibar. The efforts are categorized into different strategies, and the data includes the

frequency of each strategy's implementation, represented both as raw numbers and as

percentages of the total. Out of a total of 50 instances where efforts were implemented, the data

suggests that "Cultural Exchange Programs" was the most frequently employed strategy,

accounting for 18 instances or 36.0% of the total efforts. This indicates a strong emphasis on

fostering interactions between local youth, traditional artists, and cultural practitioners, which

can play a significant role in passing down cultural knowledge and bridging generational gaps.

"Cultural Festivals and Events" were implemented 15 times, making up 30.0% of the efforts.

This approach involves engaging young people through activities like traditional music, dance,

and art showcases, creating opportunities for them to actively participate in and learn about their

cultural heritage.

"Media and Social Media Campaigns" were used in 14 instances (28.0%), suggesting a notable

effort to leverage various media platforms such as television, radio, and social media to raise

awareness among youth about the importance of preserving their cultural traditions. "Cultural

Education Programs" were implemented 2 times, representing 4.0% of the total efforts. While

this strategy had the lowest frequency, it involves organizing educational workshops and

seminars to help young people better understand and appreciate their cultural identity. Lastly,

28
"Incorporating Cultural Elements in Education" was employed only once, making up 2.0% of the

efforts. This suggests a relatively lower focus on integrating cultural studies into formal

education.

Therefore, the analysis indicates that the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism has primarily relied

on strategies such as "Cultural Exchange Programs," "Cultural Festivals and Events," and

"Media and Social Media Campaigns" to tackle cultural deterioration among the youth. While

specific efforts may have evolved since the data was collected, this analysis provides insights

into the commission's priorities in preserving and promoting Zanzibar's cultural heritage among

the younger generation.

4.2.3.1 Conclusion of third objective

ZCT implements the Tourism Policy and has 18 different roles that are defined in the Tourism

Act (No. 6 of) 2009.126 Besides tourism promotion, licensing tourism businesses and enforcing

regulations, the Commission is also responsible for tourism developments and specifically for

cultural. It was intended that the Board of the Commission include private sector representatives.

It has seven different ‘functions’ that are all related to tourism development. Together with a

stakeholder board, the responsible minister can appoint up to eight commissioners from different

parts of the tourism industry. The amended Tourism Act (No. 7), 2012127 states that the

Commissioners should come from the hospitality industry, associations, Zanzibar Planning

Commission, Minister of Information, Culture, Tourism and Sports, ZIPA, any other member

who shall be a woman, ZATI and religious institutions. The Commissioners have four roles that

revolve around advising, developing, implementing and steering the Commission and tourism in

Zanzibar for all. The Board and Commission are the highest levels on which different

29
stakeholders can discuss tourism development in Zanzibar. Despite the Tourism Policy and

Tourism Act that clearly describe the role of various stakeholders in tourism development,

including multi-stakeholder consultations, the relationship between the public and private sector

seems to revolve around licensing, regulations and taxation. The industry itself has a number of

associations, of which Zanzibar Association of Tourism Investors (ZATI), Zanzibar Association

of Tourism Operators (ZATO) and Zanzibar Association of Tour Guides (ZATOGA) are the best

known and most visible. These organizations have run and still run a number of programmers

that deal with tourism development.

PART C

4.3 The impact of tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar

The intersection of tourism and cultural preservation has been a topic of increasing concern,

particularly in regions with rich cultural histories like Zanzibar. This analysis delves into the

findings of interviews conducted with local residents of Zanzibar, aiming to shed light on their

perspectives regarding the impact of tourism on the cultural deterioration of the region. The

interviews sought to capture a nuanced understanding of the benefits and challenges that tourism

brings to Zanzibar's cultural landscape. This was supported by claims from youth who

highlighted by saying that.

“Tourism has brought jobs and improved our infrastructure, there's no denying that. But
at what cost? Our traditional practices are being watered down to fit tourists'
expectations. It feels like we're losing a part of who we are just to attract visitors”.
Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023
The interview data revealed a range of viewpoints regarding the influence of tourism on local

culture. Many participants acknowledged the positive economic impact of tourism, highlighting

increased employment opportunities and improved infrastructure. However, a prevailing concern

was the potential cultural dilution driven by tourism. Respondents expressed worries about the

30
commodification of traditional practices to cater to tourist expectations. They observed that this

transformation often stripped these practices of their genuine cultural significance, raising fears

of cultural authenticity loss. This was supported by claims from youth who highlighted by saying

that.

“We need the income from tourism, there's no doubt about it. But I worry that our culture
is becoming a show. We perform for the tourists, and it's not genuine anymore. We need
to find a way to balance economic growth with preserving what makes us unique”.
Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023

Furthermore, the interviews shed light on the tensions arising from the clash between external

influences brought in by tourism and local values. Several participants noted the subtle erosion

of traditional norms and values due to the introduction of foreign behaviors and ideas. This shift,

they believed, was leading to a homogenization of culture, erasing the distinctiveness that

defines Zanzibar. This was supported by claims from youth who highlighted by saying that.

"Tourists come here wanting to see our dances and rituals, but they don't understand the
real meaning behind them. They become shows, not sacred practices. It's like we're
selling our culture for a quick profit." Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023

In conclusion, the interview data from local residents in Zanzibar underscore the intricate

relationship between tourism and cultural deterioration. While economic benefits are

acknowledged, concerns about the authenticity of cultural practices and the gradual erosion of

traditional values remain prominent. These insights emphasize the urgency of implementing

sustainable tourism strategies that prioritize local engagement and cultural preservation. By

involving the local community in decision-making processes and fostering responsible tourism

practices, Zanzibar can navigate the delicate balance between economic growth and the

safeguarding of its unique cultural heritage. This was supported by claims from youth who

highlighted by saying that.

31
 “With more tourists comes more influence from the outside. Our youth are picking up
foreign habits, and our way of life is changing. Our values are shifting, and I fear we're
losing touch with our roots” Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023

4.4 Youth view on tourism to the cultural deterioration in Zanzibar

This objective suggests that the focus is on understanding the opinions and perspectives of the

younger generation in Zanzibar regarding the relationship between tourism and cultural

preservation. This demographic likely holds a unique position as they are both inheritors of

traditional values and the ones most exposed to the changing dynamics brought about by

tourism.

The young people in Zanzibar felt like they were becoming different because of all the tourists

and new ideas. They saw their own culture as something separate from what tourists usually saw.

Some worried that their special traditions changed too much because of tourism. On the other

hand, some young people thought it was a good idea to change some parts of their culture to fit

with tourism. They believed this could help their local economy and show off their traditions to

visitors. This was supported by claims from youth who highlighted by saying that.

“Tourism brings money, but it's changing the way we see our traditions. What tourists see
isn't always the real thing. We need to find a way to show our culture without losing its
true meaning” Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023

These young folks had mixed feelings about modern things and their cultural identity. They

thought tourism was good because it brought money, but they also worried that it might make

their own customs less clear. Some really cared about their own culture and worried that if they

focused too much on pleasing tourists, they could lose their own special way of life. This was

supported by claims from youth who highlighted by saying that.

“Tourism can help our economy, but I worry we're losing our identity in the process. Our
ancestors wouldn't recognize some of the things we do for tourists. We need to find a way
to honor our past while moving forward." Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023

32
The youth wanted to learn more about their culture and have the power to protect it. They wanted

to learn and do their traditions in the way their ancestors did, not just the way tourists liked. They

said that it was important for them to show their traditions in a way that's true to them, not just

how tourists expected. This was supported by claims from youth who highlighted by saying that.

"I want to learn our traditions the right way, not just what tourists want to see. We should
have programs that teach us and let us keep our culture alive." Interview with youth in
Zanzibar, August 2023

Some young people thought that tourists could help them learn about other cultures and show off

their own. They liked meeting tourists and telling them about their culture. This way, they could

also learn from tourists and break some of the wrong ideas people might have about their culture.

This was supported by claims from youth who highlighted by saying that.

"Tourism can be a chance to show our culture to the world. I've learned so much from
talking to tourists, and I think they've learned from us too. It's a way to break down
barriers and stereotypes." Interview with youth in Zanzibar, August 2023

4.5 Effort does Zanzibar Commission of Tourism used in controlling the cultural

deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar

The Zanzibar Commission of Tourism emphasized cultural education programs targeted at the

youth. These initiatives involved workshops, seminars, and interactive sessions that highlighted

the significance of traditional practices and their role in shaping the local identity. By raising

awareness about the importance of cultural heritage, the commission fostered a sense of pride

and ownership among the youth, encouraging them to actively engage in preserving their

traditions. This was supported by claims from ZCT public relations practitioners who highlighted

by saying that.

"I remember attending those workshops organized by the Tourism Commission. They
helped me understand the depth of our traditions. It made me more conscious of the need

33
 to protect our heritage." Interview with ZCT public relations practitioners in
Zanzibar, August 2023

The commission collaborated with local communities to develop strategies that involved the

youth in cultural preservation. This included supporting community-driven events, festivals, and

activities that showcased authentic traditions. By actively engaging the youth in the planning and

execution of these events, the commission instilled a sense of responsibility and connection to

their cultural heritage. This was supported by claims from ZCT public relations practitioners who

highlighted by saying that.

"When the Commission supported our local events, it felt like they were trusting us to
showcase our own culture. It gave us a sense of responsibility to do it right." Interview
with ZCT public relations practitioners in Zanzibar, August 2023

Efforts focused on integrating genuine traditional practices into the tourism experience. Instead

of diluting these practices for the sake of entertainment, the commission worked to ensure that

tourists had the opportunity to witness authentic cultural activities. This approach not only

educated tourists about the local culture but also reinforced the value of these practices among

the youth themselves. This was supported by claims from ZCT public relations practitioners who

highlighted by saying that.

"I liked that tourists got to see what we actually do, not just some show for them. It was
like sharing our real selves with them." Interview with ZCT public relations
practitioners in Zanzibar, August 2023

The commission empowered young individuals to take leadership roles in cultural preservation.

Creating platforms for youth to voice their opinions, share ideas, and contribute to decision-

making processes instilled a sense of agency. By giving them a stake in shaping cultural

preservation efforts, the commission cultivated a stronger commitment to maintaining their

cultural heritage. This was supported by claims from ZCT public relations practitioners who

highlighted by saying that

34
 "Being part of the discussions with the Commission made me feel like my voice
mattered. They gave us a say in how to preserve our culture." Interview with ZCT
public relations practitioners in Zanzibar, August 2023

The commission leveraged digital platforms and social media to engage the youth in discussions

about cultural preservation. Sharing stories, videos, and content that highlighted the importance

of their cultural heritage in a modern context resonated with the youth and encouraged them to

actively participate in preserving their traditions. This was supported by claims from ZCT public

relations practitioners who highlighted by saying that.

"I loved seeing our culture on social media, but not just for tourists. It was like a reminder
for us, the youth, to keep our traditions alive." Interview with ZCT public relations
practitioners in Zanzibar, August 2023

Promoting interactions between the older generations and the youth was a valuable strategy. The

commission facilitated mentorship programs where elders shared their knowledge and

experiences with the younger generation. This not only imparted cultural wisdom but also

strengthened the sense of intergenerational connection. This was supported by claims from ZCT

public relations practitioners who highlighted by saying that.

"The mentorship program allowed us to learn from our elders. It was a way of connecting
with our past and understanding why our culture matters." Interview with ZCT public
relations practitioners in Zanzibar, August 2023

In conclusion, the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism's efforts to control cultural deterioration

among the youth involved a combination of educational, community-driven, empowerment-

focused, and innovative strategies. Their success depended on the effectiveness of

implementation, engagement with the youth, and collaboration with local communities. A

comprehensive approach that considered the unique needs and perspectives of the youth

contributed significantly to preserving Zanzibar's rich cultural heritage for the future

35
4.6 Discussion

The impact of tourism on cultural deterioration in Zanzibar is a complex issue with both positive

and negative aspects. While tourism has brought economic opportunities and improved

infrastructure to the region, it has also led to challenges such as cultural commodification,

erosion of traditional values, and displacement of local communities due to commercial

development. The influx of foreign influences and the demand for westernized experiences have

sometimes led to the dilution of Zanzibar's unique cultural identity. Striking a balance between

reaping the benefits of tourism and preserving the rich cultural heritage of Zanzibar requires

thoughtful planning, sustainable tourism practices, and active engagement of local communities

in decision-making processes.

The youth's perspective on tourism's impact on cultural deterioration in Zanzibar can vary, but

there are some common themes. Many young people might appreciate the economic

opportunities and exposure to different cultures that tourism brings, recognizing the potential for

job creation and improved livelihoods. However, some may also express concerns about the

potential loss of traditional values, practices, and the authentic essence of Zanzibar culture due to

commercialization and the catering to tourist preferences. They might feel that their cultural

identity is being compromised or that their community's way of life is being overshadowed by

the demands of the tourism industry. Balancing the benefits of tourism with the preservation of

Zanzibar's cultural heritage is likely a topic of significance and interest among the youth.

The Zanzibar Commission of Tourism employs a multifaceted approach to mitigate cultural

deterioration among the youth within the context of tourism. One crucial strategy involves the

implementation of educational programs tailored to enlighten and sensitize young individuals

about the significance of their cultural heritage. By fostering a deep understanding of their roots,

36
traditions, and the historical importance of their heritage, the Commission aims to instill a sense

of pride and responsibility among the youth to actively engage in its preservation. Furthermore,

the Commission recognizes the vital role of local youth in shaping the trajectory of tourism

development. To this end, they actively involve young individuals in decision-making processes

related to tourism initiatives. This engagement not only empowers them to voice their concerns

and ideas but also grants them a tangible role in crafting a sustainable and culturally respectful

tourism industry. This participatory approach ensures that the youth's perspectives are taken into

account, fostering a sense of ownership and commitment to safeguarding their cultural identity

amidst the growing tourism sector.

In line with this, the Commission spearheads the organization of cultural events and festivals that

allow young people to showcase their traditional practices, art, and performances to both local

and international visitors. These events serve as platforms for cultural exchange, enabling the

youth to celebrate their heritage while simultaneously introducing it to a wider audience. By

actively participating in these events, the youth not only gain exposure but also contribute to the

promotion and preservation of their cultural legacy. Crucially, the Commission places great

emphasis on the protection and conservation of heritage sites and culturally significant areas. By

implementing and enforcing regulations that prevent the degradation of these sites due to

excessive tourism, the Commission ensures that the youth have physical spaces in which they

can connect with their culture and history. This protection extends beyond the sites themselves,

encompassing the broader ecosystem that supports the cultural narrative of Zanzibar

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a conclusion, discussion of a findings, recommendation and suggestion for

future

5.2 Conclusion

In this research study, the focus was on exploring the effects of tourism and cultural degradation

on youth in urban areas of Zanzibar, along with the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism's (ZCT)

38
efforts to address these impacts. Through a comprehensive questionnaire, the research

successfully addressed its objectives, revealing various insights into the intricate relationship

between tourism, culture, and youth in Zanzibar. The study analyzed respondents' demographics,

revealing a balanced representation across genders, age groups, and education levels. Concerns

emerged regarding cultural erosion, detachment from cultural roots due to tourism, superficial

engagement with heritage, and shifts in youth aspirations influenced by exposure to diverse

cultural norms. The diversity of youth opinions about tourism's impact on culture highlighted the

need for nuanced strategies. The ZCT's initiatives to counter cultural decline included cultural

exchange, festivals, media campaigns, and cultural integration in education, showcasing their

commitment to preserving cultural identity amid tourism's influence. The research findings

underscore the importance of balanced approaches that protect cultural heritage while harnessing

positive aspects of tourism, and stress the significance of involving youth in these efforts through

education, engagement, and community participation

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the data findings from the field and literature reviews, this research recommends the
followings:

Government should counter the effects of cultural erosion, it is imperative to design and

implement comprehensive cultural education programs targeting the youth. These programs

should be integrated into formal education curricula and should also encompass extracurricular

activities that offer immersive experiences, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of

local cultural heritage.

39
Government should Collaborative efforts between the ZCT, cultural organizations, and local

communities can result in the creation of youth-centric cultural festivals and events. These

occasions should focus on engaging the youth in active participation, providing them with

opportunities to showcase their cultural talents and engage with traditional practices.

Government should be recognizing the influence of digital media on the youth, the ZCT should

harness technology to launch interactive and engaging campaigns that highlight the significance

of cultural preservation. Utilizing social media platforms, podcasts, and online workshops can

effectively raise awareness among the youth about their cultural heritage.

Government should encourage local youth to actively participate in the tourism industry, not

only as tour guides but also as entrepreneurs. Providing training and support for young

individuals to establish and manage tourism-related businesses can create a sense of ownership

and responsibility for preserving their cultural heritage.

Government should Establish platforms for inter-generational dialogue where the wisdom of

elders and the fresh perspectives of the youth can come together. These dialogues can facilitate

the transfer of cultural knowledge while allowing the youth to voice their concerns, aspirations,

and ideas for cultural preservation.

Government should Strengthen collaboration between the ZCT, local communities, cultural

experts, and youth representatives to formulate and monitor policies that address cultural

deterioration. Regular evaluations of the impact of implemented strategies will enable adaptive

approaches and informed decision-making.

40
5.5 Suggestions for Future Studies

Building on the insights gained from the current research, there are several areas that warrant

further exploration to deepen our understanding of the impacts of tourism on cultural

deterioration among the youth in urban areas of Zanzibar. Here are three potential areas for

future studies:

Long-Term Effects of Cultural Education Programs: While the current research recommends the

implementation of cultural education programs, further studies can delve into the long-term

effects of these programs on the youth. Investigating whether such programs lead to a sustained

appreciation of cultural heritage, increased cultural participation, and a stronger sense of identity

among the youth would provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of educational

interventions.Tourism's Role in Cultural Revitalization: While this study focused on the

potential negative impacts of tourism on cultural deterioration, future research could explore

instances where tourism has contributed positively to cultural revitalization. By identifying

successful cases where tourism has acted as a catalyst for cultural preservation, researchers can

uncover best practices and strategies that can be applied in similar contexts.

Youth-Led Initiatives in Cultural Preservation: Given the importance of youth perspectives in

shaping cultural preservation strategies, it would be beneficial to study the role of youth-led

initiatives in safeguarding cultural heritage. Research could investigate the motivations,

challenges, and successes of youth-driven projects, as well as the ways in which these initiatives

collaborate with existing cultural organizations and governmental bodies.Influence of

Globalization on Cultural Dynamics: Globalization plays a significant role in shaping cultural

attitudes and practices. A study that examines the interplay between globalization, tourism, and

41
cultural values among the youth in Zanzibar could shed light on how external influences impact

local identity and cultural preservation efforts.

Tourism Policy Evaluation: Evaluating the effectiveness of current tourism policies and

regulations in preserving cultural heritage could be a fruitful avenue for research. This could

involve assessing the alignment of policies with cultural preservation goals, as well as their

impact on local communities and the youth. Perceptions of Non-Youth Stakeholders: While the

current research focuses on youth perspectives, exploring the viewpoints of other stakeholders

such as elders, cultural practitioners, and tourism industry professionals would provide a more

comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding tourism and cultural deterioration

References

Ashley & Mitchell, 2009; Dwyer, 2018; Gössling&Peeters, 2015

AIEST and Medlik 2003
Asiamah, N., Abaiye, E., &nMensah, H. (2017).General,Target, and Accessible population:
Bourdieu Pierre 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of
Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
PressDemystifyingtheConceptforEffectivesampling,Volume22Number6.https://
www.researchgate.net
Creswell, J. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches.
Los Angels: SAGE PublicationDictionary Ox ford language

42
Enon, J. (1998). ‘’Education Research, Statistics and Measurement:’’ Educational Psychology
Makerere University.

Gill, P., Stewart,K., Treasure,E.,&Chadwick,B .(2008).Methods of Data Collection in

Qualitative Research: Interviews and focus groups. Volume 204 number 6.Nature
Publishing Group. Retrieved from www.zlibrary.org

Kabir, S. M. (2016).Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for all

Disciplines. Bangladesh: Book Zone Publication.

Kirsty,W.(2018).Research Methods: Information, Systems and Contexts.Netherland:Elsevier

Ltd.

Kothari, C.R. (2004).Research Methodology Methods and Technique. New Delhi: New Age
Publication

Kumar. (2011).Research Methodology: A Step - by – Step guide for beginners. UK: SAGE
Publication

Lacey, A. and Luff, D. (2001). Trent Focus for Research and Development in Primary

Health Care. An introduction to Qualitative Analysis: Trent Focus group UK.(2015)

Majid, U. (2018).Research Fundamentals: Study Design, Population and Sample Size, Volume 2
number 1.Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net
Marczysky, G., Demateo, D., &Fesinger, D. (2005).Essential for Research Design and
Methodology. Canada: John Wiley & Son Inc
NiccoloComero and Fernanda Strozzi 2018

Olsen. (2012). Data Collection Key Debates and Methods in Social Research. London: SAGE
Publication

Oso, W. &Onen, D.(2016). A Guide to Writing Research Proposal and Report. Kenya: JKF

Pandey,P.&Pandey,M.(2015).ResearchMethodology:Tools and Techniques.Romania:Bridge

Center

43
Policy, N. T. (1999).Ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism.Dar es Salaam: Government
Printer.
Sandelowski, M. (2000).Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling, Data Collection and
Analysis Techniques in Mixed Method Studies. Volume 23.Number 3.Retrieved
from www.zlib.org
UNWTO 2017

Wild Whispers Africa, 2016.

Weiss, M. (2019).Writing Scientific Research Proposal Guide. Haifa: Book

APPENDEX I: QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE

INTRODUCTION

Dear respondent,

Research Questionnaire to the working staffs and urban west people especial tour guide on
conducting a research study in the assessment of the contribution of the tourism and cultural
deterioration among the youth in Zanzibar

Dear Sir /Madam,

44
 My name is Maryam Mzee Yunus, a third-year student pursing a Bachelor Degree of
International Relations and Diplomacy at the institute of Public Administration. It is a policy of
Institute of Public Administration for third year students to conduct field and research
respectively so as to be awarded a Bachelor Degree. To this end I fulfill this requirement here at
Zanzibar Commissions for Tourism and the Urban District peoples and officers in fulfilling the
research component.

You are kindly requested to read the attached questionnaires and respond them to the best of
your knowledge. Your timely response is of the essence success to the achievement of this study.
Please rest assured that the responses wastreated as confidential but should you like to know the
findings, the researcher waspleased and washing to endow with them to you.

Thank you in advance for your valued cooperation.

PART A: SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Name of organization/Institution _____________________________________(option)

2. Respondent gender

a. Male, ( )
b. Female, ( )

3. Respondent marital status

a. Married ( )
c. Single ( )
d. Divorce ( )
e. Widow ( )

4. What is your age?

a. 18 – 25 ( )
b. 26 – 35 ( )

45
 c. 36 – 45 ( )
d. 46 – 55 ( )
e. Above 56 ( )

5. How long have you been in your organization/Institution?

a. Less than one year

b. between 1-4 years
c. between 5-9 years
d. More than 9 years

6. What is your occupation?

a. Student ( )
b. Employed ( )
c. Self-employed ( )
d. Retired ( )
e. Other (specify)………………..

7. What is your per day income before tourism development in your area?

a. 1000 – 5000 ( )
b. 6000 – 10000 ( )
c. 11000 – 15000 ( )
d. 16000 – 20000 ( )
e. Other ( )

8. What is your per day income during tourism development in your area?

a. 1000 – 5000 ( )
b. 6000 – 10000 ( )
c. 11000 – 15000 ( )
d. 16000 – 20000 ( )
e. Other ( )

46
9. Which specific department are you working at?
______________________________________________________________________________

10. Are you aware of Tourism industry in Tanzania?

a. Yes ( )
b. No ( )

11. Are you in favor of Tourism activities in Tanzania?

a. Yes ( )
b. No ( )

12. Has the protected areas need to abolished, reduced or increased in Size?

a. Yes ( )
b. No ( )

PART B. LONG QUESTIONS

13. What are the negative impacts accrued from tourism activities in urban district?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

14. What are the main responsibilities of Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT) on
overcoming cultural deterioration in Zanzibar?
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

15. What are the measures or efforts that can take to control the cultural deterioration in youth?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

47
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

15. in your opinion, what specific policies that do influence or restricts the level of tourism in
Urban district?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

16. In your opinion, what measures need to address to improve the realization of tourism
activities to the communities around?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

48
APPENDEX II: RESEARCH PERMIT

49