Steel Structure DP Sir

Under the Guidance of –
Mr. Dhyan Pal ( IES AIR-179 ,GATE AIR-93&145 ,UPPSC AE Rank -02 GWD, SSC JE selected)
Steel Structures
ALL IN ONE PDF
(TOTHEPOINT UPDATED VERSION 2.O)
Useful for objective and conventional types exams like ESE, GATE, UPPSC-AE, SSC-JE, RRB Exams etc
Dedicated to All Students who are making sincere efforts to achieve their Dreams.
Join 5 subjects (ConcreteTechnology+BMC+SOM+Highway+Surveying) Complete Detailed course for
Video lecture and PDFs at:
https://llehlr.courses.store/423775?utm_source%3Dother%26utm_medium%3Dtutor-course-
referral%26utm_campaign%3Dcourse-overview-webapp
Join The Steel Structure Complete Detailed course for Video lecture of this PDFs at:
Join RCC Complete Detailed course for Video lecture and PDFs at:
Join Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Download Mobile App: https://clpdiy4.page.link/WUDU
To the Point Lecture Series Year 2023-24 : Subject -6th
Join Steel Structure Course to Watch Lectures and Updated Tothepoint

Content:
For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For Civil engineering Courses Download our Mobile App: https://clpdiy4.page.link/WUDU
Chapter-1 Material specifications and Basics of Steel Structure Design
Steel Structure:
 A steel structure, as the name suggests, is a building made of steel
components.
 These buildings /Steel structures are known for their strength and
durability and therefore, steel is a popular choice of raw material for the
construction sector.
 Steel structures can be divided into two principal groups:
Example of Steel Structures:

1. Railway bridges
2. Water tank

3. Transmission tower 4. Chimney
5- Wind Mill 6-Roof Truss

Why steel Structures?
Advantages:
1. High strength per unit weight: This means that steel exhibits remarkable strength in
relation to its weight when compared to many other construction materials.
2. Smaller sections are used so less dead load (DL)
3. Suitable for large span hence steel bridges are commonly used by railways.
4. Speedy construction
5. Easy repair
6. Long life/high durability
7. High scrap value
8. Ensuring quality is easy because it is made in factory where quality is ensured.
9. Easy to transport
10. Having high Ductility so it gives sufficient warning before failure.
Disadvantages:
1. Corrosion: Steel corrosion refers to the gradual deterioration of steel due to chemical reactions
with its environment, primarily oxygen and moisture.
Note: Applying protective coatings such as paints, zinc coatings (galvanization), or specialized
corrosion-resistant coatings can shield steel from direct contact with oxygen and moisture, slowing
down the corrosion process.
2. Vulnerable to fire (Less Fire Resistance): While steel might be susceptible to high
temperatures, proper design, coatings, and fire safety measures can significantly enhance its fire
resistance.
3. Fatigue: steel is indeed susceptible to fatigue, which is the weakening or failure of a material
due to repeated or cyclic loading. Fatigue in steel occurs when it experiences repeated stress or
strain, even if the individual loads are below the material's yield strength.
4. High maintenance cost
5. Stress concentration: Stress concentration in steel structures refers to localized areas where
stress levels are significantly higher than the average stress across the structure. These areas are
prone to potential failure due to the presence of geometric features or irregularities that create
higher stress concentrations.
6. Costly
7. Skilled manpower required
Note: So above factors are duly taken care while designing steel structures.

IS Codes/Special Publications(SP) Related with Steel Structures:
From Steel Table what details we can get:

Note:
Note: As per IS800:2007

Note: As per IS800:2007

Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
 To Find % Elongation
 To Find Yield Strength
 To Find Ultimate Tensile Stress
 Bend Test
 Rebend Test
Bend Test: Use Mandril of Different diameter.

Rebend Test: Use Mandril of Different diameter.

A More Details About Steel Used in RCC and Steel Structures
Reinforcement used in RCC as per IS456:2000

Sr. Name IS Code Modulus of Characteristic yield strength
No. Elasticity
1 Mild steel and medium Tensile steel bars IS432 PART-1 200KN/m2 Minimum yield stress or 0.2 % proof
2 High strength deformed steel bars IS1786 stress
3 Hard drawn steel wire fabric IS1566
4 Structural steel (Grade-A) IS2062
High Strength Fe415 Fe500 Fe550 Fe600 Fe415D Fe500D Fe550D

Deformed Steel Bars
Type as per IS1786
Min Elongation %, on Gauge 14.5 12 10 10 14.5+3.5 12+4 10+4.5
length 5.65√A
Sr. No. Tests IS code

Steel Test Names as per IS2062
1 Tensile Test…. Done by Universal testing Machine(UTM) IS1608
2 Bend test…… Done by Universal testing Machine (UTM), Choose correct mandrel IS1599
diameter
3 Impact Test…..Done by Charpy Impact Test (V Notch) IS1757
4 Y Groove crackability test (Not for Rounds, only for plate& sections) IS10842
5 Method of rebend test for metallic wires and bars Done by Universal testing Is1786
Machine(UTM) , Choose correct mandrel diameter
Note: For More Details Refer Concrete Technology ToThePoint Course.
Size of Reinforcement…. Measure by Vernier Caliper

Bars diameter or side of square bar of mild steel and Bar diameter of High strength deformed steel bars as
medium steel as per IS 432 In mm (Total 15 sizes) per IS 1786 (Total 15 sizes)
5/6/8/10/12/16/20/22/25/28/32/36/40/45/50 4/5/6/8/10/12/16/20/25/28/32/36/40/45/50
Weight Of steel Bar- Derivation –Consider a steel bar with a diameter of D

The formula for weight of steel bar is W=D2 L/162. and a length is L.
Here, Weight of Steel Bar (W) = Unit Weight of Steel Bar (γ)
W= Weight of the Steel Bars in Kg x Volume (V)
D= Diameter of Steel Bar in Millimeter (mm) W = (πD²/4) *7850*L
L= Length of Steel Bar in Meter (m) W = π/4 x D²/1000² x 7850*L …….(meter to mm
Example- conversion in dia.)
the weight of a steel bar with 60m length and 12 mm W = D²/162.28 kg/m
diameter W=122 x 60/162=53kgs W = D²/162 kg/m

Important properties of steel:
As per IS 800:2007
Note: Steel Poison Ratio:0.5 (in Plastic range ) ,same as perfectly plastic material Poisson
Ratio.
Note: Strength per unit weight of Aluminum is higher than as of steel. So, it is preferable
in following cases:
1. Light weight structure
2. Maintenance free structure
Source: Internet

Different Sections used in steel structures:
1-Rolled Section – Made in factory
Note:
Hot rolled steel sections and cold rolled steel sections are two different ways
of shaping and forming steel.
1. Hot Rolled Steel Sections: Hot rolled steel sections are created by heating steel to a high
temperature and then rolling it into the desired shape while it's still hot.
Example: Think of a metal rod that's heated until it's glowing red and then passed through large rollers
to shape it into beams, channels, or angles. These sections maintain a rough surface texture due to the
high heat.
2. Cold Rolled Steel Sections: Cold rolled steel sections are made by cooling the steel and
then rolling it at room temperature to achieve the desired shape.
Example: Imagine taking a steel sheet and bending or rolling it into shapes like pipes or tubing without
applying heat. Cold rolling produces smoother surfaces and tighter tolerances compared to hot rolling.
Remember: Hot rolled steel sections are often preferred over cold rolled
steel sections in the construction industry for several reasons :
1. Cost-Effective: Hot rolling is a less expensive process than cold rolling, making hot rolled steel
sections more cost-effective for construction projects, especially when large quantities of steel are
required.
2. Structural Integrity: Hot rolled sections are typically thicker and have a rougher surface texture
compared to cold rolled sections. This makes them well-suited for structural applications where strength
and durability are essential.
3. Availability of Sizes: Hot rolled steel sections are available in a wider range of sizes and shapes,
which offers greater flexibility in construction design and allows engineers to choose the most suitable
profiles for their projects.
4. Speed of Production: Hot rolling is a faster process than cold rolling, allowing for quicker
production of steel sections. This can be crucial in construction projects with tight schedules. 5.
Weldability: Hot rolled steel sections are generally easier to weld due to their lower carbon content
and the absence of work-hardened surfaces, which can make welding more challenging with cold rolled
sections.
6. High Temperature Strength: Hot rolled steel retains its strength better at high temperatures
compared to cold rolled steel, which can be advantageous in applications where exposure to elevated
temperatures is a concern.

As per IS:808: Hot Rolled Section Classification
Photographs of Rolled Sections:

Angle Sections Channel Sections

T- Sections I - Sections
Round Bars Square Bars
Flat Bars Corrugated Sheets
Expanded Metal Plates

Ribbed Bars (HYSD) Ribbed Bars (Mild Steel)
Thermo-Mechanically Treated Welded Wire Fabrics

(TMT) Bars

2-Built-up section – Made as per site requirement, Built-up
sections are used when rolled sections are not available.

Chapter-2 Basics of Steel Structures Design:
Structural Engineering
Analysis Design
(SOM, Structural analysis) (Steel, RCC, PSC, Masonry, Timber)
 Equilibrium  Safety
 Serviceability
 Compatibility  Durability
 Energy  Economy
 Aesthetic
Analysis refers to the determination of the axial Design involves the selection of shape and size of
forces, shear forces, bending moments, torsional the member and connection details of various
moments etc acting on different members of a members (beam to beam, beam to column, column to
structure due to the applied loads and load foundation etc) to resist all forces and moments
combinations. determined in the analysis.
In Design of Any Steel Structure what we are looking for:
1. Safety: A structure must be safe with appropriate FOS for loading that may
come on it during its intended life or design life.
2. Serviceability: A structure should provide the service for which it is

constructed.
3. Durability: A structure should sustain loading for which it has designed
and should perform well with safety and serviceability up to its whole life or
design life.
4. Economy: Design and construction of any structure should be economical
without affecting, safety, serviceability and durability.
5. Aesthetic: If huge investment is involved in design and construction then
aesthetic also plays important role.
As per IS 800:2007
Note: IS-800:1984 Was entirely based on Working Stress Design (WSD) Concept.

Remember: Bearing stress occurs at points of contact between materials, while compressive
stress acts along the length or axis of an object
Note: Column Base: Function – To transfer load of steel column into concrete safely.
Ex Slab base (Simply steel plate), Gusseted base, Grillage Foundation

LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM) Design Concept:
 In the limit state design method, the structure shall be designed to withstand
safely all loads which are likely to act on it throughout its life and Structure
shall not suffer total collapse under accidental load such as from explosion
(Ex. Gas cylinder Blast etc.) or impact (Ex. Truck hits Metro Pillar) or due
to consequences of human error to an extent beyond the local damage.
Remember:
Collapse Load – Load at which structure collapse (Toot Jaana)
Failure load – Load at which stress or strain or both may cross permissible limits .
 Isiliye hme failure load se Jayada mtlb rehta he collapse load se Nhi
Note: Since steel is very ductile so plastic analysis is used to calculate collapse load.
 The objective of design is to achieve a structure that will remain fit for use
during its life with acceptable target reliability. In other words, the
probability of limit sate being reached during its life time should be very
low.

 The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before
failure occurs is called a limit state.
 In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most critical
limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.
Types of limit state:
Examples: 1- Loss of Equilibrium means Equilibrium Condition (
) not satisfied Ex. Shade removal from Structure.

2- Loss of stability (Due to sway or overturing etc.) Ex. Collapse of Retaining wall
/Boundary wall.
3-Failure by Excessive deformation (means yielding) rupture od structure (means
broken)
4-Fatigue failure means reversal of stress like during earthquake
5-Brittle failure means without warning failure (Ex. When steel is exposed to low
temperatures, its toughness decreases, making it more susceptible to brittle fracture
rather than exhibiting ductile behavior)

Note:

Note
Factors Governing Ultimate Strength:

1-Stability (Against Sway and Overturning)
Stability shall be ensured for the structure as a
whole and for each of its elements.
2-Fatigue
3-Plastic Collapse
Note:
 Ultimate Stress more than Yield stress so Higher Partial FOS.
 At Site welding Quality deviates so More Partial FOS.
Remember: In LSM we Use Term ‘Partial FOS’ because we use FOS in materials and loads also.
Remember:

Profile sheeting over Rafter Plastered sheeting over Rafter

Note:
Elastic cladding is preferred in situations where flexibility or the
ability to absorb impact is necessary like aluminum cladding while
brittle cladding might be chosen for its hardness, aesthetics, or
specific functional properties like glass cladding Ex. Burz Khalifa
Remember:

Chapter-3 Bolted Connection:
Connection: Properly designed connections are very important to transfer load from one
member to another member in steel structure.
Classification of Connection:
Type I Classification:
1. Bolting 2-Welding 3- Riveting 4-Pin
Bolting: Welding
Riveting:

Pin:
Type II Classification:
1. Rigid Joint/Moment joint –
 Rigid Joint do not permit any relative rotation between the beam and column.
 Rigid Joint is expected to resist moments in addition to end reactions
 These are used to transfer moment of one member to another member.
 Ex. Beam to column connection in framed structure
 An example of a 100 per cent rigid connection is a welded moment resistant
connection.

2. Simple/ Flexible Joint/Shear Joint:
 The beam to column connections expected to resist and transfer end reactions only are
termed as shear connections or flexible connections.
 These permit free rotation of the beam end and do not have any moment restraint.
 It doesn’t transfer any moment.
3. Semi Rigid Joint:

 which resists end moments as well as permits relative rotation between the beam and
column is termed as a semi-rigid connection.
 It transfers partial moment
Note: As there are no perfectly rigid connections nor completely flexible
ones, all connections really are partly restrained to one degree or another.
Type III Classification:

1. Direct Connection – Load is passing through CG of connection
Ex. Axially loaded tension and compression members (Lap and Butt Joint)

Note:
Type of Joint No of Shear Plane
Lap 1
Single cover Butt Joint 1
Double cover Butt Joint 2

2. Eccentric connection – Load is eccentric form CG of connection.
Ex. Bracket Connection and Seat Connection
Remember:
 The bracket type connections are usually provided in industrial
buildings to support gantry girders.
 A beam may be supported over a bracket connected to a column.

Bracket Connection has two types:
Bracket connection-Type I:
 When the bracket is made up of two plates connected to the column
flanges
 the connectors (like bolt /rivet /weld) are subjected to a shear force
and additional shear due to torsion
Bracket connection Type II:

 Here bracket plate with a pair of angles one on each side of the bracket
plate or a bracket-Tee is connected perpendicular to the column flange.
 the connectors are subjected to a direct shear force and tension due to
bending.

Note: Simple connections of beams to columns can be either seated or
framed.
Seat Connection: In a seat connection, the beam is supported over an angle
section connected to the column.
In this case, one leg of the angle is used to make a seat for the beam and the
other leg is connected to the column flange . Another angle, called cleat angle or
clip angle, is provided on the top flange of the beam
1- Unstiffened Seat Connection:
 The cleat angle (provided on the top flange of the beam ) provides lateral
stability to the compression flange at the ends by restraining the beam
end against torsion.
 The load that the unstiffened seat connection, can support is limited by
the flexibility or bending strength of the horizontal leg of the seat angle.
2- Stiffened Seat Connection: When reactions are large, the seat angle may
further be stiffened with angle section(s) and this connection is known as a
stiffened seat connection.

Framed Connection:
The web of the beam when connected to the column flange with angle sections
(one on each side of the beam web) the connection is said to be a framed connection.

Bolt:
Types of Bolts:
1. Unfinished/ Common/ Rough/ Black bolt
2. High strength Friction Grip Bolt (HSFG)
1- Unfinished/ Common/ Rough/ Black bolt/Bearing Type Bolt:
These are used for light structures subjected to static loads and for secondary members such
as purlins, bracings, etc., and for roof trusses.
 They are not recommended for connections subjected to impact load, vibration
and fatigue.
 Normally, for ordinary bolted joints, the force is transferred through the
interlocking and bearing of bolts and the joint is called bearing-type joint.
 These bolts are forged from low carbon rolled steel circular rods, permitting
large tolerances.
 Ordinary structural bolts are made from mild steel rods with square or
hexagonal head.
 Square heads cost less but hexagonal heads give better appearance, are easier
to hold by wrenches and require less turning space.

 Ordinary bolts are available from 5 to 36 mm in diameter and are
designated as M5 to M36. However, in structural steel work the most
common ones are M16, M20.
 IS: 800 stipulates that the net tensile area of bolt to be considered is the area
at the root of the threads, this area is also called the stress area or proof area.
However, in the absence of this table, the
ratio of net tensile area at root of threads to nominal plain shank area of bolt
may be taken as 0.78 (as per IS: 1367 (part 1)).

Bolt Hole:

Bolt Property Class: The bolts of property class 3.6 to 12.9 are available.
 Property class 4.6 and 8.8; bolts of property class is more common.
 Here, Generally the number before decimal indicates 1/100th of the nominal
ultimate tensile strength and the number after decimal indicates the ratio of yield
stress to ultimate stress, expressed as a percentage. Thus, the ultimate tensile
strength of class 4.6 bolt is 400 MPa and the yield strength is 240 MPa (0.6 times
400)

2- High strength Friction Grip Bolt (HSFG)/High Strength Bolt:
most suitable for bridges where the stress reversal may occur or slippage is
undesirable also for seismic loading and for fatigue load are ideal.
 The high-strength bolts are made from bars of medium carbon heat treated steel
and from alloy steel.
 Their high strength is achieved through quenching and tempering processes or by
alloying steel.
 These bolts may be tightened until they have very high tensile stresses, two or
more times that of ordinary bolts, so that the connected parts are clamped tightly
together between the bolts and nut heads; this permit loads to be transferred
primarily by friction and not by shear. Thus, Due to this friction, the slip in the
joint, which is there in joints with ordinary bolts, is eliminated. This friction is
developed by applying a load normal to the joint by tightening these bolts to
proof load. That is why these bolts are also known as friction-type bolts. The joint
using high-strength friction grip bolts is called non-slip
connection or
slip-critical connection or friction-type connection.
 Steel washers of hard steel or carburized steel are provided, to evenly distribute the clamping
pressure on the bolted member and to prevent the threaded portion of the bolt from bearing on
the connecting pieces.

Codal Provisions Related to Bolts:

Remember:
Gusset Plate:
A gusset plate in steel connections is a flat, generally triangular or Rectangular -shaped
plate (It may be any shape) used to connect and reinforce intersecting structural elements
in steel structures. It's commonly employed at joints where beams, columns, or trusses
meet to provide additional strength, stability, and support to the connection.

Note: Gauge line/ Bolt Line Concept:

Hand flame cut edges:
Machine flame cut edges:
Keep Studying…. Keep Shining…

ToThePoint: Changing Lives

Tacking bolts/Stitch Bolt:
 used to make the sections act in unison, and to prevent buckling in
compression members, when two or more sections are in contact.

Provisions of Tack Bolt As per IS 800:2007

Modes of failure of Bolted connection:(Connection=Bolt+Steel Member/plate)
1. Shear failure of Bolt
2. Bearing failure of Bolt

3. Shear failure of plate: Due to non-availability of minimum end
distance.
4. Bearing failure of plate: When an ordinary bolt is subjected to shear forces, the slip takes
place and bolt comes in contact with the plates. The plate may get crushed, if the plate material is weaker
than the bolt material

5. Tearing failure of plate/ Rupture of plate
6. Block shear failure

Modes of failure of Bolted connection:(Connection=Bolt+Steel Member/plate)
1. Shear failure of Bolt
2. Bearing failure of Bolt

3-Shear failure of plate: Due to non-availability of minimum end
distance.
4-Bearing failure of plate: When an ordinary bolt is subjected to shear forces, the slip takes
place and bolt comes in contact with the plates. The plate may get crushed, if the plate material is weaker than
the bolt material

5-Tearing failure of plate/ Rupture of plate
6-Block shear failure

Note: if we want connection fail na ho to above 6 cases
me jo min. load hoga vo apply krna pdega else connection fail
Bearing type bolted connection:

1. Shear strength of Bolt:
Where 𝜸𝒎𝒃 = 1.25

Note: Reduction of Shear Strength of Bolt due to Long Joint, Excess Grip Length, Thicker
packing plate.
2-Bearing strength of Bolt:

Note: Countersinking bolts involves creating a conical hole in a material to
accommodate the head of a bolt, allowing it to sit flush with or below the surface.
This technique is often used to ensure a smooth, even surface and to prevent
protrusions that might catch on things or cause safety hazards. It's common in
woodworking, metalworking, and various construction applications.
Note:
Note: The strength of the bolt will be minimum of the strength

in shear and bearing (If tension is not present)
Remember: The strength of the bolt will be minimum of the
strength in shear, bearing and Tension (If tension is present)
3-Tensile strength of bolt:
Note:
Partial FOS= 1.1

4-Bolt Subjected to shear and Tension:
Note: As per IS 800:1984
Note: In general, capacity of bolt in single shear is governed by shear while

capacity in double shear is governed by bearing.
Question Based on Bolt Subjected to Combined Shaer and Tension(GATE 2014)
Solution:

Strength of Plate:
Modes of failure
1. Shear failure of plate – Can be avoided by providing sufficient end distance.
2. Bearing failure of plate – it is taken care by calculating bearing strength of

bolt.
When an ordinary bolt is subjected to shear forces, the slip takes place and bolt comes in contact with
the plates. The plate may get crushed, if the plate material is weaker than the bolt material

3. Rupture/ Tearing failure of plate;

4. Block Shear Failure:

Note: Block shear strength is minimum of (Tdb1 and Tdb2).
Note: Rupture is always on net area and yielding is always on gross
area.
Efficiency of Joint:
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Efficiency of Joint =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Strength of joint = minimum Strength of member = minimum
value based on following failures. of following 2 values
 Shearing failure of bolt 0.9𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 (Based on Net section
𝛾𝑚1
 Bearing failure of bolt
Failure/Rupture Criteria)
 Tearing failure of plate 𝑓𝑦
 Block shear failure 𝐴 (Gross section yielding
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑔
Note: if Tension Exist the consider Tension
capacity of bolt also.
Criteria)
Note: hmko member Ke fail

hone se mtlb he tootne se Nhi.

Prying force:
 Due to flexibility of connecting part, bolts are subjected to

additional fore which is called as prying force (Q).
 It can be reduced by providing thick plate or by reducing distance
between bolts.
 For rigid connected part, prying force is zero.

Rivet

Shear strength of Rivet = Shear Stress x Area
𝝅
= 𝝈𝒔 × 𝒅𝟐𝒐
𝟒
Bearing strength of Rivet = Bearing Stress x Area
= 𝝈𝒃 × 𝒅𝟎 𝒕
d0 = Rivet Hole Diameter
Rivet Value= Min (Shear, Bearing Strength of rivet)

Strength of Plate: Modes of failure
1. Shear failure of plate – Can be avoided by providing sufficient end distance.
2. Bearing failure of plate – it is taken care by calculating bearing strength of

bolt.
When an ordinary bolt is subjected to shear forces, the slip takes place and bolt comes in contact with
the plates. The plate may get crushed, if the plate material is weaker than the bolt material

3. Rupture/ Tearing failure of plate;

4. Block Shear Failure:

Note: Block shear strength is minimum of (Tdb1 and Tdb2).
Note: Rupture is always on net area and yielding is always on gross
area.

Efficiency of Joint Or Connection :
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Efficiency of Joint =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Strength of joint = minimum value based on Strength of member = minimum of following 2
following failures. values
 Shearing failure of bolt 0.9𝑓𝑢
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 (Based on Net section Failure/Rupture
𝛾𝑚1
 Bearing failure of bolt
Criteria)
 Tearing failure of plate 𝑓𝑦
 Block shear failure 𝐴𝑔 (Gross section yielding Criteria)
𝛾𝑚𝑜
Note: if Tension Exist the consider Tension
capacity of bolt also. Note: hmko member Ke fail hone se mtlb he
tootne se Nhi.
Prying force:
 Due to flexibility of connecting part, bolts are subjected to
additional fore which is called as prying force (Q).
 It can be reduced by providing thick plate or by reducing distance between
bolts.
 For rigid connected part, prying force is zero.

Rivet

Shear strength of Rivet = Shear Stress x Area
𝝅
= 𝝈𝒔 × 𝒅𝟐𝒐
𝟒
Bearing strength of Rivet = Bearing Stress x Area
= 𝝈𝒃 × 𝒅𝟎 𝒕
d0 = Rivet Hole Diameter
Rivet Value= Min (Shear, Bearing Strength of rivet)

Chapter-4 Welded Connection:
Welding is preferable than riveting or bolting if quality of welding is ensured.
Advantages & disadvantages of Welded Connection:

(A) Advantages:
1. Better Aesthetic
2. More efficient use of material (No Holes)

3. Perfectly rigid connections are possible
4. Less weight of structure
5. Better in fatigue, impact and vibration
6. Speedy construction
(B) Disadvantages:
1. Ensuring quality is an issue
2. Skilled manpower is required
3. Difficult at site as compare to bolting

Types of Welds:
1. Butt/ Groove Weld 2-Fillet Weld 3-Plug Weld 4-Slot Weld
Types of Joints in Welding:

Details About Different Types of Welds:
1-Butt/Groove Weld: 1-Groove welds, are provided when the members
to be jointed are lined up.
Note: Square butt welds are used for plates up to 8 mm thickness only

2-Single U, V, bevel for above 8mm plate thickness (Generally 12 – 40 mm )
3- Double U, V, bevel for plate thickness > 40 mm
4- Groove welds require edge preparation and are thus costly.

This process often requires cutting, grinding, or machining the edges to specific shapes (such as
V, U, or J), ensuring proper penetration and fusion of the weld. This preparation necessitates
time, specialized tools, and skilled labor, contributing to increased costs.
5- Butt welds are more suitable for reversal of stress Since a groove weld
involves no abrupt change in section at the joint, it is the most suitable form
of the weld for transmitting alternating stresses.
6- Due to stress concentration, Reinforcement is not suitable for reversal of
stresses so it is made flush (means it's made level or even with the surrounding surface)
7- Reinforcement is better for static load condition & cannot be more than 3
mm (Reinforcement in welding refers to the additional material that extends beyond the surface
of the welded joint. It occurs when the weld metal extends above the surface of the base metal
after welding)
8- Properly penetrated butt weld and parent metal are considered of same
strength.
9- If two plates of unequal thickness or unequal width are joined by butt weld
than tapering is done in thicker/ wider plate.
2- Fillet Weld:
1-Fillet welds are provided when two members to be jointed are in different
planes. This situation is frequently met within structures. Therefore, fillet welds
are more common than groove welds.

2- Fillet weld is assumed to resist load by shearing action (Very Important)
3- Fillet welds are normally easier to make, require less material
preparation, and are easier to fit than groove welds.
4- fillet welds are entirely adequate and generally more economical.
Note: Residual Stresses: When metals are joined through welding, they heat up and
cool down. As they cool, they might not shrink uniformly, causing some parts to pull or
squeeze against each other. These internal forces create residual stresses that stay locked
inside the welded metal, even after the welding is finished. These stresses can sometimes make
the material more prone to deformation or cracking, especially when exposed to additional
loads or changes in temperature.

Remember:
Slot and plug welds are used to supplement the fillet welds, when required
length of fillet weld cannot be provided or for uniform stress distribution Since, the
penetration of these welds cannot be ascertained and since these are difficult to inspect,
slot and plug are avoided.
3- Plug Weld
 Main Purpose: It is provided to make stress distribution uniform.
 Strength of plug weld is not considered in design as per IS 800: 2007 Clause No 10.5.4.3
Main Purpose: It is provided to increase weld length.

4- Slot Welding:
 In the case of slot welding, welding is done along the periphery of slot.
 Strength of Slot weld is not considered in design as per IS 800: 2007 Clause No 10.5.4.3
Conclusion:

Welding Symbol:
Note: Root Face:

ESE PYQ:
Explanation:

Design of Butt Weld:
1- Size of Butt Weld:
As per IS 800:2007
2- Effective length of Butt Weld:
3- Effective Area of Butt Weld:

The effective area of butt weld = effective throat thickness * effective length
of the butt weld

4- Design Strength of Butt Weld:
5- Combination of Stresses in Butt Weld:

Design of fillet Weld:
1- The fillet weld is done for members which overlap each other. For such
joints the critical stress is shear stress. They are also subjected to direct
stresses but these are not of much importance.
2- Concave fillet welds are most suitable under alternating stresses because
it offers smooth flow of stress.
3- Convex weld is stronger than concave (More Throat Thickness)
4- Size of fillet weld (s): it is minimum leg length of cross section of fillet
weld
Note: The leg length is the distance from the root to the toe of the fillet
weld distance from root to the toe of the fillet weld)

:
Remember Additional strength must be obtained by increasing the horizontal leg of the fillet.
As per IS 800:2007

5- Maximum size of fillet weld (S Max,)
 The maximum size of weld is a function of the thickness of thinner part
jointed.
 It is obtained by subtracting 1.5 mm from the thickness of the thinner
member.
 Note: In case of welds applied to the round toe of steel sections the
maximum size of the weld should not exceed ¾
of the thickness of the
section at the toe.
 This specification limits the size of the fillet weld so that total strength
may be developed without overstressing the adjacent metal.
6- Minimum size of fillet weld (S Min)
 The minimum size is a function of the thickness of thicker part jointed.
 Aim: to avoid the risk of cracking in the absence of preheating.

7- Effective throat thickness: minimum thickness on which shearing will occur
8-Why weld size closer to the minimum size is selected:

In above Both case Strength of both welds are same because effective area is same but volume of
large size weld is more so large size weld is not preferable.
10- Effective Length: It is the length of fillet weld which is of specified size & required
throat thickness.
Effective length of weld (Min. 4 times Size of weld) = Actual length – 2S
11- Effective Area

𝐴𝑒 = ℓ𝑒 × 𝑡𝑒
𝓵𝒆 =Effective length
𝒕𝒆 =Throat thickness

12- Overlap length: Min Overlap length=Max (40mm,4tmin.)
This ensures that the induced eccentricities can be ignored, for they will not create excessive
level of secondary stresses (bending) in the weld.
13- Design strength of fillet Weld

14- Intermittent Fillet Weld:

Note: Staggered intermittent weld is better than chain.
Plate Girders Image:

Provisions related to Intermittent weld as per IS 800:2007
15- Longitudinal Fillet Weld and Transverse Fillet Weld

16-

Note:
17-

1- Plug Weld
 It is provided to make stress distribution uniform.
 Strength of plug weld is not considered in design as per IS 800: 2007 Clause No 10.5.4.3
2- It is provided to increase weld length.

Slot Welding:
 In the case of slot welding, welding is done along
the periphery of slot.
 Strength of slot weld is not considered in design as per IS 800: 2007 Clause No 10.5.4.3
IS 800:2007 Provisions Regarding Plug and slot Weld:

Explanation:
TOTHEPOINT: CHANGING LIVES

keep studying …. keep shining

Chapter-5 Eccentric Connection
In most of the cases, load doesn’t pass through CG of joint then such joints are
called Eccentric connections.
The bracket type connections are usually provided in industrial buildings to
support gantry girders.
A beam may be supported over a bracket connected to a column.
Types of Bracket Connection:

1. Bracket connection Type-I
2. Bracket connection Type-II
Bracket connection-Type I:
 When the bracket is made up of two plates connected to the column
flanges
 the connectors (like bolt /rivet /weld) are subjected to a shear force
and additional shear due to torsion
Bracket connection Type II:

 Here bracket plate with a pair of angles one on each side of the bracket
plate or a bracket-Tee is connected perpendicular to the column flange.
 the connectors are subjected to a direct shear force and tension due to
bending.

Bracket Type-I (Bolted)
 Load or moment is lying in the plane of Bolt group
 The bolt group is subjected to shear and torsion.

Conclusion:
Resultant force in Bolt = FRi  F12i  F22i  2F1i F2i cos 
In Simplified form:
FR  F12  F22  2F1F2 cos 
Notes:
1. FR should be less than capacity of Bolt.
2. Farthest bolt will be subjected to maximum force.
3. Out of all farthest bolts, FR will be maximum
where θ is minimum. In other words, bolts near to
applied load subjected to maximum FR.
4. This analysis is called Elastic Analysis.

Bracket Type-I (Welded)

Bracket Type-II (Bolted) –

Bracket Type-II (Welded) – it can be fillet weld or groove(butt) Weld.

Chapter-6 Tension Member
If tensile force is passing through Centre of Gravity (CG) then member is
designed as perfectly tension member.

Various forms of Tension Member:
1- Wire and Cable:(The advantages of wire and cable are flexibility and
strength)
 A strand consists of individual wires wound helically around a
central core.
 wire rope is made of several strands laid helically around a core.
 Cables used as floor suspenders in suspension bridges are made from

individual strands wound together in rope like fashion.
 Cables, in the form of wire ropes and strands, are used in application
where high strength is required and flexural rigidity is unimportant.
 Since cables are generally long and their flexural stiffness is
negligible, initial sag and other geometrical effects must be
accounted for in the design. Cables are not recommended in bracing
systems as they cannot resist compression.
Rope Support System: Cable:

2- Bars and Rods:
 These are one of the simplest forms of tension members.
 Bars and rods are often used as tension members in bracing systems; as
sag rods to support purlins between trusses [Fig. 7.5 (a)], to support girts
in industrial buildings [Fig. 7.5 (b)]; where a light structure is desirable
for example tower masts etc.
 Rods are also used in arches to resist the thrust of the arch.
Note: The main disadvantage of rods and bars is inadequate flexural

stiffness resulting in noticeable sag under their own weight especially
during erection.
Sag Rod/Tie Rod/Tension rod (Tension Member):
Rods: Used to support Girt in Industrial Building

3- Plates and Flat Bars:
 Plates and flat bars are often used as tension members in transmission
towers, foot bridges, etc.
 These are also used in columns to keep the component members in
their correct position e.g. lacing flats, batten plates, end tie plates etc.
4-

Types of failure in Tension Member:
1. Gross Section yielding:
 Considerable deformation of the member in longitudinal direction
may take place before it fractures, making the structure
unserviceable
2. Rupture of net section (Fracture)

 The fracture of the member when the net cross section (a section
with bolt/rivet holes) of the member reaches the ultimate stress.
3-Block shear failure:

 A segment of block of material at end of member shears out due to
the possible use of high bearing strength of the steel and high-
strength bolts resulting in smaller connection length.

Gross Area and Net Area:

Example: Calculate Net Area along section 1-2-5-8-9-10

Solution:

Remember:
1-Ductility Factor (k1 ): This factor represents the ductility of the material. Ductility refers to the
ability of a material to deform significantly before failure. Higher ductility usually means better
energy absorption and greater deformation capacity under load.
2-Hole Forming Factor (k2): It accounts for the reduction in the effective area due to holes or
openings in the section. When a section contains holes (due to drilling, for example), the strength
and effective area are reduced compared to the gross area due to stress concentrations around the
holes.
3-Geometry Factor(k3): This factor considers the shape and geometry of the section. Certain
shapes or configurations may distribute stresses unevenly, affecting the effective net area
differently from the nominal net area.
4-Shear Lag Factor (k4): Shear lag is the non-uniform distribution of stresses in a structural
member due to load application. This factor accounts for the reduction in effective area caused
by shear lag effects, which are prominent in some structural configurations.
Note: Out of four above factors Shear Lag Effect is predominant.
ToThePoint: Changing Life

Keep Studying: Keep Shining

Shear Lag Effect in Tension Member:
In case of angle section, we have connected leg and outstanding leg. Force is
transferred from gusset to the connected leg and this force get transferred as
tensile stress over entire section.
At the joint, if length of connection is small then connected leg will have
higher stress than the outstanding leg. The stress in outstanding leg lags behind
the stress in connected leg. This phenomenon is called shear lag. Due to shear
lag, effectiveness of outstanding leg is reduced and hence in case of angles, it
is better to adopt connection through longer leg.
Field Applications where shear lag effect observed:

Very Important:
IS 800:2007 Provisions in Beam Regarding Shear Lag Effects:
Note:

Understanding or internal and external element (Outstands or
outside element) through Examples as per IS 800:2007:

Design Strength of Tension Member:

Slenderness Ratio:
Leff I
Slenderness Ratio  , where r 
r A
 There is no buckling or stability problem in case of tension member.
 However, reversal of stress may be possible so slenderness ratio is restricted.

Radius of Gyration (r)
Note: A smaller radius of gyration means the mass is concentrated closer to

the axis, while a larger radius of gyration means the mass is distributed
farther from the axis. Objects with a smaller ‘r’ are easier to rotate,
while those with a larger ‘r’ require more effort.
Note: Lateral Torsional Buckling: Lateral buckling of compression flange
causes lateral instability & it leads to torsional moment.
How to Avoid Lateral Torsional Buckling:
 By providing higher Iyy.

 By providing lateral support
Remember:

Note:

Note:

Design of tension Member (Angle section):

Lug Angle
1. Lug angle is provided to reduce length of connection and Consequently
size of gusset Plate and also eliminates shear lag effect.
2. For connection to be efficient, bolts connecting the outstanding leg of main
member with lug angle should start in advance to all other bolts. This will
ensure that force gets efficiently transferred from outstanding leg to lug
angle.
3. The main member will be assumed to have no shear lag effect.
4. Tensile strength of main member along the minimum net section is
calculated.
5. Minimum no of bolts connecting the lug angle with gusset plate should be
≥ 2.
Trick:

IS 800:2007 Provisions related to Lug Angle:

Splices in Tension Members:

Conclusion: Net area of angle section as per IS 800: 1984:
A1 = Net area of connected leg
A2 = Net area of outstanding leg
Case I:
3A1
A eq  A1  kA 2 k
3A1  A 2

Case II:
5A 1
A eq  A1  kA 2 k
5A1  A 2
Case III:

Chapter-7 Compression Member:
If primary force is axial compression, then member is called
compression member.
Note: If orientation is vertical then termed as Column otherwise strut.
Remember:
Column:

Classification of Cross-Section:
 Plate elements of a cross-section may buckle locally due to compressive
stresses. The local buckling can be avoided before the limit state is
achieved by limiting the width to thickness ratio of each element of a
cross-section subjected to compression due to axial force, moment or
shear.
 When plastic analysis is used, the members Shall be capable of forming
plastic hinges with sufficient rotation capacity (ductility) without local
buckling, to enable the redistribution of bending moment required before
formation of the failure mechanism.
 When elastic analysis is used, the member shall be capable of developing
the yield stress under compression without local buckling.
As per IS 800: 2007, based on local buckling criteria, cross-sections are

classified in following four types:
1. Plastic section
2. Compact Section
3. Semi compact Section
4. Slender Section

Note:
1. If different elements of section are under different class, then
overall section is classified by lowest class.
2. If compressive member is plastic, compact and semi-compact
then effective sectional area is gross area. However, if holes are
not filled-up with rivets, bolts or pins then deduction shall be
made for hole.
3. For slender section, the effective area is calculated by deduction
of the width of compression plate in excess of semi-compact
section.

Modes of failure of Compression member:
1. Squashing –
 If length is relative very small and its components are prevented from local buckling
then column is able to attain its full strength.
For Understanding:
2. Local Buckling –
 This failure may occur in the plate element like flange or web, due to local buckling.
 It can be prevented by providing sufficient width to thickness ratio.

3. Overall buckling due to flexure: Failure is due to overall buckling about
minor axis (Means axis along which Min. Moment of inertia Exist)
Note: The flexural buckling considered above is due to bending alone, that is, the sections
displace from their original position by translation without rotation.
4. Torsional Buckling:
 Thin wall members with open cross-sectional shapes are sometimes weak in
torsion and hence may buckle by twisting rather than bending.
 Torsional buckling occurs when the torsional rigidity of the member is
appreciably smaller than its bending rigidity. This type of failure is caused by
twisting about the longitudinal axis (xx-axis) of member. It can occur only
with doubly symmetrical cross sections with very slender cross-sectional
elements.
 Standard hot rolled shapes are not susceptible to torsional buckling, but a
member built from thin plate elements may be and should be investigated.

5. Flexural Torsional Buckling:
 This type of failure is caused by a combination of flexural buckling and
torsional buckling. The member bends and twists simultaneously.
 This type of failure can occur only with unsymmetrical cross sections,
both those with one axis of symmetry—such as channels, structural tees,
double-angle shapes, and equal-leg single angles, and those with no axis
of symmetry—such as unequal-leg single angles.

Effective Length (Leff):
 The effective length KL, is calculated from the actual length (L) of the member,
considering the rotational and relative translational boundary conditions at the ends.
 The actual length shall be taken as the length from centre-to-centre of its intersections
with the supporting members in the plane of the buckling deformation.
 In the case of a member with a free end, the free-standing length from the centre of
the intersecting member at the supported end, shall be taken as the actual length.
 The smaller the effective length of a particular compression member, the
smaller is the danger of lateral buckling, and the greater is its load-
carrying capacity.

Conclusion:
Effective Length of Strut:

Slenderness Ratio:
 The longer a compression member becomes for the same cross section, the greater
becomes its tendency to buckle and the smaller becomes the load it will support.
 The tendency of a member to buckle is usually measured by its slenderness ratio.
Leff I min
 max  λ = slenderness ratio, Leff = Effective length rmin = Minimum radius of gyration 
rmin A

Remember: Angle Strut -

Remember:
Axial load carrying capacity:

 Common Hot Rolled Section and built-up sections are used to carry axial load
and it generally fails in flexural buckling and the buckling strength is affected
by following:
1. Residual stress
2. Initial bow
3. Accidental eccentricity
 To account for all these factors, the strength of members subjected to
axial compression is defined by buckling class a, b, c, or d

Reference: Table 10 of IS 800:2007

Note:
Class ‘a’- Least imperfection

Class ‘d’- Maximum imperfection

Note:

Built-up Columns (Latticed Column/Open column)
 The size and shape of standard rolled steel sections are limited because of
the limitations of rolling mills. When rolled sections do not furnish the
required sectional area or when a special shape or large radius of gyration
is required in two different directions a built-up section is fabricated.
 For economical design of heavily loaded long columns the least radius of
gyration of column section is increased to maximum (r y ≥ rz). To achieve
this condition the rolled or fabricated sections are kept away from the
centroidal axis of the column and are connected by some connecting
system known as lattice system. The commonly used lattice is lacing
bars, batten plates, lacing with battens. Such columns are also known as
latticed columns or open columns.
 Built up columns are provided if very heavy load is acting on column

 Sometimes, Izz = Iyy is required from design point of view, in that case
built up column is preferable.
 Primary function of connecting system (Like lacing, Batten) is
(a) Hold the main members at place and for equalizing stress.
(b) Creates Points of intermediate support (to reduce eff. Length thus
reduces chances of buckling)
Note: Laced column is adopted in case of eccentrically loaded column and
battened column is designed in case of axially loaded column.
Failure Modes of Latticed Column:

Laced Column:
1. For laced column, we need to design main member of column and its
spacing.
2. Spacing of main members should be such that Iyy ≥ Izz.
Note: For economical design of heavily loaded long columns the least
radius of gyration of column section is increased to maximum (r y ≥ rz). To
achieve this condition the rolled or fabricated sections are kept away from
the centroidal axis of the column.
3. Rigidity of laced column is more than battened column (Means lateral

deflection is less in case of laced column)

4. Different types of lacing system.
 Single lacing non-intersecting is preferable because failure

of one intermediate connection would not lead to increase
in the distance between intermediate connection.
5. Permitted inclination of lacing with longitudinal axis of main member is in

between 40-70 Degree.
Note: By increasing inclination of lacing, unsupported length of main
member is reduced.
6. Double lacing is provided when capacity of single lacing is not sufficient.

7. At the top and bottom of laced column, battens called as end battens/ tie
plate are provided. The tie plate is designed as a batten plate.
Note:
 function of Tie Plate: To check the distortion of the column section.
 End battens ensure the balancing of unbalanced forces in lacing and
make the ends rigid.
8. Lacing must be uniform in full length of member.
9. Lacing on opposite face must be mirror image but lacing on adjacent face
can be staggered.
10. Cross members are not desirable in case of double lacing system.
Design of lacing:
1. Slenderness ratio of laced column shall be taken as 5% more than
calculated using Leff and r min.
 laced  1.05
This increment is to account for shear deformation of laced column.
Remember: Maximum slenderness Ratio of Laced Column or Built-up Column
=50 (UPPSC AE -2021)

2. The spacing between main members should be such that Iyy ≥ Izz.
3. Angle of inclination from vertical axis: 40 to 70 degrees

4. Maximum spacing between intermediate connections should be such that

5. Effective length of lacing Member
6. Maximum slenderness Ratio of lacing Bar =145

Note: Maximum slenderness Ratio of Laced Column or Built-up Column =50
7. Minimum width of lacing Bar is 3 times diameter of bolt.
8. Minimum thickness of lacing Bar
Single lacing Min. Thickness=1.5 times Double lacing Min. Thickness

9.
10. Design force in lacing Bar:

 The lacing should be designed to resist a transverse shear of 2.5%
design column load (V = 2.5% of design axial load)
 Lacing bar should be designed for tension and compression.
 The lacing should be designed to resist additional shear due to
bending if the compression member carries bending.

Battened column:
 Battened column is not suitable for heavy

axial load and eccentric load.

Conclusion: minimum no. of intermediate batten is 2.

Design Of Batten:

Remember:

Column Splice:

The following specifications are followed in the design of splices-
Remember:
 If column ends are milled (Smooth/ machine finish) then load

is transferred through bearing, not by splicing. However,
designer prefer to design splicing for P/2 in this case also.
 If column ends are not milled then complete force is transferred
through splicing.

Chapter-8 Beam:
A structural member subjected to transverse loads (loads perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis) is called a beam.
Or
Beam is a structural member which is primarily subjected to bending.
Different Beam Sections:
Types of beams:
1- Joist – When Beam provided in buildings to support roofs, known as Joist.

2-Girder –
 A large beam supporting a number of joists is called a girder
 Heavy beams are called as girder.
Girder Bridge

3-Purlin: Beam which carry the roof loads in trusses are called Purlins.
4-Girt – A horizontal beam spanning the wall columns of industrial buildings

used to support wall coverings is called a girt.

5-Lintel – Beams which support the loads from the masonry over the
openings are called lintels.
6-Castellated Beams – Beams with openings in web.

7- Spandrels
Exterior beams at the floor level of buildings, which carry part of the floor load
and that of the exterior wall are called spandrels.
Modes of failure of Beam:

1.Lateral Buckling: Due to bending, compression flange experiences high
compressive forces. This compression force may cause lateral buckling of
compression flange.
How to Avoid Lateral Buckling:

 By providing lateral support.

How to Provide Lateral Support in Beam:
1-By Embedding compression flange in 2-By providing Shear Connector
Concrete
Note: As per IS 800:2007 Full lateral

restrained to compression flange may be
assumed to exist if the frictional or other lateral
restrain of flooring connection to the comp.
flange is capable of resisting lateral force ≥ 2.5%
of maximum force in comp flange.
3-By providing Bracing 4-By providing Diaphragm

2. Lateral Torsional Buckling: Lateral buckling of compression flange causes
lateral instability & it leads to torsional moment.
How to Avoid Lateral Torsional Buckling:

 By providing lateral support
Remember: Lateral Buckling and Lateral Torsional Buckling

3. Web buckling (Vertical Buckling): This failure is due to Excessive shear.
Note:
 Generally, vertical buckling of webs is not a problem with rolled
beam sections. This possibility exists mainly in the rather thin webs of
deep plate girders where this ratio(d/tw )may exceed the permissible limit.

4. Web crippling or web crimpling: Localised failure of web due to heavy point
load or reaction is called web crippling.
Note: Out of buckling and crippling of the web, it has been found that if the
beam section is safe in crippling, it will be safe for buckling too.
How to Avoid Web Crippling:

Types of Beams
1-laterally supported Beam
(A beam which is laterally supported is also called as Laterally restrained)

Note: How to Provide lateral Support
1-Embedding Compression flange in concrete (Concrete strong in Compression)
2-By providing shear connector
3- By providing Bracing
4- By providing Diaphragm
2- laterally Unsupported Beam
As per IS 800:2007 Clauses Regarding laterally supported and Unsupported Beam

Bending capacity of Beam:
Bending capacity depends on supporting condition so supporting condition
is divided into two types.
1. Laterally supported 2-Laterally unsupported
Bending capacity of laterally supported beam:
Bending capacity of such section depends on shear force on section also .
 Low shear Vu ≤ 0.6 shear capacity
 High shear Vu > 0.6 shear capacity
Vu = applied factor Shear force on section
𝑓𝑦
Shear capacity = 𝐴𝑣
√3𝑟 𝑚𝑜
Av = Shear area and 𝑟𝑚𝑜 =partial safety factor=1.1
Rolled section 𝑨𝒗 = 𝒕𝒘 𝒉 Built up section 𝑨𝒗 = 𝒕𝒘 𝒉 Welded section 𝑨𝒗 = 𝒕𝒘 𝒅
h=Total Depth of I section

h = depth of I section (excluding d = web depth
cover plate)
Note:

As per IS 800:2007 Shear Capacity Provisions:

(A) Bending capacity in low shear (Vu ≤ 0.6 shear capacity)
Bending capacity is independent of shear force for low shear case.
Conclusion:
𝑓 𝑓
𝑀𝑑 = 𝛽 𝑟 𝑦 𝑍𝑝 ≤ 1.2 𝑟 𝑦 𝑍𝑒
𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑜 (For Simply supported beams)
𝑓𝑦
≤ 1.5 𝑟 𝑍𝑒 (For Cantilever beams)
𝑚𝑜
𝑟𝑚𝑜 =partial safety factor=1.1
(B) Bending capacity with high shear (Vu >0.6 shear capacity)
Due to high shear, web doesn’t participate in bending capacity so bending
capacity reduces.

Note:
Md= Bending Capacity due to flange plus web (in low shear case)
Mfd = Bending Capacity due to flange only (means excluding shear area)
Bending capacity of laterally unsupported beam:

Web Buckling: Analysis-IS 800:2007 Provisions Related to Web Buckling:
L=Length of stiffener

Exact Formula= 2.42 d/tw
Remember:
For Low Shear (Vu ≤ 0.6Vd)
≤ 67 ∈ → Generally, no need to check web buckling.
𝑑
𝑡𝑤
(d = Clear depth of web between flange tw =Web thickness)

> 67 ∈ → Check for web buckling.
𝑑
𝑡 𝑤
250
∈= √
𝑓𝑦
For high Shear (Vu > 0.6Vd)

Always check for web buckling.
Note: How to Calculate d (Clear depth of web between flange)in Rolled Beam section
d=depth of section(h) -2(Depth of Root Fillet)
Depth of Root Fillet =Thickness of flange (t f )+Root Radius (Rr or R1)

Numerical to understand Web Buckling Check and Web Crippling Check for
ISLB350@495N/m (Design Shear Force=210 KN)
Solution:

Web Crippling Check:

Web crippling: Analysis
Note: To prevent web crippling, stress below root radius should be within
permissible limit.
Note: In general, if beam is safe in web crippling, then it will be safe
in web buckling also.
 Web crippling is therefore buckling of the web caused by the

compressive force delivered through the flange.
 To keep the bearing stress within permissible limits, the concentrated
load should be transferred from flanges to the web on sufficiently large
bearing areas.
 The root of the fillet is the most critical location for failure because the
resisting area has the smallest value there.

 The bearing strength is given by

IS 800:2007 Provisions Related to Web Crippling:
Fw = Crippling Strength
How to Calculate b1(Stiff bearing length):

Design steps for Laterally supported Beam
1. Calculate factored load, Maximum BM and Maximum SF.
2. Calculate Zp required using expression below:

𝑀𝑢
𝑍𝑝 =
𝑓𝑦
⁄𝑟
𝑚𝑜
3. Provide section with Zp higher than calculated above, using SP6 (Steel
handbook)
4. Classify section as plastic, compact etc.
5. Calculate shear capacity.
6. Ensure Vu ≤ Vd and check for low shear or high shear.
7. Check for deflection
Deflection of beam: Important check while designing beam
 Maximum deflection is calculated corresponding to service load or working load because

deflection is serviceability criteria.
 Maximum permissible deflection depends on type of structure and loading (Reference
Table 6 of IS 800:2007, Deflection limits are given in Next Page.)
𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒇
 However, in general deflection should not exceed (But This provision is not
𝟑𝟎𝟎
mentioned in IS code)
8. Check for web buckling
9. Check for web cripling
Remember: Same design procedure is used for Laterally Unsupported Beam

Except different codal formulas as per IS 800:2007

Chapter-9 Column Base
 The design compressive stress in a concrete footing is much smaller than
it is in a steel column. So, it becomes necessary that a suitable base plate
should be provided below the column to distribute the load from it evenly
to the footing below. (Compare 0.40 fck & fy/1.1)
 The main function of the base plate: To spread the column load over a
sufficiently wide area and keep the concrete footing from being over
stressed (means without failure)
Types of Column Base:
1-Slab base
2-Gusseted base
3-Grillage foundation
1-Slab base: For a purely axial load, a plain square steel base plate or slab base attached to the
column is adequate. For an axially loaded column, the pressure distribution between the base plate and concrete
pedestal is assumed to be uniform

As per IS 800:2007 Working stress design concept:
As per IS 800:1984 Working stress design concept:

2-Gusseted base: Gusseted base is used for axial load + moment type case.
Note: Gusset Base keeps the Base plate Thickness to be minimum.

3-Grillage foundation:
 When the soil has very low bearing capacity, large concrete blocks may become uneconomical and
in such cases grillage footing is provided.
 Grillage foundation is used when soil is very weak and load is to be transferred at shallow depth.
 It is also used for temporary works.
 The beam of grillage foundation shall be designed for Bending Moment +Shear Force +Web
crippling.

Anchor Bolt/Foundation Bolt:
IS 800:2007 Codal Provisions-

Chapter-10 Gantry Girder:
Gantry girder is used to support overhead cranes which is used to transfer heavy
component from one place to another in the factory.

Important Points-
 Gantry girder is generally made-up of 2-sections (I-section&
Channel section)
Note:
 Channel section is used to increase I yy because gantry girder is
subjected to lateral force due to movement of Crab on crane girder.
 Higher Izz is required to resist vertical load from wheel of crane
girder.

 Trolley/ Crab moves on crane bridge/ Crane girder.
 Crane Bridge/Crane Girder Moves on Rail.
Note: Both movements are not allowed simultaneously.
 Rail is supported on gantry girder.

 Gantry girder is supported on columns.
 Gantry girder may or may not be supported laterally.
 Cat wall is provided for movement of workers which may support gantry
girder laterally.

 Types of Cranes 1-Manually operated overhead travelling Crane (MOT)
2- Electrically operated overhead travelling Crane (EOT)
EOT Single Gantry Crane

EOT Double Gantry Crane

Types of loads on Gantry Girder:
1. Vertical Load: The reaction from wheels of crane girder.

Vertical Load comes because of -
 self-weight of the crane girder/Crane
 self-weight of the crab
 the crane capacity (the maximum load that can be hoisted).

2. Longitudinal Load (Drag Loads):
 Due to starting or stopping of crane.
 Acting in the longitudinal direction of gantry girder
 produce a thrust along the rails.
3. Lateral load (Surge Load):
 Due to starting or stopping of the crab.

 Due to load when traversing the crab girders.
 crab dragging weights across the shop floor.
 It acts horizontally and normal to gantry girder at the
level of Rail.
 Gantry girder is subjected to twisting due to this load.
Note- The lateral thrust is assumed to act in the plane of the centre of
gravity of the upper flange. Acting as it does at rail level, it has a lever
arm producing torque. This small lever arm and the resulting torque
are however neglected.
Note: The lateral and longitudinal thrusts are transferred at the rail
level. Therefore, gantry girders are also subjected to bending moments
due to these loads.
4. Impact Load:
 Due to movement of crane, gantry girder is subjected
to impact load also.
 To account for this, suitable impact factors are introduced as
and when applicable
As per IS: 875 (part 2)-1987, additional loads as listed in Table 13.1 should be
considered when structures are subjected to impact loads in addition to live loads.
Note: For heavy-duty cranes, the gantry girder must be checked for fatigue. The
detailed category classification of standard construction details is given in Table
26 of IS: 800–2007

Chapter-11 Roof Truss:
 Roof truss is one of the preferable options for long spans of Industrial or
public building. (Dome is also an option)
Note: Industrial buildings are low-rise steel structures, characterized by
their low height, lack of interior floors, walls and partitions
 The truss may be a pitched truss the top chord provided with a slope to facilitate
natural drainage of rain water, snow, etc
 Note: Pitched trusses are generally provided in industrial buildings.

Note: Parallel chord trusses also called lattice girder are used to carry flat roofs
in buildings or floors of steel bridges.
Spacing of truss:

For Understanding: In this figure spacing of truss is 2.5 m.

Component of Roof truss:
1-Principal Rafter:
 The top chord members of a roof truss are called ‘Principal rafters’.
 They support the purlins.
 They are mainly compression members (when purlin is placed at nodal
points) and may be subjected to shear and bending moment if the purlins are
not placed at nodal points.
 Note: Nodal points are typically where structural elements intersect or where
connections are made.
 Rafter is continuous member.
Note:
Common Rafter: These are provided only if the spacing of purlins are larger than the
available lengths of sheeting. Rafters are inclined beams supported on the purlins.
2- Purlin:

 These are Members subjected to transverse loads and rest on the rafters of roof
trusses. They support sheeting’s that carries roof covering.
 Purlin is subjected to unsymmetrical bending.
 They are horizontal beams spanning between the two adjacent trusses.
 Spacing of purlin generally varies from 2m to 3m.
 It is continuous member.
Z purlin

3- Sag Rods.
 Steel rods that are used to provide lateral support for purlins or for connecting
principal ties of roof trusses (in this case it is known as Sag Ties)
 Sag rods are installed in the plane of slope connecting the purlins.
 The sag rods reduce the span for bending about the weaker axis caused by the
tangential components of the load.
 Generally, two lines of sag rods are provided in each bay which are connected
to the ridge purlins.
Sag Tie: To reduce deflection and moment of Tie due to its self-weight.

4- Main Tie/Principal Tie/Tie Beam:
 It is bottom chord member.
 It is usually in tension and takes compression if reversal of loads occurs due to
wind load.
Note: Ties: Members carrying tensile force.
5-Strut: The member carrying compressive forces in a roof truss are called struts.
6- Ridge line and eves:

The top line of the roof truss is called the ridge line and the bottom edge of roof
surface is called eves.

6-Bay width/Bay: It is the distance between adjacent trusses.
7-Lateral bracing of end trusses:

 Bracing is required to resist horizontal loading (such as that due to wind
etc).
 The Bracing for roof trusses and supporting columns provide stiff rigid
structure.
 Bracing is provided to the last two trusses on either side of the shed both
at top chord and bottom chord levels. Similarly, the last two supporting
columns at either end are to be vertically braced.
 Bracings are not required if the truss is supported on masonry walls and if
strong end gable walls and if strong end gable walls are provided.
 The bracings are provided in such a manner that their diagonals form
angles about 45° with the load to be carried.

Remember:
Slope and Pitch of Roof Truss:
Loads On Roof Truss: IS Codes related to Loading over rood truss

1- Dead Load (DL): As per IS:875 Part-1
Empirical Formula:
DL= (Span/3 + 5) *10 N/m2 where span is in meter.
Note:
2- Live Load (LL): As per IS:875 Part-2
Conclusion: If Roof slope > 100

Live load (Min.0.40KN/m2) = 0.75 – (θ degree – 10) 0.02 KN/m2

3-Wind load: As per IS:875 Part-3

Conclusion:
K4 (Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region)
Note-
Ans:
Note:
Remember:

Wind Load on Individual Member:
Comparison Wind Zone Vs Seismic Zones:

4-Snow Load:

Chapter-12 Plate Girder
It is provided if load or span or both are very high. Rolled steel sections are
available for limited depth only so plate girder is fabricated for desired depth.
Remember-
Steel Truss Girder Bridge Plate Girder

Remember:
1. Plate girders are generally welded now a days. Earlier it used to be riveted
section also.
2. Since it is built up section so chances of failure of individual element is
also critical.
3. Stiffeners are used to prevent local failure and sufficient thickness of
individual elements also helps in preventing local failure.
4. Double web plate girders (Fig-d) are uneconomical but may be provided in
case of depth restriction.

Elements of Plate Girder:

Note: Depth, Economical Depth, optimum depth of Plate Girder:

Flange:
 It is kept at farthest possible distance to get maximum possible Moment
of Resistance.
bf
 Is important to check because it takes care of local buckling of flange
tf
plate.
 Compressive and tensile force is generally considering by flange only
while calculating MR.
 Curtailment of flange plates done to economies the

design.
(It is assumed that the bending moments are resisted by the flanges.
It is therefore possible to use a smaller flange area towards the
supports. This reduction in the section may be achieved by cutting of
the cover plates one by one until only the web plate and flange
angles remain near the supports for bolted plate girders)
Web plate:
 Web is considered to resist Shear Force.
 Deeper web is preferable.
 Thinner web leads to economical design.
 Buckling of thinner web can be prevented by using stiffeners.
 For ease in fabrication and speedy construction stiffeners are avoided by
providing relatively thicker web.
 For preliminary design, depth can be decided using formula given below.

Note:
Note: Shear check:

Stiffener:
 In steel building construction when the web of a plate girder acting alone (that is
without stiffeners) proves inadequate, stiffeners may be provided for specific
purpose as follows.
 Stiffeners in plate girders enhance structural strength, prevent buckling, and
distribute loads effectively along the beam's length.

Intermediate/ Transverse/ Vertical Stiffener:
(To improve the buckling strength of a slender web due to shear)
 It is provided to prevent buckling of web due to shear.
 Intermediate transverse stiffeners may be provided on one or both sides
of the web.
Note:

Load Carrying Stiffener:
(To prevent local buckling of the web due to concentrated loading)

Bearing Stiffener:
(To prevent local crushing of the web due to concentrated loading).
 Bearing stiffeners are connected to flange while other transverse
stiffeners are not connected to flange.
 Bearing stiffeners are generally provided at support in all cases.
 Bearing stiffeners our heavier than other transverse stiffeners.
 Bearing stiffeners is designed as column by considering end condition
as fixed and effective length is taken as 0.7d.

Horizonal Stiffener:
 It is provided in compression zone only.
It prevents buckling of web due to compression from bending.

Torsion Stiffener:
(To provide torsional restraint to beams and girders at supports)
Diagonal Stiffener:
(To provide local reinforcement to a web under shear and bearing)
Tension Stiffener:
(To transmit tensile forces applied to a web through a flange)
Note:

Chapter-13 Plastic analysis
 This analysis is used to calculate collapse load.

 If structure is ductile then failure load and collapse load may differ
significantly.
 Collapse Load – Load at which structure collapse (Ex. टू ट जाना)
 Failure load – Load at which stress or strain or both may cross

permissible limits
Note: Since steel is very ductile so plastic analysis is used to calculate
collapse load.
Note: Elastic Analysis Vs Plastic Analysis
1-Elastic method is based on Hook’s law. Hence the structural usefulness of the material of
the structure is limited to a stage when the stress in extreme fiber reaches the yield stress of
material. The rest of the cross section remains unstressed, and the method do not take into
account the strength beyond the yield stress point.
 Elastic Analysis Design Equation:
1- Equilibrium Equation 2- Compatibility Equation 3-Moment Curvature Relation
2-Plastic design the structural usefulness if found from the strength of steel in the plastic
range.
 Plastic Analysis is also known as Ultimate load analysis.
 The sections designed by this method are smaller in size.
 Plastic design of a structure limits the structural usefulness of the material of the
structure up to ultimate load.

Assumption in Plastic Analysis:
1. Plane section remains plane after bending. It means, strain variation is
linear this assumption is also known as Bernoulli’s assumption.
Actual Mild Steel Tension Stress Strain Curve
Assumed Stress Strain Diagram in Plastic Analysis is given below.
2. Stress strain relation of steel under tension and compression are same.

Elastic to Plastic Behaviour of Section:
At Fully plastic state:
C=T
fy. A1 = fy. A2
A1 = A2
It means, at fully plastic state, Neutral Axis divides section in two equal parts.
In other words, area axis is Neutral Axis in plastic analysis.
Note: Equal area axis and centroidal axis are different for unsymmetrical
section.
Plastic Case Elastic Case
MR = C x L.A or T x L.A 𝑀 𝑓
𝐴 =
= (𝑓𝑦 . ) (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) 𝐼 𝑦
2 𝐼
𝐴 𝑀𝑅 = 𝑓𝑦 .
= 𝑓𝑦 { (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )} 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
𝑨
{ (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )} = 𝒁𝒑
𝑴𝑹 = 𝒇𝒚 . 𝒁𝒆
𝟐 𝑀𝑒 =Moment corresponding to which only extreme
𝑀𝑝 = Moment corresponding to which all fibers yields. fibers yield.
Note: 𝑴𝒑 > 𝑴𝒆

Shape Factor:
𝑴 𝒑 𝒁𝑷
𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓(𝑺𝑭) = =
𝑴 𝒆 𝒁𝒆
Note:
 For a ductile material like structural steel, a member reaching yield at the
extreme fibers retain a reserve of strength that varies with the shape
factor.
 Higher the shape factor, more ductile will be the section and will give
greater deflection at collapse. This implies that such section gives longer
warning before collapse.
 In other words, shape factor gives an indication of reserve capacity of a
section from onset of yielding at extreme fibers to full plastification.

Conclusion: Shape factor represents reserved strength of section in
plastic failure w.r.t. elastic failure.
Shape Factor for Different Section:1- Rectangular Section

2- I Section:

3- Square of side a with its diagonal parallel to the zz-axis

4- Triangular section of base b and height h.

5- T-section

Note:

Behaviour of Beam in Flexure up to collapse:

Moment Curvature Analysis:
Curvature is proportional to M, i.e. as the moment increases curvature also

increases.
Note: Curvature at the location of plastic hinge is infinite and radius of

curvature is zero.
Curvature = 1/R & Curvature = ∞
Hinge length: Zone of Yielding (Mp to My)
Case-1 Concentrated load At Mid Span of Simply
Supported Beam
From similar triangle

𝑀𝑝 𝑀𝑦
=
𝐿⁄ 𝐿⁄ − 𝑥
2 2 2
𝑀𝑝 𝐿
=
𝑀𝑦 𝐿 − 𝑥
𝐿
𝑆𝐹 =
𝐿−𝑥
𝑳
𝒙=𝑳−
𝑺𝑭
𝟏
Hinge length = 𝑳 (𝟏 − 𝑺𝑭)
Note: Hinge length depends on
1. Type of loading (Point load, Uniformly Distributed load, Concentrated Moment)
2. Supporting system of beam (Simply Supported, Fixed)
3. Shape factor(S=Mp/Me)
4. Span of beam

Case-2 Uniformly distributed load on Span of Simply
Supported Beam
𝐿 𝑥
At 𝑍 = 2 − 2
𝐵𝑀 = 𝑀𝑦
𝜔𝑢𝐿 𝐿−𝑥 𝜔𝑢 𝐿−𝑥 2
𝑀𝑦 = 2
( 2
)− 2
( 2
) ……………………….. (i)
As we know that,
𝜔𝑢𝐿2
𝑀𝑃 =
8
8𝑀𝑝
𝜔𝑢 = 𝐿2
……………………….. (ii)
From equation (i) & (ii)
2𝑀𝑝 𝐿 𝐿−𝑥 8𝑀𝑝 1 𝐿−𝑥 2
𝑀𝑦 = ×2( )− ×2( )
𝐿2 2 𝐿2 2
𝑀𝑦 2 𝐿−𝑥 2
⇒ = (𝐿 − 𝑥) − ( )
𝑀𝑝 𝐿 𝐿
1 2𝑥 𝑥 2 2𝑥
⇒ =2− −1− 2 +
𝑆𝐹 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
1 𝑥2
⇒ = 1− 2
𝑆𝐹 𝐿
𝟏
⇒ 𝒙 = 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝑳√𝟏 −
𝑺𝑭

Conclusion:

Moment redistribution and Reserved strength of structure:
Reserved strength represents ratio of collapse load to load at which first fibre yields in structure.
𝑊𝑢
Reserved strength =
𝑊𝑦

Load factor:
It is the ratio of collapse load to working load.
Note: working load represents load corresponding to permissible stress reaches in any extreme
fibre.
𝑾𝒖 𝑴𝑷 𝒇𝒚 𝒁𝒑
Load factor = = = = 𝑭𝑶𝑺 × 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑾𝒘 𝑴𝒘 𝒇𝒘 𝒁𝒆
Where,
fw = permissible stress of material
Mw = working moment

Mechanism:
A just unstable structure due to formation of sufficient plastic hinges is called
Mechanism.

Types of Mechanism:
(a)Beam Mechanism: Takes place in simply supported, continuous, fixed beams etc.
(b) Sway Mechanism: Takes place in (c) Gable Mechanism:

Frames due to drifting of the column top joints. it is exhibited in gable frames.
(d) Joint Mechanism: Occurs where more (e) Combined Mechanism Ex. (Beam+Sway)
than two structural members meet. Plastic hinge is Any of the two independent mechanisms may be
formed in all the members at that joint. combined to form composite (combined) mechanism.

Possible locations of plastic Hinges: Not 100%
(a) Just under Point Load (b) At Fixed ends
(c) Intermediate Supports (d) Rigid Joints
(e) Cross-section change (f) Point of zero SF (BMmax)
Note:
Plastic hinges required for complete collapse:
Minimum no. of plastic hinge required for complete collapse = DSI+1
Note:
This much no. of hinge makes structure unstable because DSI becomes < 0.
No. of Independent Mechanism:
No. of Independent mechanism = total no. of possible plastic hinges – DSI
Conditions in plastic analysis:

(1) Equilibrium condition:
All the equilibrium conditions, i.e. summation of all the forces and moments
should be equal to zero.
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0, ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0, ∑𝑀𝑧 = 0
(2) Mechanism condition (continuity condition)
At the time of collapse structure always forms mechanism or becomes unstable.
Or
The structure at collapse must be capable of deforming as a mechanism due to
the formation of plastic hinges, i.e., the ultimate load is reached when a
mechanism forms.
(3) Yield Condition (Plastic Moment Condition):
At the time of collapse, nowhere in the structure, BM should be more than plastic
moment capacity of section (Mp) means M ≤ Mp
If all the three conditions are satisfied, a unique value, the lowest plastic limit
load, is obtained. However, if the equilibrium condition and any of the above
two, i.e., mechanism or yield conditions is satisfied an approximate value above
or below the true plastic limit load is obtained.
Theorem of Plastic Analysis:
1-Static method or lower bound method:
A load computed on the basis of equilibrium & yield condition then that
load will be either lower limit or true collapse load.
Trick: Max BM=Mp

2-Kinematic or upper bound theorem:(Generally we use This Method to find
collapse load or collapse moment)
A load computed on the basis of equilibrium and mechanism condition then
that load will be either maximum limit or true collapse load.
Note: Yield line theory of RCC is upper bound theorem.

3- Uniqueness theorem:
A load computed on the basis of equilibrium, mechanism and yield
condition then that load will be true collapse load.

Questions Based on Kinematic Theorems:
Special: if load at Mid then Collapse load=4Mp/L

Note:
Collapse Load= Min. load out of all mechanism cases
Collapse Moment= Max. moment out of all mechanism Cases

Collapse Load= Min. load out of all mechanism cases
Remember: Why Plastic Hinge not formed at B in combined mechanism:

Collapse Moment= Max. moment out of all mechanism Cases


Steel Structure DP Sir

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steel Structure DP Sir

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steel Structure DP Sir

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Under the Guidance of –

Join Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Join Steel Structure Course to Watch Lectures and Updated Tothepoint

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Example of Steel Structures:

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

5- Wind Mill 6-Roof Truss

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

From Steel Table what details we can get:

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Note: As per IS800:2007

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Bend Test: Use Mandril of Different diameter.

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Reinforcement used in RCC as per IS456:2000

High Strength Fe415 Fe500 Fe550 Fe600 Fe415D Fe500D Fe550D

Sr. No. Tests IS code

Size of Reinforcement…. Measure by Vernier Caliper

Weight Of steel Bar- Derivation –Consider a steel bar with a diameter of D

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Photographs of Rolled Sections:

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Round Bars Square Bars

Flat Bars Corrugated Sheets

Expanded Metal Plates

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Thermo-Mechanically Treated Welded Wire Fabrics

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

2. Serviceability: A structure should provide the service for which it is

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Types of limit state:

Examples: 1- Loss of Equilibrium means Equilibrium Condition (

) not satisfied Ex. Shade removal from Structure.

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Factors Governing Ultimate Strength:

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

3. Semi Rigid Joint:

Type III Classification:

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

Bracket connection Type II:

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal

For More Updates Join our Telegram Group: https://t.me/ToThePointByDhyanPal