BSED 111 - Engineering Drafting-Jan 2022

Table of Contents
Module Topic Page No.
1. Fastening of Drawing Sheet and Use of Drafting Instruments. 1
2. Lettering 6
Exercise # 01 7
3. Types of Lines 9
Exercise # 01 11
4. Geometrical Construction 13
Types of Triangles 14
Circles 15
Division of Line into any number of parts. 16
Bisecting of Arc, line and angle. 16
Tangents 18
Polygons 21
Exercise # 01 - 06 25-42
5. Orthographic Projections Drawing 46

Identification of surface between pictorial and orthographic
48
views.
Identification of orthographic views from pictorial views 51
Free hand sketching 3rd. Angle orthographic views of objects 56
Construction and layout of 3rd.Angle orthographic views. 62
Exercise # 01 - 12 63-79
Module Topic Page No.
6. Isometric Drawing 81
Exercise # 01 - 08 85-95
7. Pipe fitting & Piping drawing. 96
Exercise # 01 - 05 104-116
BSED 111
Fastening Of Drawing Sheet

and Use of Drafting
Instruments
MODULE-1
Module-1 Fastening of Drawing Sheet and Use of Drafting Instrumentations
Module-1: Fastening Of Drawing Sheet and

Use of Drafting Instruments
Introduction:
This course introduces the trainees to technical drafting skills. It deals with the basics of
freehand sketching and the use of standard drafting instruments to prepare drawings
geometric constructions, and principles of projection. The course prepares the student to
understand re ad and construct orthographi c proje cti ons a n d pi ctori al drawings o f
simple objects.
Learning Objectives of this Module:
• Identify and use of standard drafting equipment and materials.

• Use of standard drafting i nstruments to prepare drawings that convey engineering
information.
• Use freehand sketching to present technical ideas.
• Represent orthographic views of objects.
• Recognize and apply international drafting standards.
Keywords:
Lettering, Center line, Hidden line, Object line, Cutting plane line, Arcs, Fillet, Chamfer,
Counter sink, Counter bore, Orthographic projection views, Top view, Front view, R-side/L-
side view, Isometric drawing, Freehand sketching, Arc tangent, Line tangent, Scaling drawing,
Line weight, View identification, Polygon, Triangle, Square, Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon,
Octagon, Diameter, Radius.
Yanbu Technical Institute 1

BASIC EQUIPMENT
1- Drawing Board
The drawing surface my be the table top itself or separate board, and the working surface
should be smooth with a straight working edge, and made of white pine and basswood.
1- The T -square and board has been the traditional means
of providing (fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1
2- Set-squares ( Triangles )
Two basic types of set-squares are used: 30 - 60 setsquare and 45 0 set-square (fig. 1.2). And
they are used when the student is drawing vertical and sloping lines. It is placed against the T
-square with the perpendicular edge. A circle is divided with the set-squares into 24 parts
(fig. 1.3).
Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3

3- Compasses
The pencil compass is used for drawing circles and arcs, this compass which can be adjusted
more accurately is often needed.
The compasses, having the some general shape are:
1- Drop bow compass, mostly used for drawing small circles less than 25mm (fig. 1.4A).
2- Small spring bow compass, is used on radii up to 25mm (fig. 1.4b).
3- Compass with centre adjustment is used on circles of approximately 125mm radius
(fig.1.4c).
4- Compass heavy pressure, spreading of the legs is used on circles greater than 125mm
radius when fitted with an extension bar (fig. 1.4D).
Fig. 1.4

4- Drawing Pencils
Drawing pencils. often called leads, are available in a variety of grades, hard to very soft.
1- The hard range, from 9H to SH.
2- The medium hard range, 5H and SH.
3- The medium range, 3H and 2H (guide and construction lines).
4- The medium soft range, H, H8 and 8 (general use, finished line work, lettering and
sketching).
5- The very soft range, from 28 to S8 (art work).
Fig. 1.5
5 - Ruler or Scale
The ruler is one of the most frequently used tools. Accuracy in measuring is very important,
for the work of the draftsman affects the work of many others concerned with the object
being drawn. If possible, only a metric size should be applied to new drawings, and a good
quality plastic ruler in millimeters from 0 - 300 mm is ideal.

6- Drawing Papers
_e ••••
e ••••• Drawing papers are available in a number of colours and sizes. The draftsman
selects the colour and size most suited to his purpose.
The overall size of those sheets in most general use are:
Table: 1.1 The sizes of drawing sheets
CATEGORY SIZE (MM)
A4 210X 297 mm
A3 297 X 420mm
A2 420X 594mm
A2 594X 841 mm
AO 841 X1189 mm

BSED 111
Lettering
MODULE-2
Module-2 Lettering
Module-2: Lettering
LETTERING:
Lettering is used for notes, dimensioning, and other information on engineering. The
characters should be uniform and capable of being produced by hand, stencil, machine or
other means at reasonable speed.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890
Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
OPQRSTUV\,/XYZ
1234567890
ABCOEFCHIJKlMN
OP()RSTUVWXYZ
123456'7890
obcdel'ghi;Klmnopqrstuvwxyz
A.BC.D£F6HIJKLNN
OPORST//VW'XYZ
Fig. 2-1
Fig. 2-1 Examples of letters and numerals. The styles reproduced in Fig. 2-1 are provided as a
guide in the British Standards, Vertical or sloping characters are suitable for general use, but
that both types should not be mixed.
Capital letters are preferred to the lower case letters since they are easier to read on
reduced size drawing prints although lower case letters are used where they form part of
a symbol or an abbreviation.

Module-2 Lettering
LAB EXERCISE # 01
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
PERFORMANCEOBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this lab exercise the student will be able to:
1-Writetypeofalpha-numericallettering
2-WriteEnglishlettersandnumeralsusingdifferentletteringsize
DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm.
3. Set-Square
4. Compass.
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser.
7. Ruler.
MATERIALS
1. Drawing pencil, HB grade

2. Drawing pencil, 2H grade
3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4

Module-2 Lettering

BSED 111
Types of Lines
MODULE-3
Module-3 Types of Lines
Module-3: Types of Lines

The Alphabet of Lines:
On drawings, lines are used to describe the shape of the object. The various lines used in
drawing from the alphabet of the drafting language; like letters of the alphabet, they are
different in appearance (fig. 3.1).
The lines must be clearly visible, and the draftsman first draws very light construction lines, and
when satisfied, the construction lines are then changed to their proper type.
The BS 308 recommends two widths of lines for finished drawings: thick for visible outlines and
cutting-plane; thin for hidden outline, centre, dimension, leader, hatching, and projection lines.
Fig. 3.1


LAB EXERCISE # 01
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Redraw the following types of lines according to the thickness mentioned.


BSED 111
Geometrical Construction
MODULE-4
Module-4 Geometrical Construction
Module-4: Geometrical Construction
The world is composed of three - dimensional objects which often must be represented two-
dimensionally. A plane is a flat surface, a surface has length and height. But no thickness.
Plane geometry is the science of drawing figures on plane surfaces having no thickness.
These figures will therefore be two-dimensional. Orthographic projection· is a multi-view
two-dimensional lay-out.
These drawings and others all require a knowledge of basic geometric construction and the
terms used to describe them. You must also understand the various ways instruments are
used to construct different geometric shapes. "Marking out" a shape to be made from metal
is another practical application of this science.
Definitions:
Straight Lines: (fig 4-1)

Parallel: Lines or surfaces that are at a constant distance from each other.
Perpendicular: Lines or surfaces that meet each other at right angles (90 degrees).
Fig.4.1
Angles: (fig 4-2)

Right Angle: In which the two lines are mutually perpendicular to one another.
Acute Angle: In which the lines are oriented in such a way that the angle between them is
less than 90 degrees.

Obtuse Angle: In which the lines are oriented in such a way that the angle is between 90 -
180 degrees.
Reflex Angle: In which the lines are 'oriented in such a way that the angle is between 180 -
360 degrees.
Fig.4.2
Triangles: (fig 4-3)
Right-Angled Triangle: In which one internal angle is equal to 90 degrees.

Isosceles Triangle: In which two sides are equal in length and two internal angles are equal.
Equilateral Triangle: In which all sides are equal in length and all internal angles are equal.
Fig.4.3

Circles: (fig 4-4)

A circle .is a plane figure bounded by one continuous curved line, which is always equidistant
from a fixed point, its center.
Center point: Denoted in a drawing by a set of perpendicular lines.
Circumference: The distance around the circle.
Diameter: Any straight line terminating at the circumference and passing through the
center.
Radius: Any straight line radiating from center to the circumference.
Chord: Any straight line joining any two points on the circumference.
Quadrant: Any portion of a circle bounded by two radii at 90 degrees to each other and an
arc of a circle.
Sector: Any portion of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc of the circle.
Segment: Any portion of a circle contained by a chord and its arc.
Normal: Any straight line radiating from the center of a circle and extending beyond the
circumference. .
Tangent: Any straight line touching the circumference of a circle at one point and lying at
right angles to a normal.
Fig.4.4

To Divide a Line into Any Number of Parts: (fig 4-5)
1- To divide a line AB into five equal parts, draw any line BC of indefinite length.
2- On it measure, five divisions of equal length.
3- Connect the last point with A, using two set-square.
4- Draw lines through the point’s parallel CA intersecting AB.
Fig.4.5
To Bisect a Line: (fig 4-6)
1- Given line AB, set the compass to a radius greater than one-half AB
2-Using points A and B as centers, draw two arcs which intersect at C and D. The line CD
bisects AB and is also the perpendicular bisector.

Fig.4.6
To Bisect an Arc: (fig 4-7)
1- Given arc AB, set the compass to a radius greater than one-half AB.
2- Using points A and B as centers, make two arc intersections then draw a line through
them.
Fig.4.7
To Bisect an angle: (fig 4-8)
1- Given angle ABC, set the compass shorter than BC .

2- Using point B as center, draw an arc to cut BC at E and BA at D.
3- With the same radius, swing arcs with D and E as centers, locating F . The bisector is FB.
Fig.4.8

To Draw an Arc Tangent to Two Lines at Right Angles to each other: (fig 4-9)
1-·Draw an arc of radius R, with center at corner A, cutting two lines AB and AC at D and E.
2- With D and E as centers and with the same radius R, draw arcs intersecting at O.
3- With center 0, draw the required arc.
Fig.4.9
To Draw an Arc of Given Radius Tangent to Two Straight Lines: (fig 4-10)
Given radius R of the arc.

1- Draw lines inside the angle, parallel to the given lines, at distance R away from the given
lines. The center of the arc will be at C.
2- Set the compass to radius R, and with center C draw the arc tangent to the given sides.
the tangent points A and B arc found by drawing perpendiculars through point C to the given
lines.
Fig.4.10

To Draw an Arc Tangent to Two Given Circles.
(First Case fig. 4-11 A)

1- Given the radius of arc R, the centers of the given circles are outside the required circle.
2- With A and B as centers and radii R+R1 and R+R2, draw an arc to' 'cut the other arc. at C.
3- With center C and radius R, draw the required arc tangent to the given circles.
Fig.4.11 A & B
(Second Case fig. 4-11 B)

1- Given the radius of arc R, the centers of the given circles are inside the required circle.
2- With A and B as centers and radii R-R1 and R-R2, draw an arc to cut the other arc at C.
3- With center C and radius R, draw the required arc tangent to the given circles.

To Draw an Arc Tangent to a Given Circle and Straight Line (fig. 4-12).
1- Given the radius of arc R, draw a line DE parallel to AB at a distance R from it.
2- with 0 as center and radius R+R1, draw an arc to cut the ' parallel straight line at C.
3- With center C and radius R, draw the required arc tangent to the circle and the straight
line.
Fig.4.12

Polygons:
A regular polygon is a plane figure bounded by any number of straight lines of equal length,
which contain equal angles. The figures are named according to the number of sides. i.e.

To Draw a Hexagon.
(A) Given the Distance Across the Comers (fig. 4-13 A and B)
1- Draw a circle with AB as a diameter.
2- With the same radius and A and B as centers, draw arcs intersecting the circle and connect
the points.
(B) Given the Distance Across the Flats (fig. 4-14). Draw lines with the 30-60 set square.
The distance across flats is the diameter of the inscribed circle. Draw this circle, and with the
30-60 set square draw tangents to it.
Fig.4.13
Fig.4.14

To Construct a Regular Polygon (fig. 4-15).
1- Divide AS into the same number of parts as the sides in the regular polygon.
2- With AB as radius, and A and B as centers, draw arcs intersecting at point C.
3- Draw a line from point C through the second division along the diameter, to intersect the
circumference at point D
4- The line AD is one side of the required polygon.
Fig.4.15
To Draw an Octagon.
Given the Distance Across the Comers (fig. 4-16).

1- Draw vertical and horizontal center lines, and draw a circle with radius one-half the
distance across the corners.
2- With the 45- set square, divide the circumference between the horizontal and vertical
center lines.
3- Draw straight lines connecting these points.
Fig.4.16

To Draw an Octagon,
Given the Distance Across the Flats (fig. 4-17).

1- Draw vertical and horizontal center lines, and draw a circle with radius one-half the
distance across the flats.
2- Draw horizontal lines tangent to the circle.
3- Using the 45· set square, draw lines tangent to the circle at a 45 -angle from the
horizontal.
Fig.4.17

LAB EXERCISE # 01
ID# Date: Marks
BISECTING LINES, ARCS AND ANGLES
1. Bisect a line
2. Bisect an arcs
3. Bisect an angles
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4

1- BISECT LINE AB
2- BISECT ARC AB

3- BISECT ANGLE ABC

LAB EXERCISE # 02
ID# Date: Marks
DIVISION OF LINE INTO ANY NUMBER OF PARTS
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
1. Define the use of dividing lines

2. Using compass and divider for taking equal distance
3. Draw parallel lines using Set Square
8. Drawing board.
9. T-Square500mm.
10. Set-Square
11. Compass.
12. Pencil sharpener
13. Eraser.
14. Ruler.
MATERIALS

7. Scotch tape
8. Drawing sheet A4

I. Divide line AB into 7 equal parts
A B
II. Divide line AB into 8 equal parts
A B

LAB EXERCISE # 03
ID# Date: Marks
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES
Upon completion of this lab exercise the trainee will be able to:
15. Define different geometrical shapes

16. Define the different types of triangles
17. Construct triangles
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

11. Scotch tape
12. Drawing sheet A4

I. Construct an EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE which having a side 60 mm
ii- Construct an ISOSCELES TRIANGLE whose two sides are 55 mm, and 40 mm

iii- Construct a SCALENE TRIANGLE which have sides, 45 mm, 50 mm and 60 mm
iv- Construct a RIGHT TRIANGLE whose sides are 45 mm, 55 mm

LAB EXERCISE # 04
ID# Date: Marks
CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONES
1. Define deferent types of polygons.

2. Constructing a hexagon given distance across corners.
3. Constructing a hexagon given distance across flats.
4. Constructing an octagon given distance across comers.
5. Constructing an octagon given distance across flats.
6. Constructing regular polygons.
1. Drawingboard
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4
I. Draw a regular pentagon inside a 70mm diameter circle

II- Draw a hexagon with the distance across its corners is 54mm
III- Draw a hexagon with the distance across its flats is 50mm

LAB EXERCISE # 05
ID# Date: Marks
CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENTS
1. Drawing an arc tangent to two straight lines

2. Drawing an arc tangent to two circles
3. Drawing an arc tangent to a circle and a straight line
1. Drawingboard
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4

I. Construct an arc tangent to each two straight lines
R = 10 mm


I. Construct an arc tangent to each given line and arc, Radius=30mm.

I. Construct an interior arc tangent to the given two arcs. The radius of the interior arc
is Radius=30mm

I. Construct an exterior arc tangent to the given two arcs. The radius of the interior arc
is Radius=80mm

LAB EXERCISE # 06
ID# Date: Marks
APPLICATION OF TANGENTS
1. Using the skills from the previous labs of basic geometric constructions for drawing
practical compound shapes
2. Geometric construction of objects of different shapes
1. Drawingboard
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4

I. Draw full size, View of rod guide. All dimensions are in mm.

I. Draw full size, View of the Template. All dimensions are in mm.
45
R8
R10
R15
30 30
R50 45
R14
90
75
DIA12-3 Holes
R16
R14 R14
70 30
100

I. Draw full size, View of the Cam. All dimensions are in mm.

BSED 111
Orthographic Projection
Drawing
MODULE-5
Module-5 Orthographic Projection Drawing
Module-5: Orthographic Projection Drawing

Orthographic Projection is a way of drawing an 3D object from different directions. Usually a
front, side and plan view are drawn so that a person looking at the drawing can see all the
important sides. Orthographic drawings are useful especially when a design has been
developed to a stage whereby it is almost ready to manufacture.
First Angle Projection is commonly used in all countries other than United States. Third Angle
Projection is commonly used in United States of America as shown in the following figure.

Consider that if any object is viewed from a distance it will appear to be flat. The sun is a
good example of this illustration, from the earth the sun looks like a flat circle.
Then if we look at one surface of an object "straight-on" We will see the true shape of these
surfaces. This is a very useful way of drawing objects because the shape of the object is not
distorted. We can make as many drawings of different surfaces as is necessary for a full
description. This kind of drawing is called ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING from the Greek words,
ortho meaning straight, and graphic meaning to draw.
Following table describes what is the difference between or comparison between First Angle
Projection and Third Angle projection.

IDENTIFYING SURFACES BETWEEN A PICTORIAL DRAWING AND

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF THE SAME OBJECT
1. Explain the advantage of using orthographic projection in engineering drafting

2. Define different methods of orthographic projection (first and third angle)
3. Identify surfaces and edges of an object
4. Relate surfaces on pictorial drawing, of an object, to their orthographic views
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4

LAB EXERCISE # 01
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Identify surfaces and write the letters on orthographic views.


IDENTIFYING THE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS FROM A PICTORIAL DRAWING

OF THE OBJECT
8. Identify the direction of view to draw different orthographic views (front, top, and
side views) from pictorial drawing.
9. Relating each orthographic view to its corresponding pictorial drawing.
10. Read and interpret various views of an object.
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

7. Scotch tape
8. Drawing sheet A4

LAB EXERCISE # 02
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Identify the orthographic views and write the answer in the given table.




SKETCHING 3RD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF OBJECTS
8. Recognize the use of free hand sketching to represent technical idea
9. Use the correct techniques to develop free hand sketching of lines, circles and other
basic shapes
10. Use of light construction lines and dark object lines
11. Take care of the proportionality of dimensions
12. Represent free hand sketches of orthographic views of objects
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

11. Scotch tape

LAB EXERCISE # 03
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Sketch in 3rd. Angle orthographic views from the given pictorial views.


1 2
3 4

5 6
7 8

CONSTRUCTION AND LAYOUT OF 3RD ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
8. Decide about the spacing of views
9. Decide about the distances between views
10. Construct and use mitre line
11. Construction of layout of 3rd angle orthographic views
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

15. Scotch tape

LAB EXERCISE # 04
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Draw Front, Top and R-Side views from the given pictorial view.


LAB EXERCISE # 05
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________


LAB EXERCISE # 06
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________


LAB EXERCISE # 07
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________


LAB EXERCISE # 08
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Draw Front, Top and L-Side views from the given pictorial view.


LAB EXERCISE # 09
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
15
30 35
15
30
R15
15 15
15
105
50 F


LAB EXERCISE # 10
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
DIA 22
20
R 27
40
25
18
16
F
18
18
18


LAB EXERCISE # 11
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
R25
20
42
6 DIA20
DIA12- 2HOLES
25 22
16 20
14
F 100
45
50


LAB EXERCISE # 12
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
DIA30
R20
10
25
15 10
F 100
10
10 50


BSED 111
Isometric Drawings
MODULE-6
Module-6 Isometric Drawings
Module-6: Isometric Drawings

Introduction:
Isometric drawings are a type of pictorial drawings that show the three principal dimensions of an
object in one view. The principal dimensions are the limits of size for the object along the three
principal directions. Pictorial drawings consist of visible object faces and the features lying on the
faces with the internal features of the object largely hidden from view. They tend to present
images of objects in a form that mimics what the human eye would see naturally. Pictorial
drawings are easy to understand since the images shown bear resemblance to the real or
imagined object. Non-technical personnel can interpret them because they are generally easy to
understand.
Pictorial drawings are excellent starting point in visualization and design and are often used to
supplement multi view drawings. Hidden lines are usually omitted in pictorial drawings, except
where they aid clarity.
An isometric drawing is one of three types of axonometric drawings they are created based on
parallel projection technique. The other two types of axonometric drawings are diametric and
trimetric drawings.
In isometric drawings, the three principal axes make equal angles with the image plane. In
diametric drawing, two of the three principal axes make equal angles with the image plane while
in trimetric drawing; the three principal axes make different angles with the image plane.
Isometric drawings are the most popular.
Isometric Drawing Isometric Axes

Constructing Isometric Arcs and Circles:
Arcs and circles are common features on objects, especially in mechanical design and drafting.
Isometric arcs are portions of isometric circles which are ellipses on isometric planes. Fig.6.1
shows a component with isometric arcs on the right face or right isoplane. Since the arcs are
portions of isometric circles, the technique for creating Isocircle will be discussed. It is worth
noting that an isometric arc can be constructed without creating a full isometric circle. One
important rule to remember when creating curves in isometric projection is that the isometric
face or plane the curves lie on should be created first using guide or construction lines.
Then the curves can be created using projection of key points and intersection of projection lines
from the key points. A second rule is that true dimensions are transferred to non-isoplane. Hence
where there are inclined and oblique faces, the true sizes of features on the auxiliary views
should be used during construction. As mentioned earlier, isometric circles are ellipses and
commonly called Isocircle.
There are several techniques available for creating Isocircle, but the easiest and more popular
one is the four-center ellipse. This technique will be used here to create the three basic isometric
circles: top Isocircle, left (front) circle, and right circle. The four-center ellipse is an approximate
ellipse but it is usually good enough for most drafting applications. Fig.7.2 shows in five steps, the
creation of the top isocircle.
Fig.6.1 Fig.6.2

Step 1: Draw a square using the circle diameter as size

For the top Isocircle, the top isoplane is the right surface to draw the square. The top isoplane is
horizontal as can be seen in step 1 of Fig. 6.2. Draw the isometric square.
Step 2: Draw the center lines of the square

Draw the two center lines of the square as shown in Step 2 of Fig.6.2.
Step 3: Draw the big arcs of the Isocircle

Identify the key points K1 and K2. These are two centers of the four center ellipse technique.
Notice that these centers are located at the obtuse angle corners of the isometric square. Using
the radius R, with centers at K1 and K2 draw the two big arcs for the Isocircle as shown in Step 3
of Fig. 6.2.
Step 4: Locate the centers of the small arcs of the Isocircle

Draw the diagonal K3-K4 between the acute angle corners of the square in Fig. 5a. Then draw
lines K1-K5 and K2-K6. The intersection (K7) of the lines K3-K4 and K1-K5 in Step 5 locates one
center for a small arc. The other small arc center is located at K8, the intersection of lines K3-K4
and K2- K6.
Step 5: Draw the small arcs of the Isocircle

Using the centers of the small arcs K7 and K8, draw the two small arcs of radius r, as shown in
Step 5 of Fig. 7.2. Verify that the big and small arcs are tangent to the isometric square. If a CAD
package is used, circles could be drawn instead of arcs. The circles must then be trimmed to
obtain the arcs required in the Isocircle.
The five steps described above for drawing the Isocircle could be reduced to three as shown in
Fig. 7.3 by combining steps 1 and 2 as Step 1 and combining steps 3 (without drawing the large
arcs) and 5 as Step 3.
Fig.6.3

Construction Techniques for Isometric Drawing

It is quite easy creating isometric lines on isometric planes. This is done by drawing the lines
parallel to isometric axes. However, creating non-isometric lines and angles must be done with
care. In general, angles of non-isometric lines are drawn by creating line segments between the
end points of the locations that form the angle. On isometric planes, circles in principal
orthographic views turn to isometric ellipses and arcs appear as partial isometric ellipses as
discussed in the previous section. Irregular curves are created from intersections of projection
lines on isometric planes. Fig.6.4 shows the construction of the isometric drawing of an object
with normal faces.
Fig. 6.4

ISOMETRIC DRAWING
1. Sketch the isometric drawing from the orthographic views
2. Also can draw the isometric with instruments
3. Can visualize the object in detail
1. Drawing board
2. T-Square500mm
3. Set-Square
4. Compass
5. Pencil sharpener
6. Eraser
7. Ruler
MATERIALS

3. Scotch tape
4. Drawing sheet A4

LAB EXERCISE # 01
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Sketch the isometric view from the given orthographic views.
1 2
3 4

5 6
7 8

1 2
4 5

5 6
7 8

LAB EXERCISE # 02
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
Construct an Isometric view from the given Orthographic views.
40
TOP VIEW
20 40 20
25
20
40
80
R-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW

LAB EXERCISE # 03
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
TOP VIEW
40
20 20
15
40
FRONT VIEW
10
10 10
70

LAB EXERCISE # 04
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
40
TOP VIEW
50 30
45
20
10
10
40
80
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW

LAB EXERCISE # 05
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________

10
20
10
10
TOP VIEW
30
25
45
40 80
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW

LAB EXERCISE # 06
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
TOP VIEW
10 30 20
10
15
40
15
40
70
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW

LAB EXERCISE # 07
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________
TOP VIEW
40
15 15 15
10
FRONT VIEW 40
10
10
10
70

LAB EXERCISE # 08
ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________

20
10
40
10
TOP VIEW
20 10 10
30
40 40
10 10
5
5
70 R-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW

BSED 111
Piping equipment & Piping

Drawing
MODULE-7
Module-7 Pipe Fitting & Piping Drawing
Module-7: Piping Layout Drawing

Introduction:
Piping drawings are used to specify the size and the location of pipes, fittings, and valves.
Pipe layout is a kind of drawing that shows how the various pipes are fitted together, to
makeup a piping system. It shows the location, size and orientation of the pipe fittings and
valves. As the components of a system are standard ones, it is sufficient to show simplified
representation of the components.
Drawing of a piping layout is of two types, Single-line piping drawing and Double-line piping
Drawings.
Learning Objectives of the Module:
Upon completion of this lab exercise, the student (assistant technician) will demonstrate
competency by being able to:
1. Develop a competitive skill in producing professional technical and engineering

piping network drawings.
2. Convey technical piping network drawings and information using standard drafting
instruments.
3. Represent orthographic dimensioned and properly organized views of symbolic
piping network components and assemblies.
4. Read and interpret piping network drawing blueprints.
Keywords:
Piping symbols, Piping network, pipe joints, Flanges, Single line pipe drawing, Double line
pipe drawing, Valves, pipe fittings, Pictorial projections.

7.1. Single-line and Double-line Piping Drawings

Drawings of piping systems can be single-line drawings or double-line drawings. The actual
shapes of the components of the piping network are shown in double-line drawings, while
components’ symbols are used for single-line drawings. Figure shows a double-line drawing
for a certain piping network and second Figure shows the single-line drawing for the same
piping network.
In the single-line drawings, also known as simplified representations, a single-line is used to
show the arrangement of the pipes and fittings. The centerline of each pipe is drawn as a
thick line to which the valve symbols are added with thin lines.
Double-Line pipe Drawing
Fig. 6.1

Single-Line Pipe Drawing
Fig. 6.2

7.2. Pipe Fitting Symbols
For single line piping drawing, the pipe fittings are represented by symbols.
The set of symbols are shown in the following Table, has been developed to represent the
features on a drawing.
Table: 7.1

Table: 7.2

Table: 7.3

Table: 7.4

Table: 7.5

LABORATORY EXERCISE # 01
Name: I.D # : Section :
Date: Week # : Marks :
Objective:
Draw the single line pipe drawing of the given double line pipe drawing.
Take all dimensions in mm.

Objective:


Objective:


Objective:


Objective:

Objective:

7.3. Pictorial and Orthographic Views Of Piping Layout
Pictorial projection is commonly used for complicated systems and layout works to make the
drawing easier to understand. Orthographic projection is recommended for the
representation of single pipes. However, it is used for more complicated systems.
Following figure shows both the pictorial and the orthographic projections of a small piping
network.
For the orthographic projection, the symbolic representation of pipe coming towards viewer
and going away from viewer is shown in Figure 4 for pipeline with and without flanges. A
piping layout is shown in pictorial projection and its orthographic projections are
represented in Figure.
Fig: 6.1

Fig: 6.2

Objective:
Draw both front and top orthographic projection views for the piping network shown in its
pictorial projection. Dimensions should be shown.
All Dimensions are in mm.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Basic Engineering Drawing, by R. Taha, Saudi Publishin g

2. Fundamentals of Graphics Communicatio n for Engineers, by Gary Bertoline,
McGraw Hill.
3. Pictures of P&ID from Google.
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Table of Contents

Module Topic Page No.

1. Fastening of Drawing Sheet and Use of Drafting Instruments. 1

Division of Line into any number of parts. 16

Bisecting of Arc, line and angle. 16

5. Orthographic Projections Drawing 46

Free hand sketching 3rd. Angle orthographic views of objects 56

Construction and layout of 3rd.Angle orthographic views. 62

Module Topic Page No.

7. Pipe fitting & Piping drawing. 96

Fastening Of Drawing Sheet

Module-1: Fastening Of Drawing Sheet and

Learning Objectives of this Module:

• Identify and use of standard drafting equipment and materials.

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Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3

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Table: 1.1 The sizes of drawing sheets

CATEGORY SIZE (MM)

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ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________

1. Drawing pencil, HB grade

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Module-3: Types of Lines

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ID#_________________ Date:___________________ Marks________________

Redraw the following types of lines according to the thickness mentioned.

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Module-4: Geometrical Construction

Straight Lines: (fig 4-1)

Angles: (fig 4-2)

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Triangles: (fig 4-3)

Right-Angled Triangle: In which one internal angle is equal to 90 degrees.

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Circles: (fig 4-4)

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To Divide a Line into Any Number of Parts: (fig 4-5)

To Bisect a Line: (fig 4-6)

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To Bisect an Arc: (fig 4-7)

To Bisect an angle: (fig 4-8)

1- Given angle ABC, set the compass shorter than BC .

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Given radius R of the arc.

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To Draw an Arc Tangent to Two Given Circles.

(First Case fig. 4-11 A)

(Second Case fig. 4-11 B)

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ID#_______ Date:_ Marks________

ID#_______ Date:_ Marks________

ID#_______ Date:_ Marks________

ID#_______ Date:_ Marks________