NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

2.1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon
tetrachloride.
Ans: Mass of solution = Mass of C6H6 + Mass of CCl4 = 22 g+122 g= 144
g
Mass % of benzene = 22/144 x 100 =15.28 %
Mass % of CCl4 = 122/144 x 100 = 84.72 %

2.2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by

mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Ans: 30% by mass of C6H6 in CCl4 => 30 g C6H6 in 100 g solution
.’. no. of moles of C6H6,(nC6h6) = 30/78 = 0.385

2.3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions

(a) 30 g of Co(NO3)26H2O in 4·3 L of solution
(b) 30 mL of 0-5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
Ans:
2.4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of
0.25 molal aqueous solution.
Ans: 0.25 Molal aqueous solution to urea means that
moles of urea = 0.25 mole
mass of solvent (NH2CONH2) = 60 g mol-1
.’. 0.25 mole of urea = 0.25 x 60=15g
Mass of solution = 1000+15 = 1015g = 1.015 kg
1.015 kg of urea solution contains 15g of urea
.’. 2.5 kg of solution contains urea =15/1.015 x 2.5 = 37 g

2.5. Calculate
(a) molality; (b) molarity and
(c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI
solution is 1·202 g mL-1.
Ans:
Step I. Calculation of molality of solution
Weight of KI in 100 g of the solution = 20 g
Weight of water in the solution = 100 – 20 = 80 g = 0-08 kg
Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol-1.

Step II. Calculation of molarity of solution

Step III. Calculation of mole fraction of Kl

2.6. H2 S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative
analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate
Henry’s law constant.
Ans: Solubility of H2S gas = 0.195 m
= 0.195 mole in 1 kg of solvent; 1 kg of solvent = 1000g

2.7. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K.
Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under
2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Ans.:
2.8 The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm and 700
mm of Hg respectively at 350 K. Calculate the composition of the liquid
mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm of Hg. Also find the
composition in the vapour phase.
Ans:
Vapour pressure of pure liquid A (P∘A) = 450 mm
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B (P∘B) = 700 mm
Total vapour pressure of the solution (P) = 600 mm

2.9. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 m m Hg. 50 g of urea

(NH2CONH2) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure
of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
Ans:
2.10. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose
is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100°C.
Ans:

2.11 Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be

dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1·5°C. (Kf for
CH3COOH) = 3·9 K kg mol-1)
Ans:

2.12. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution

prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL
of water at 37°C.
Ans:

NCERT EXERCISES

2.1. Define the terra solution. How many types of solutions are formed?
Write briefly about each type with an example.
Sol: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-
reacting substances. Types of solutions: There are nine types of
solutions.
Types of Solution Examples
Gaseous solutions
(a) Gas in gas Air, mixture of 02 and N2, etc.
(b) Liquid in gas Water vapour
(c) Solid in gas Camphor vapours in N2 gas, smoke etc.
Liquid solutions
(a) Gas in liquid C02 dissolved in water (aerated water), and 02 dissolved
in water, etc.
(b) Liquid in liquid Ethanol dissolved in water, etc.
(c) Solid in liquid Sugar dissolved in water, saline water, etc.
Solid solutions
(a) Gas in solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
(b) Liquid in solid Amalgams, e.g., Na-Hg
(c) Solid in solid Gold ornaments (Cu/Ag with Au)
2.2. Suppose a solid solution is formed between two substances, one
whose particles are very large and the other whose particles are very
small. What type of solid solution is this likely to be ?
Sol: The solution likely to be formed is interstitial solid solution.

2.3 Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage
Sol: (i) Mole fraction: It is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of
the solute to the total number of moles in the solution. If A is the number
of moles of solute dissolved in B moles of solvent, then Mole fraction of
solute

(ii) Molality: It is defined as die number of moles of a solute present in

1000g (1kg) of a solvent.

NOTE: Molality is considered better way of expressing concentration of

solutions, as compared to molarity because molality does not change
with change in temperature since the mass of solvent does not vary with
temperature,
(iii) Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one
litre of solution.
NOTE: Molarity is the most common way of expressing concentration of a
solution in laboratory. However, it has one disadvantage. It changes with
temperature because volume of a solution alters due to expansion and
contraction of the liquid with temperature.
(iv) Mass percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100g
of solution.

2.4. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid
by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a
sample of acid if the density of the solution is 1·504 g mL-1 ?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1 ; Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL-1

2.5. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be

the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the
density of solution is 1 .2 g m L-1, then what shall be the molarity of the
solution?
Sol: 10 percent w/w solution of glucose in water means 10g glucose and
90g of water.
Molar mass of glucose = 180g mol-1 and molar mass of water = 18g mol-
1
2.6. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g
mixture of Na2C03 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
Sol: Calculation of no. of moles of components in the mixture.
2.7. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution
obtained by mixing 300 g of a 25% and 400 g of a 40% solution by mass.
Sol:

2.8. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol,

(C2 H6O2 ) and200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the
density of the solution is 1.072 g mL-1, then what shall be the molarity of
the solution?
Sol:
2.9. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated
with chloroform (CHCl3), supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of
contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) express this in percent by mass.
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Sol: 15 ppm means 15 parts in million (106) by mass in the solution.

2.10. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of alcohol
in water?
Sol: In case of alcohol as well as water, the molecules are interlinked by
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the hydrogen bonding is
also present in the molecules of alcohol and water in the solution but it is
comparatively less than both alcohol and water. As a result, the
magnitude of attractive forces tends to decrease and the solution shows
positive deviation from Raoult’s Law. This will lead to increase in vapour
pressure of the solution and also decrease in its boiling point.

2.11. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the

temperature is raised?
Sol: When gases are dissolved in water, it is accompanied by a release of
heat energy, i.e., process is exothermic. When the temperature is
increased, according to Lechatlier’s Principle, the equilibrium shifts in
backward direction, and thus gases becomes less soluble in liquids.

2.12. State Henry’s law and mention some of its important applications.
Sol:
Henry’s law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the
liquid at that temperature.
or
The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution. p = KHX
where KH is Henry’s law constant.
Applications of Henry’s law :
(i) In order to increase the solubility of CO2 gas in soft drinks and soda
water, the bottles are normally sealed under high pressure. Increase in
pressure increases the solubility of a gas in a solvent according to
Henry’s Law. If the bottle is opened by removing the stopper or seal, the
pressure on the surface of the gas will suddenly decrease. This will cause
a decrease in the solubility of the gas in the liquid i.e. water. As a result, it
will rush out of the bottle producing a hissing noise or with a fiz.
(ii) As pointed above, oxygen to be used by deep sea divers is generally
diluted with helium inorder to reduce or minimise the painfril effects
during decompression.
(iii) As the partial pressure of oxygen in air is high, in lungs it combines
with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. In tissues, the partial
pressure of oxygen is comparatively low. Therefore, oxyhaemoglobin
releases oxygen in order to carry out cellular activities.

2.13. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10-
3
g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 × 10-2 g of ethane, then
what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
Sol:
2.14. According to Raoult’s law, what is meant by positive and negative
deviaitions and how is the sign of ∆solH related to positive and negative
deviations from Raoult’s law?
Sol: Solutions having vapour pressures more than that expected from
Raoult’s law are said to exhibit positive deviation. In these solutions
solvent – solute interactions are weaker and ∆solH is positive because
stronger A – A or B – B interactions are replaced by weaker A – B
interactions. Breaking of the stronger interactions requires more energy &
less energy is released on formation of weaker interactions. So overall
∆sol H is positive. Similarly ∆solV is positive i.e. the volume of solution is
some what more than sum of volumes of solvent and solute.
So there is expansion in volume on solution formation.
Similarly in case of solutions exhibiting negative deviations, A – B
interactions are stronger than A-A&B-B. So weaker interactions are
replaced by stronger interactions so , there is release of energy i.e. ∆sol H
is negative.

2.15. An aqueous solution of 2 percent non-volatile solute exerts a

pressure of 1·004 bar at the boiling point of the solvent. What is the
molecular mass of the solute ?
Sol:
According to Raoult’s Law,

2.16 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour
pressures of the two liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa
respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of
heptane and 35.0 g of octane?
Sol.

2.17. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour
pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it
Sol: 1 molal solution of solute means 1 mole of solute in 1000g of the
solvent.
2.18. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molecular mass 40 g
mol-1) that should be dissolved in 114 g of octane to reduce its pressure to
80%. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2008)
Sol: According to Raoult’s Law,

2.19. A solution containing 30g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of

water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18g of water is
then added to the solution and the new of vapour pressure becomes 2.9
kPa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) molar mass of the solute. (ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.
Sol: Let the molar mass of solute = Mg mol-1
2.20. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of
271 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point
of pure water is 273.15 K.
Sol: Mass of sugar in 5% (by mass) solution means 5g in 100g of solvent
2.21. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB2 and
AB4. When dissolved in 20g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the
freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar
depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol-1. Calculate atomic
masses of A and B.
Sol:

2.22. At 300 K, 36 g glucose present per litre in its solution has osmotic
pressure of 4·98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1·52 bar at
the same temperature, what would be its concentration?
Sol:
2.23. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive
interaction in the following pairs:
(i) n-hexane and n-octane
(ii) I2 and CCl4.
(iii) NaCl04 and water
(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H60)
Sol: (i) Both w-hexane and n-octane are non-polar. Thus, the
intermolecular interactions will be London dispersion forces.
(ii) Both I2 and CCl4 are non-polar. Thus, the intermolecular interactions
will be London dispersion forces.
(iii) NaCl04 is an ionic compound and gives Na+ and Cl04– ions in the
Solution. Water is a polar molecule. Thus, the intermolecular interactions
will be ion-dipole interactions.
(iv) Both methanol and acetone are polar molecules. Thus, intermolecular
interactions will be dipole-dipole interactions.
(v) Both CH3CN and C3H6O are polar molecules. Thus, intermolecular
interactions will be dipole-dipole interactions.

2.24. Based on solute solvent interactions, arrange the following in order

of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH,
CH3CN.
Sol: n-octane (C8H18) is a non-polar liquid and solubility is governed by
the principle that like dissolve like. Keeping this in view, the increasing
order of solubility of different solutes is:
KCl < CH3OH < CH3C=N < C6H12 (cyclohexane).
2.25. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble,
partially soluble and highly soluble in water?
(i) phenol
(ii) toluene
(iii) formic acid
(iv) ethylene glycol
(v) chloroform
(vi) pentanol
Sol: (i) Phenol (having polar – OH group) – Partially soluble.
(ii) Toluene (non-polar) – Insoluble.
(iii) Formic acid (form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) – Highly
soluble.
(iv) Ethylene glycol (form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) Highly
soluble.
(v) Chloroform (non-polar)- Insoluble.
(vi) Pentanol (having polar -OH) – Partially soluble.

2.26. If the density of lake water is 1·25 g mL-1, and it contains 92 g of

Na+ ions per kg of water, calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
(C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2008)
Sol:

2.27. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 x 10-16, calculate the maximum

molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.
Sol:
2.28. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4 in acetonitrile
(CH3CN) when 6.5g of CHO is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
Solution:
Mass of aspirin = 6.5 g
Mass of acetonitrile = 450 g
Then, total mass of the solution = (6.5 + 450) g = 456.5 g
Therefore, mass percentage of C9H8O4 = 6.5456.5 × 100%
= 1.424%
2.29. Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat
withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally
given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 x 10-3 m aqueous solution
required for the above dose.
Solution:

2.30. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C5H5COOH) required for

preparing 250 mL of 0· 15 M solution in methanol.
Solution:

2.31. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same
amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases
in the order given above. Explain briefly.
Solution:

Fluorine being more electronegative than chlorine has the highest

electron withdrawing inductive effect. Thus, triflouroacetic acid is the
strongest trichloroacetic acid is second most and acetic acid is the
weakest acid due to absence of any electron withdrawing group. Thus,
F3CCOOH ionizes to the largest extent while CH3COOH ionizes to
minimum extent in water. Greater the extent of ionization greater is the
depression in freezing point. Hence, the order of depression in freezing
point will be CH3COOH < Cl3CCOOH < F3CCOOH.

2.32. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10g of
CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250g of water. Ka = 1.4 x 1o-3 Kg = 1.86 K
kg mol-1.

Solution:
Mass of solute (CH3CH2CHClCOOH) = 10 g
Molar mass of
CH3CH2CHClC00H = 4 × 12 + 7 × 1 + 1 × 35.5 + 2 × 16 = 48 + 7 + 35.5
+ 32
= 122.5 g mol-1
\frac{\text { Mass / Molar mass }}{\text { Mass of solvent (Kg) }} = Mass /
Molar mass Mass of solvent
(Kg) [latex/latex]=[latex]10 g(122.5 g mol−1)×(0.25Kg)
= 0.326 m
Let α be the degree of dissociation of CH3CH2CHClCOOH then

Total no. of moles after dissociation = 1 – α + α + α

=1+α
Van’t Hoff factor
Total no. of moles after dissociation

∴ i = 1+α1
=1+α
= 1 + 0.0655
= 1.0655
Hence, the depression in the freezing point of water is given as:
ΔTf = i.Kfm
= 1.0655 × 1.86 kg mol-1 × 0.326 mol kg-1
= 0.65K
2.33. 19.5g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500g of water. The depression
in the freezing point of water observed is 1.0°C. Calculate the van’s Hoff
factor and dissociation constant of fluoroacetic acid.

Solution:
Calculation of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
Given, w1 = 500 g = 0.5 kg, w2 = 19.5 g, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1, ΔTf = 1 K
Molar mass of CH2FCOOH (M2)
= 2 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 1 × 19 + 2 × 16
= 24 + 3 + 19 + 32
= 78 g mol-1
ΔTf = i Kf m

–
2.34. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17·535 mm Hg. Calculate the
vapour pressure of water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in
450 g of water.
Solution:
According to Raoult’s Law,
2.35. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298
K is 4.27 x 105 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at
298 K under 760 mm Hg.

Solution:
Here, p = 760 mm Hg, KH = 4.27 × 105 mm Hg (at 298 K)
According to Henry’s law, p = KHχ
χ = pkH
= 760 mmHg4.27×105 mmHg
= 177.99 × 10-5
= 178 × 10-5
Hence, the mole fraction of methane in benzene is 178 × 10-5.
2.36. 100g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol-1) was dissolved in 1000g of
liquid B (molar mass 180g mol-1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B
was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A
and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the
solution is 475 torr.

Solution:
Number of moles of liquid A, nA = w1M1 = 100140 mol = 0.714 mol
Number of moles of liquid B,nB = w2M2 = 1000180 mol = 5.556 mol
Then, mole fraction of A, χA = nAnA+nB
= 0.714 mol(0.714+5.556)mol = 0.114
Mole fraction of B, χB = 1 – 0.114 = 0.886
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B, p0B = 500 torr
Therefore, vapour pressure of liquid B in the solution,
PB = p0BχB
= 500 × 0.886
= 443 torr
Total vapour pressure of the solution, ptotal = 475 torr
∴ Vapour pressure of liquid A in the solution,
PA = Ptotal – PB
= 475 – 443 = 32 torr
Now, PA = p0AχA
⇒ pAχA = 320.114
= 280.7 torr
Hence, the vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 280.7 torr.
2.37. Vapour pressures of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8
mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal
solution over the entire range of composition, plot Ptotal, Pchlroform and
Pacetone as a function of χacetone. The experimental data observed for different
compositions of mixtures is:

Plot this data also on the same graph paper. Indicate whether it has
positive deviation or negative deviation from the ideal solution.

Solution:

It can be observed from the graph that the plot for the ptotai of the
solution curves downwards. Therefore, the solution shows negative
deviation from the ideal behaviour.

2.38. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of
composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K
are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole
fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80g of benzene is mixed with 100g
of toluene.

Solution:
Molar mass of benzene (C6H6) = 6 × 12 + 6 × 1 = 78g mol-1
Molar mass of toluene (C6H5CH3 ) = 7 × 12 + 8 × 1 = 92 g mol-1
No. of moles present in 80 g of benzene = 8078 mol = 1.026 mol
No. of moles present in 100 g of toluene = 10092 mol = 1.087 mol
Mole fraction of benzene, χC6H6, = 1.0261.026+1.087 = 0.486
∴ Mole fraction of toluene,χC6H5CH35013 = 1 – 0.486 = 0.514
It is given that vapour pressure of pure benzene, p0C6H6 = 50.71 mm
Hg
Vapour pressure of pure toluene, p0C6H5CH3 = 32.06 mm Hg
Therefore, partial vapour pressure of benzene,
Ptotal = χC6H6 × p0C6H6
= 0.486 × 50.71
= 24.645 mm Hg
Partial vapour pressure of toluene, PC6H5CH3 = χC6H5CH3 × P0C6H5CH3
= 0.514 × 32.06
= 16.479 mm Hg
Total vapour pressure of solution (p) = 24.645 + 16.479
= 41.124 mm Hg
Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase
= χC6H6×p0C6H6ptotal
= 0.486×(50.71)mm(41.124)mm
= 0.599 ≅ 0.6
2.39. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are
oxygen and nitrogen with an approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by
volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10
atm. At 298 K if Henry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 x
107 mm and 6.51 x 107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of
these gases in water.

Solution:
Percentage of oxygen (O2) in air = 20%
Percentage of nitrogen (N2) in air = 79%
Also, it is given that water is in equilibrium with air at a total pressure of
10 atm that is, (10 × 760) mm = 7600 mm
Therefore, partial pressure of oxygen,
PO2 = 20100 x 7600 mm
= 1520 mm Hg
Partial pressure of nitrogen, pN2 = 79100 x 7600 mm
= 6004 mm Hg
Now, according to Henry’s law,
p = KH.χ
For oxygen:

6004 mm6.51×107 mm
(Given KH = 6.51 × 107 mm)
= 9.22 × 10-5
Hence, the mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen in water are 4.61 × 10-
5
and 9.22 × 10-5 respectively.
2.40. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of
water such that its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27°C.

Solution:
We know that,
π = i RT
⇒ π = i RT
⇒w=
Given,
π = 0.75 atm
V = 2.5L
i = 2.47
T = (27 + 273)K = 300K
R = 0.0821 L atm K-1mol–
Molar mass of CaCl2(M) = 1 × 40 + 2 × 35.5 = 111 g mol -1
Therefore, w = 0.75×111×2.52.47×0.0821×300 = 3.42g
Hence the required amount of CaCl2 is3.42g
2.41. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving
25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25°C, assuming that it is completely
dissociated. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Solution:
Step I. Calculation of Van’t Hoff factor (i)
K2SO4 dissociates in water as :