Farm-bot: The Multitasking Corn Farming Robot

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Sta. Catalina Science High School

Cawitan, Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for Research Project

1
Jyra C. Alanano
1
Rea E. Bon
1
Nicole Omay R. Escora
1
Natasha J. Lajato
1
Mialee C. Montecino
1
Junnah P. Remolano
1
Jan Sunday T. Tanelon
1
Mark Dave Toledo

May 2024
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Schools Division of Negros Oriental
Sta. Catalina Science High School
Cawitan, Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental

APPROVAL SHEET

This research study

Entitled Farm-bot: The Multitasking Corn Farming Robot

Submitted Jan Sunday T. Tanelon ,Mark Dave S. Toledo, Jyra C. Alanano, Rea E.
by Bon, Nicole Omay R. Escora, Natasha J. Lajato, Mialee C. Montecino,
Junnah P. Remolano

In Research Project has been examined, recommended and approved by the

undersigned:
Research Committee

ROSEWIN P. ROCERO – PANAGUITON

Research Adviser

JAMES Y. BALASABAS DANIEL N. DIONSON

External Examiner External Examiner

LUCIBELLE MARIE L. PEDRONA

External Examiner

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____.

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the Practical Research II for Senior
High School Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
 Abstract

Agriculture plays a vital role in sustaining human life and economic development,

particularly in countries like the Philippines, where corn is a staple crop. However, the

agricultural sector faces numerous challenge, including the adverse effects of climate

change. To address these challenges, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a

multitasking corn farming robot. The robot was designed to perform essential tasks

such as plowing, planting seeds, watering, and soil leveling, with the goal of improving

agricultural efficiency and productivity. Through multiple trials, the functionality of

the robot was assessed, revealing initial issues with plowing and soil leveling due to

undersized wheels. Subsequent trials showed significant improvements, indicating the

effectiveness of the robot in farming operations. The study concludes that the proposed

Farmbot system is feasible and effective, with the potential for further enhancements.

Future research could focus on integrating precision seeder systems, autonomous

operation sensors, and renewable energy sources to make the system more sustainable

and efficient. These findings contribute to the advancement of agricultural technology

and have the potential to significantly benefit farmers and the agricultural sector in the

Philippines.
 Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to

the following individuals and organizations, as well as those whom they failed to

mention who had been behind their success. The researchers were helped and inspired

by the following:

Parents, for their unending support, moral encouragement, financial assistance,

and spiritual support in every path the researchers take to accomplish the study and for

their guidance, encouragement, and inspiration to them throughout their lives.

Mrs. Rosewin Panaguiton, research adviser, for allowing the researchers to

conduct and guide them throughout the research process.

Mr. Ronnel Chua, for assisting the researchers.

Most importantly, to the Almighty God and Father for providing the wisdom,

strength, support, and knowledge in studying things, for the guidance in helping the

researchers overcome all the challenges that they have encountered, and for providing

the determination to pursue their study and the study possible.

 Table of Contents

Page No.

Abstract iii

Acknowledgement iv

Introduction 1

Objectives 2

Null hypothesis 2

Significance of the study 2

Scope and Delimitation 3

Review of Related Literature 4

Conceptual Framework 8

Methodology 9

Results 17

Discussion 17

Conclusion 19

Recommendation 20

References 21

Appendices 23
 Introduction

Food is one of the basic needs for humans. That's why agriculture is crucial, as it is

the practice of cultivating natural resources to sustain human life and provide

economic gain (Rodriguez, 2022). Farmers role is very important in agriculture. In

agricultural areas, farmers require assistance with watering, sowing, plowing, and soil

leveling, particularly given the observed high heat index, which can lead to exhaustion

among farmers and increase the risk of heat stress and heat stroke. This issue has the

potential to impede rural development. Moreover, addressing farmers' challenges by

developing a prototype farming robot would aid in sustaining their livelihoods,

ensuring food security, promoting rural development, fostering innovation, and

mitigating environmental degradation associated with intensive agricultural methods.

Agriculture plays significant role in the Philippines economy, with corn (Zea

mays) being the second most important agricultural crops next to rice. About 20% of

the Filipinos regarded corn as staple food. It also played an important role in the

livestock department and poultry industries with 60% of its total production yield used

as feeds while the remaining 40% used as foods and other product (Flores, 2016).

Robots are used in farming to make tasks easier, especially in developed countries.

They use robotics and artificial intelligence to help with seeding, watering, and other

farm processes, making farming more productive and efficient. These robots are

becoming more common in various agricultural tasks because they can assists humans

and provide effective solutions that saves time. Agricultural robots are designed to do

many different jobs on the farm, helping with basic tasks to make farming easier and

more efficient. By using this robot agricultural operations perform operationally such

as, seed sowing, plowing, soil leveling, and watering. The main aim of the proposed
system is to provide a way for the farmers in order for their work to be hassle-free and

it can help for the production of corn crops.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to produce an operated agricultural robot that will aid in

the production of crops particularly corn. This study's goal is to develop new approach

in the agricultural production.

Specifically, this study has the following goals:

1. Create a farm-bot that will manage the corn seeds by plowing the soil, seeds

sowing, leveling, and watering.

2. To assess the agricultural robot's operational capabilities and reliability in

managing corn seeds, through test each function (plowing, sowing, leveling,

watering) to see if it works well.

3. Lessen the planting process time for farmers.

Null Hypothesis: The controlled agricultural robot is not suitable for the real-world

application.

Significance of the Study

This study promotes a new approach in managing the corn seeds. With the

evolution of innovative robotic systems, the world now has a new device for planting

seeds, plowing soils, soil leveling, and watering seeds. Thus, given its role in helping

the production of corn crops, this is a beneficial contribution to humanity.

This study is important to the following:

Farmers

The implementation of Farm-bot: The multitasking Corn Farming Robot enable

the farmers to lessen the work, the production of crops will increase, and saves time.

Consumers
 Consumers will benefit from a stable and reliable corn supply, but they also get

safer corn products with less human intervention. It also promotes environmental

sustainability through efficient agricultural practices. As a result, consumers may see

lower prices and more affordable corn-based products.

Future Researchers

This project assists future researchers in expanding and developing their

knowledge of this project, as well as providing more ideas and research to create a

helpful robot for agriculture.

Scope and Delimitation

The present project aims to examine the effectiveness of managing the corn seeds

using a multitasking farming robot and to determine its suitability to the real world

applications. This study purposely design an intelligent robotic vehicle that can be

controlled by a wireless controller. The structure of the robot is made from the

following materials: Four TT motors with wheels 9v, one L298N motor driver,

Arduino Nano, nrf24L01 module, three 9x9 inches sintra board, five male-male and six

male-female of jumper wires, two meters stranded wire, breadboard, HC-O6 Bluetooth

module, two battery holder and DC Power Pump were purchased from online shop

named Shoppee. Two switches, and 8 lithium batteries consists of 3.7 V were

purchased from DIY, Bayawan City. Two cans, container, rake, PVC Tee, PVC cap,

angular aluminum and leveling hose were purchased from Bloom Star, Sta. Catalina.

The device limits only on plowing the soil, planting corn seeds, soil leveling and

watering, can perform in estimated four meters of land. The design is not applicable to

wet land and hard or very dry soils. However, it is suitable to loam soils. Since

determining the functionality of a Farm-bot is our primary objective, this study will not

go further into other topics like market analysis, environmental impact, and etc. of
adapting this technology. The researcher will take place at the programmers residence

assessing the feasibility of the farming robot.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Smart Farming

Smart farming brings precision farming into the modern era and allows farmers to

inspect plants remotely. Smart agriculture enables agricultural strategies that include

increased harvest and yield as automation of sensors and equipment increases the

efficiency of farm worker teams (OGrady et al., 2017). This technology brings a

technological revolution to agriculture by transforming traditional farming strategies

into automated devices. Today's agricultural era has transformed agricultural practices

and with the help of the Internet of Things, traditional strategies have been transformed

(Quy et al., 2022). Automating production strategies using virtual technologies and

control structures further reduces human intervention. The production process from the

field to the final product is carried out with the help of planning, organizing and

studying the facts obtained from the machine. The resulting facts are stored in

historical records and compared with other information to generate useful statistics for

products that use traceable structures that operate primarily on the basis of radio

frequency signals (Adebayo et al., 2018).

Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is the extent to which crops are preserved and maintained

in an environmentally friendly manner (Srisruthi et al., 2016). Sustainable agriculture

promotes farming practices and tactics that help conserve farmers and resources. This

is economically feasible and preserves soil quality, reduces soil degradation, conserves

water resources, improves land biodiversity and ensures a healthy environment (Brodt

et al., 2011). Sustainable agriculture plays an important role in conserving plant

resources, preventing biodiversity loss, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Obaisi

et al., 2022).

Sustainable agriculture is a way to preserve nature without compromising the basic

needs of future generations, while at the same time making farming more efficient. In

terms of sustainable agriculture, the main achievements of smart agriculture are crop

rotation, combating nutritional deficiencies in crops, pest and disease control, waste

recycling and water harvesting to ensure a normal and safe environment. Living

organisms depend on the very nature of biodiversity and become polluted through

waste discharge, use of fertilizers and pesticides, decomposition of useless plants, etc.

Greenhouse gas emissions affect plants, animals, humans and the environment.

Therefore, things need a higher environment to live in (Latake et al., 2015).

Agricultural Robotics

Agricultural robotics is experiencing impressive developments (Jin et al., 2021),

and robots are being indicate in the media as a new revolution in agriculture. Robot for

agricultural already existed before. This has been the subject of research decades ago

in attempts to automate often difficult agricultural tasks (Kawamura et al. 1989).

According to Gallardo, there are many dairy farms in Western and Northern Europe

began to implement automated milking systems in the late 1990s. However, over the

past few years, agricultural robotics has made unprecedented advancements. Venture

capitalists, startups, research institutions, and government policymakers are all

participating (Rotz et al. 2019), and market analysts are predicting double-digit annual

growth rates for the sector (Brandessence Market Research and Consulting, 2021;

Francis, 2021). These advances in robotics are part of the context for changing work in

agriculture.
 Reduced human involvement in the farming process can lead to safer corn

products primarily because it minimizes the potential for contamination (Perry et al.,

2018). Human handling during planting, cultivating, and harvesting can introduce

various contaminants, such as bacteria or chemicals, to the corn crops. By relying more

on automated processes like those facilitated by the Agribot, the risk of such

contamination decreases. Therefore, consumers can trust that the corn products they

consume are safer and healthier.

Mechanical Corn Planter

The machine is operated manually, allowing farmers to plant corn in an efficient

and convenient manner. The traditional method of planting corn is using a furrowing

tool, which is pulled by a carabao to form rows in the ground. The farmer then throws

the seeds and covers the soil with his feet (Ruiz, 2016). This machine allows farmers

to sow seeds easily. First, the farmer must push the handle down. This will create a

hole in the soil. You then need to pull the handle to rotate the wheel and seed

container. This will help the seeds fall the desired distance within the row. Lastly,

furrow maturing has the function of covering the seeds with soil. The device is

designed to be easy for farmers to use. If a malfunction occurs, the device can be

disassembled and parts easily replaced (Ruiz, 2016).

Sprinkler System

According to Agribot, subsidies for sprinkler systems are an effective way to

encourage farmers to use more efficient irrigation methods. Agriculture accounts for a

significant portion of global water consumption, so promoting water-saving

technologies such as sprinkler systems can help preserve this precious resource for

future generations. Farmers can save labor costs, use less water, and increase crop

yield and quality by using sprinkler systems. By providing subsidies for sprinkler
systems, governments can help offset the initial costs associated with installing these

systems, making them more affordable for more farmers.

Plowing Function

The primary goal of plowing is to move the topsoil over, burying and

decomposing weeds and crop residue while bringing new nutrients to the surface. The

prototype model uses a DC motor connected to an auger rod to plow the farm. As the

rod rotates, a nut welded to the tiller slides between the rod screws. Then lower the

tiller and dig up the soil to a depth of 1.2 inches. Through IoT on your smartphone, you

can control the direction of the tiller using a web browser (Venkatachalam et al.,

2018).

Seed Sowing Function and Servo Motor

Sowing is planting seeds in the ground. A box is used to store seeds, and the

opening of the box is controlled by a servo motor when the wheels of the agricultural

robot rotate. The movement of the robot wheels causes the shaft to throw the seeds on

the field.

Servomotors, on the other hand, are rotary actuators that provide accurate control

of linear or angular position and speed. They are also referred to as linear actuators. It

consists of feedback positions suitable for connection with sensor modules. Closed-

loop control systems frequently employ servo motors. Modern servo motors are

designed and supplied based on special controller modules from different

manufacturers. Controllers can also be designed based on microcontrollers to reduce

costs for high-volume applications (Venkatachalam et al., 2018). Sowing is the

primary process in field production. Thus, farmers can save time and money by using
seed-sowing robots to plant seeds in precise locations. Currently, a large number of

useful seeding robots have been developed and widely used. The precision seeding

robot for wheat was designed with four wheels, servo motors, and stepper motors.

According to the trial results, its seeding rate surpassed 93% in typical sowing speed.

In 2019 Raj et al, the authors proposed a seeding robot that can dig soil, plant seeds,

and cover them with soil. Watering and fertilizer addition are also functions

that are offered. In 2019, Raj et al. created and evaluated an automated seeding and

microdosing robot. It was expected that the robot could plant different seeds, and the

trial outcome displayed outstanding prototype performance. Kumar et al.

created a smart seed-sowing robot that could accomplish total seeding automation unde

r the control of an Internet of Things system. The robot was powered by DC motors

and stepper motors.

Conceptual Framework

The input - process - output model is being illustrated the proposed study of the

research. The input includes the problem addressed in the study alongside the proposed

solution to the problem together with the goals that the researchers aims to achieve

within the study conducted. The process includes the step-by-step process of making

the device. As for the output, it outlined the general result of the study. The framework

below shows the research paradigm of the proposed study.

 Input

 The use of human

strength for farming Process
can cause exhaustion
to the farmers, thus  Preparing all the Output
this study aims to materials
make an advance  Making the body  Conclude
farming robot to help structure of the that the farm
the farmers for their robot robot can
jobs.  Connecting the become
 Design an effective wires effective to
robot that acts as a  Programming the real- life
farmer that can plow,  Testing the application.
water, level the soil, feasibility of the
and can plant seeds. robot
 Lessen the works of
farmers and can help
for the production of
the crops.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Methodology

Preparation and Collection of the Materials

The following materials were purchased, namely: Four TT motor with wheels, one

L298N motor driver, Arduino Nano, three 9x9 inches sintra board, fifteen male-male

and sixteen male-female jumper wires, two meters stranded wire, breadboard, were

purchased from online. Two switches and 8 lithium batteries consists of 3.7 V were

purchased from Bayawan City, Negros Oriental. Two cans, container, rake, PVC Tee,

PVC cap, angular aluminum and leveling host were purchased from Sta. Catalina,

Negros Oriental. In attaching the parts of the robot, stick glue, cyno glue, soldering

iron, and electrical tape were used. The base of the robot was made of 9x5 of sintra

board.
Body Structure of the Farm-bot

Figure 2. Body Structure of the Farm-bot

After preparing all the materials, the main structure of the robot was set. The

base of the robot is made from sintra board - serve as a flat surface in putting the

certain parts of the robot. The bottom sides of the base were attached with two pieces

of 9x5 rectangular sintra board - serve as foundation of the wheels. The TT motors are

attached to the wheels - serve as the component that is responsible for the mobility of

the robot. The motor wires are then linked to the circuit board that has been

programmed. The circuit cover is made from sintra board and attached to the car base

to serve as protection for the Arduino connection wires. The researchers assembled the

plow, soil leveling, the seeder, sprinkler system and then attached it to the car`s cart.
Block Diagram

DC Water
Pump

Switch
Relay

Battery Arduino LED Bulb

TT Motors (4
Motor driver
pcs.)

Switch

Battery

Figure 3. Block Diagram of the Farmbot:The Multitasking Corn Farming Robot

The above figure is the Block Diagram of the proposed Farmbot. The robot

consists of Arduino nano, motor driver, Led bulb, 4 pieces of TT motors, DC power

pump, relay, two switches, and 14.8V battery (consists of four 3.7V lithium batteries).
Circuit Illustrations Diagram

Figure 4. Circuit Diagram of the Multitasking Corn Farming Robot

Figure 4 shows the circuit diagram that is a fundamental circuit representation that

illustrates how electrical components function together and are connected. The system

utilizes an Arduino Nano microcontroller board and HC-O6 Bluetooth module were

attached to the breadboard for establishing wireless communication system and remote

control via Bluetooth. This allows the robot to move in a designated direction -

forward, backward, left, and right. Also to control the DC power pump by turning it on

and off. The LED lights’ is to provide visual feedback when the circuit is functioning.

The jumper wires that are connected to the bread board were attached to the motor

driver, installed at the rare end of the robotic structure. This transmits the commands to

the TT motors, allowing it to move at a specific direction. The DC power pump were

then attached to the relay and the battery holder. This allows the water to flow from the

container to sprinkler system. The circuitry is powered by four pieces of 1000mAh 3.7

volts lithium batteries.

Implementation of Hardware

The Arduino Nano is the microcontroller used in this project. It monitors and

controls all the operations of the robot. The Arduino Nano received codes from the

computer via its own cable. A breadboard that holds the Arduino Nano, HC-O6

Bluetooth module, jumper wires, and LED lights were installed to the base of the

structure. The purpose of the breadboard is to make quick electrical connections

between components so that you can test your circuit before permanently soldering it

together.

The LED lights connected to the breadboard serve as indicators for the robot's

direction and movements. A DC power pump integrated into the Arduino Nano acts as

a control device that regulates the flow of fluid when turned on or off, allowing the

robot to control the sprinkler system. The four TT motors with wheels are attached to

each side of the robot base and connected to a motor drive. Motor driver is used to

control motion of a motor and its direction by feeding current accordingly.

The jumper wires are utilized to establish connections between the motor driver

and the breadboard, enabling them to receive commands from the HC-O6 Bluetooth

module. The robot is powered by eight lithium batteries, and supports the operation of

various parts such as relays, motors, motor drivers, and DC power pump.

Research Procedure

The researchers followed the following procedure to put the innovation into

practice in order to fulfill the study's objectives: first, they made a base 9x5 from

sintra-board, attaching the four TT motors with wheels. Setting up the Arduino Nano

on the breadboard as the relay and DC power pump connected to it. Connectors, the
HC-06 Bluetooth module, and jumper wires will be used to join the remaining

components to the Arduino board. The researcher will handle the programming,
assisted by the coder. The researchers will assemble the second cart of the robot, where

the four main functions are located. Then, the second cart will attach to the tractor

structure that will handle the mobility. The prototype must then be tested. On an

estimated four meters length of land, the researchers observes the mobility of the robot

and its functionality. The following trials were conducted. The efficiency of the farm-

bot that can do its different tasks is then observed by the researchers. Additionally, the

wheels of the robot must have spikes in order to provide better acceleration on the

loam soil.

Codes

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(3,2); // RX, TX
char t;

#define MLa 8 //left motor 1st pin

#define MLb 9 //left motor 2nd pin
#define MRa 10 //right motor 1st pin
#define MRb 11 //right motor 2nd pin
#define LEDR 6 // The pin the REAR LED is connected to
#define Rel 5 // The pin the Relay is connected to
#define LEDF 7 // The pin the FRONT LED is connected to

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetooth.begin(9600);
pinMode(MLa,OUTPUT); //left motors forward
pinMode(MLb,OUTPUT); //left motors reverse
pinMode(MRa,OUTPUT); //right motors forward
pinMode(MRb,OUTPUT); //right motors reverse
pinMode(LEDF, OUTPUT); // Declare the FRONT LED as an output
pinMode(LEDR, OUTPUT); // Declare the REAR LED as an output
pinMode(Rel, OUTPUT); // Declare theRelay as an output

void loop()
{
if(bluetooth.available()>0)
{

1
 t = bluetooth.read();
Serial.println(t);
}
switch(t)
{
case 'F':
{ //move forward(all motors rotate in forward direction)
digitalWrite(MLa,HIGH);
digitalWrite(MLb,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRa,HIGH);
digitalWrite(MRb,LOW);
digitalWrite(LEDF,HIGH);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(LEDF,LOW);
break;

case 'B':
{ //move reverse (all motors rotate in reverse direction)
digitalWrite(MLa,LOW);
digitalWrite(MLb,HIGH);
digitalWrite(MRa,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRb,HIGH);
digitalWrite(LEDR,HIGH);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(LEDR,LOW);
break;

case 'L':
{ //turn right (left side motors rotate in forward direction, right side motors
doesn't rotate)
digitalWrite(MLa,LOW);
digitalWrite(MLb,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRa,HIGH);
digitalWrite(MRb,LOW);
}
break;

case 'R':
{ //turn left (right side motors rotate in forward direction, left side motors
doesn't rotate)
digitalWrite(MLa,HIGH);
digitalWrite(MLb,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRa,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRb,LOW);
}
break;

2
 case 'V':
{ //LED ON
digitalWrite(Rel,HIGH);
}
break;

case 'v':
{ //LED ON
digitalWrite(Rel,LOW);
}
break;

case 'W':
{ //LED ON
digitalWrite(LEDF,HIGH);

}
break;

case 'w':
{ //LED ON
digitalWrite(LEDF,LOW);

}
break;

case 'U':
{ //LED ON
digitalWrite(LEDR,HIGH);

}
break;

case 'u':
{ //LED ON
digitalWrite(LEDR,LOW);

}
break;

case 'S':
{ //STOP (all motors stop)
digitalWrite(MLa,LOW);
digitalWrite(MLb,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRa,LOW);
digitalWrite(MRb,LOW);

3
 }
}

Method of Data Collection

The researchers gather data through observing, recording each trial and carefully

document its performance to verify its functionality and effectiveness.

Results and Discussion

The goal of the study was to create an efficient solution for the exhaustion among

farmers using the Farmbot, which will manage the corn seeds and has the ability to

water, sow, plow, and level the soil.

The study of a multitasking corn farming robot is feasible in the agricultural field.

It has been proven through experimentation and analysis that the Multitasking Corn

Farming Robot is feasible in agriculture.

Operational system of the Parameters of the land Functionality

farm-bot
(length)

Plowing 4 meters Not Working

Seed sowing 4 meters Not Working

Watering 4 meters Working

Soil leveling 4 meters Slightly Working

Table 1. Data gathered from the results of the first trial of the farmbot.

The table shows the results gathered after a first trial the assessing functionality of

the farmbot. The plowing, seed sowing, and soil leveling functions are not functioning

correctly due to the farmbot's undersized wheels, which hindered its movement. As a

4
result, the inadequate wheel size led to issues such as the plow and soil leveling

components becoming stuck in the soil, impeding the robot's mobility and rendering

these functions unsuccessful.

Operational system of the Parameters of the land Functionality

farm-bot
(length)

Plowing 4 meters Not Working

Seed sowing 4 meters Working

Watering 4 meters Working

Soil leveling 4 meters Slightly Working

Table 2: Data gathered from the results of the second trial of the farmbot.

Operational system of the Parameters of the land Functionality

farm-bot
(length)

Plowing 4 meters Working

Seed sowing 4 meters Working

Watering 4 meters Working

Soil leveling 4 meters Slightly Working

Table 3. Data gathered form the result of the second trial of the farmbot.

Tables 2 and 3 shows the data gathered after the second and third performance of

the farmbot. The undersized wheels of the robot that caused the errors in the first trial

have been fixed, resulting in a successful acceleration of the robot. However, while the

plowing system encountered a malfunction in the second trial, it successfully executed

its task in the third trial. Thus, this farmbot is effective in farming.

5
 Conclusion

The proposed system emphasizes controlling the movement of the robot from a

distant place without any hassle. It can be controlled via bluetooth. A motor driver is

utilized for the mobility of the farmbot.

The findings of the study show the different systems functionality if they can

function well. The controlled Farmbot runs smoothly to the field, which is estimated at

4 meters length. The watering system enables the seeds to be watered, and the plow

functions appropriately as well. However, the seeder randomly drops the seeds as the

leveling is slightly reaching the soil.

Furthermore, the study demonstrates the possibility of further improvements with

existing sensors for autonomous robots as the seeder that can specify the drops of the

seeds. The soil leveling can improve by ensuring that it can really reach the soil. In

addition, the improved mobility of the autonomous robot allows it to perform on

different types of soil. This improvement can make it more convenient for the farmers

and improve the production of the crops.

Finally, the study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the Farmbot

and its suitability for real-life applications. The research findings contribute to the

Agriculture Department by using this robot to assist farmers and increase crop

production. Future research may focus on improving the system's capabilities and

investigating integration with other emerging intelligent robots to improve the farming

process in agriculture.

6
 Recommendation

For future improvement, the robot can be upgraded with a precision seeder system

for more efficient seed planting and integrating sensors for autonomous operation.

Develop a robot that is dependent on solar energy. Thus, by running on renewable

energy, it can be more cost-effective. Additionally, the utilization of appropriate

wheels for the robot's mobility able to navigate perfectly to the field.

7
 References

Balakrishnan, R. ( n.d. ). Agriculture. https://www.fao.org/3/ae946e/ae946e03.htm

Balaso et al. ( 2020 ). AGRIBOT-A MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL ROBOT.

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJ

CRT2004102.pdf

Cruz, R. a. O. (2019). Perceptions of higher agricultural education toward sustainable

agricultural development. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning,

10(1), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-06-2019-0080

Flores, E. D. (2016). Environmental performance of farmer-level corn production

systems in the Philippines. www.academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/96917745/Environmental_performance_of_farmer_lev

el_corn_production_systems_in_the_Philippines

Martin, T., Gasselin, P., Hostiou, N., Féron, G., Laurens, L., Purseigle, F., & Ollivier,

G. (2022). Robots and transformations of work in farm: a systematic review of

the literature and a research agenda. Agronomy for Sustainable Development,

42(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00796-2

Molina, S. (n.d.). research 2.0. Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/477649004/research-2-0?fbclid=IwAR1kLvbv

HvB-DYmATaG9BFfAAmrLPtHf_qIImth46lJLzaz5WkKvSr2kIs8

Muthumanickam, D., Poongodi, C., Ramalingam, K., Pazhanivelan, S., &

Kaliaperumal, R. (2022). Smart Farming: Internet of Things (IoT)-Based

Sustainable agriculture. Agriculture, 12(10), 1745.

https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101745

8
Rodriguez, M. a. B. (2024, April 24). Why is agriculture important? Benefits and its

role | Maryville Online. Maryville University Online.

https://online.maryville.edu/blog/why-is-agriculture-important/

“Subsidy On Sprinkler System”, – AgriBot | News, Articles and Events about Indian

Agriculture. (2024, March 18). https://agri.bot/docs/subsidy-on-sprinkler-system/

Venkatachalam et al. (2018). IoT Based Prcision Agriculture Using Agribot.

https://grdjournals.com/uploads/article/GRDJE/V03/I05/0078/GRDJEV03I05007

8.p

9
 Appendix 1: The attachment of the four TT motors with wheels, bread board and

the motor driver

In order to move in the designated directions the four TT motors with wheels

are are attached to each side of the robot base and connected to a motor drive. Motor

driver is used to control motion of a motor and its direction by feeding current

accordingly. Then, the breadboard attached to the base where the wiring's needed to

attach on it.

(a) (b)

10
 (c)

(d)

Appendix 2: The connections of the Arduino Nano to the Breadboard

In order to provide power to the breadboard and allow it to transmit electrical charge to

other components, the Arduino Nano is connected to the breadboard.

(a) (b)

11
 Appendix 3

(a) The female- male jumper wires are attached to establish connections between the

motor driver and the breadboard. The male- male jumper wires were attached to the

breadboard.

(b) LED bulbs were connected to the breadboard serve as indicators for the robot's

direction and movements.

(c) Codes are now uploaded to the Arduino Nano through cable.

(a)

12
 (c)

Appendix 4: The connections of the DC power pump to the relay

The DC power pump that was used to facilitate the flow of water inside the

container was connected to the relay. The HC-06 Bluetooth module was attached to the

Arduino Nano to provide wireless connectivity. These components are powered by

four batteries.

(a)

(b)

(c)

13
 Appendix 5: Assembling the Second cart

(a) Plowing: attach the plow to the angled aluminum

(b) Seeder: connect two cans and wheels to the angled aluminum using a metal rod for

mobility.

(c) Watering: connect a leveling hose to a DC power pump and PVC pipe for watering

the seeds.

(d) Soil leveling: attach a leveling aluminum to the angled aluminum next to the seeder

for precise and efficient soil leveling

(a) (b)

14
 (c) (d)

Appendix 6: Securing the Components

Secure the components in the tractor structure and double-check all connections

and codes to ensure they are correctly wired and well function. Use jumper wires, male

to male, female-male connectors, or soldering (if necessary) to establish reliable

connections.

Arrange the components securely, considering factors like stability, protection,

and cable management. Use appropriate fasteners or electrical tape.

(a) (b)

15
 Appendix 7: Assembling the Farmbot

Assemble the farm-bot. Organize and route the wires of the robot neatly to avoid

entanglement and dis-function and cover it with sintra board to avoid the circuitry from

the water. Spray paint with color white and black. Power on the robot and perform

initial tests to ensure that all the components are functioning correctly.

16
 (d)

(c)

Curriculum Vitae

Alanano, Jyra C.

Manalongon, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

alananojyra@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: August 09, 2006

Place of Birth: Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Age: 17

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, and English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Casiano Z. Napigkit National High School

17
 (With High Honors)

2018 Manalongon Nicolas Nalam Lajot Central School

( With Honors)

Rea E. Bon

Manalongon, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

rbon9860@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: July 17, 2006

Place of Birth: Manalongon Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental

Age: 17

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Casiano Z. Napigkit National High School

(With Honors)

2018 Mabuhay Elementary School

18
 ( With Honors)

Natasha J. Lajato

San Francisco, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

natashalajato@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: September 18, 2006

Place of Birth: Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Age: 17

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Sta. Catalina Science High School

2018 San Francisco Elementary School

( With Honors)

19
Nicole Omay R. Escora

Alangilan, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

nicoleomayescora@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: September 15, 2006

Place of Birth: Antipolo City, Rizal

Age: 17

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Cawitan High School

(With High Honors)

2018 Ambrocio M. Ramirez Central School

20
 ( With Honors)

Junnah P. Remolano

Alangilan, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

remolanojunnah@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: August 20, 2006

Place of Birth: Alangilan, Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental

Age: 17

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Cawitan High School

(With Honors)

2018 Ambrocio M. Ramirez Central School

21
Jan Sunday T. Tanelon

Alangilan, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: January 29, 2006

Place of Birth: Alangilan, Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental

Age: 18

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Cawitan High School

2018 Ambrocio M. Ramirez Central School

22
Mark Dave Toledo

Poblacion, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

markdavetoledo20@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: August 20, 2005

Place of Birth: Alangilan, Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental

Age: 18

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Sta. Catalina Science High School

2018 Sta. Catalina Central Elementary School

23
Mialee C. Montecino

Alangilan, Sta. Catalina

6220 Negros Oriental, Philippines

campaniamontecinomialee@gmail.com

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: March 25, 2006

Place of Birth: Alangilan, Sta. Catalina Negros Oriental

Age: 17

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Language: Cebuano, Filipino, English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2024 Sta. Catalina Science High School

Science and Technology Engineering Mathematics

2022 Cawitan High School

2018 Ambrocio M. Ramirez Central School

24
25