5. Electricity and magnetism.

[158
marks]

1. Three resistors are connected as shown. What is the value of the total resistance [1 mark]
between X and Y?

A. 1.5 Ω
B. 1.9 Ω
C. 6.0 Ω
D. 8.0 Ω

Markscheme
A

2. A liquid that contains negative charge carriers is flowing through a square pipe with [1 mark]
sides A, B, C and D. A magnetic field acts in the direction shown across the pipe.
On which side of the pipe does negative charge accumulate?

Markscheme
A

Five resistors of equal resistance are connected to a cell as shown.

3. Five resistors of equal resistance are connected to a cell as shown. [1 mark]

What is correct about the power dissipated in the resistors?

A. The power dissipated is greatest in resistor X.
B. The power dissipated is greatest in resistor Y.
C. The power dissipated is greatest in resistor Z.
D. The power dissipated is the same in all resistors.

Markscheme
C

4. Two resistors X and Y are made of uniform cylinders of the same material. X and Y are [1 mark]
connected in series. X and Y are of equal length and the diameter of Y is twice the
diameter of X.

The resistance of Y is R.
What is the resistance of this series combination?
A.
5R
4

B.
3R
2

C. 3R
D. 5R

Markscheme
D

A cell with negligible internal resistance is connected as shown. The ammeter and the
5. A cell with negligible internal resistance is connected as shown. The ammeter and the [1 mark]
voltmeter are both ideal.

What changes occur in the ammeter reading and in the voltmeter reading when the resistance
of the variable resistor is increased?

Markscheme
C

6. An electron enters the region between two charged parallel plates initially moving [1 mark]
parallel to the plates.

The electromagnetic force acting on the electron

A. causes the electron to decrease its horizontal speed.
B. causes the electron to increase its horizontal speed.
C. is parallel to the field lines and in the opposite direction to them.
D. is perpendicular to the field direction.

Markscheme
C

A beam of electrons moves between the poles of a magnet.

7. A beam of electrons moves between the poles of a magnet. [1 mark]

What is the direction in which the electrons will be deflected?

A. Downwards
B. Towards the N pole of the magnet
C. Towards the S pole of the magnet
D. Upwards

Markscheme
D

8. A cell has an emf of 4.0 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω. The ideal voltmeter reads [1 mark]
3.2 V.

What is the resistance of R?

A. 0.8 Ω
B. 2.0 Ω
C. 4.0 Ω
D. 8.0 Ω

Markscheme
D

An ion of charge + Q moves vertically upwards through a small distance s in a uniform

9. An ion of charge + Q moves vertically upwards through a small distance s in a uniform [1 mark]
vertical electric field. The electric field has a strength E and its direction is shown in the
diagram.

What is the electric potential difference between the initial and final position of the ion?
EQ
A. s

B. EQs
C. Es
E
D. s

Markscheme
C

10. When an electric cell of negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor of [1 mark]
resistance 4R, the power dissipated in the resistor is P.
What is the power dissipated in a resistor of resistance value R when it is connected to the
same cell?
P
A. 4
B. P
C. 4P
D. 16 P

Markscheme
C

A cell of emf 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors as
11. A cell of emf 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors as [1 mark]
shown.
The resistors have resistance of 3.0 Ω and 6.0 Ω as shown.

What is the current in resistor X?

A. 0.40 A
B. 0.50 A
C. 1.0 A
D. 2.0 A

Markscheme
C

An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output voltage
 An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output voltage
V.

The following data are available for the conductor:

density of free electrons = 8.5 × 1022 cm −3
resistivity ρ = 1.7 × 10−8 Ωm
dimensions w × h × l = 0.020 cm × 0.020 cm × 10 cm.
The ammeter reading is 2.0 A.

12a. Calculate the resistance of the conductor. [2 marks]

Markscheme
0.10
1.7 × 10 –8 × 2
(0.02×10−2)

0.043 «Ω»
[2 marks]

Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s –1. State your
 –1.
12b. Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s State your [3 marks]
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Markscheme
I 2
v «= » =
neA 8.5×1022×1.60×10−19×0.022

0.368 «cms–1»
0.37 «cms–1»

Award [2 max] if answer is not expressed to 2 sf.

[3 marks]

An electron moves in circular motion in a uniform magnetic field.

The velocity of the electron at point P is 6.8 × 10 5 m s –1 in the direction shown.

The magnitude of the magnetic field is 8.5 T.

13a. State the direction of the magnetic field. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
out of the page plane / ⊙

Do not accept just “up” or “outwards”.

[1 mark]

13b. Calculate, in N, the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1.60 × 10–19 × 6.8 × 105 × 8.5 = 9.2 × 10 –13 «N»
[1 mark]

13c. Explain why the electron moves at constant speed. [1 mark]

Markscheme
the magnetic force does not do work on the electron hence does not change the electron’s
kinetic energy
OR
the magnetic force/acceleration is at right angles to velocity

[1 mark]

Explain why the electron moves on a circular path.

13d. Explain why the electron moves on a circular path. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the velocity of the electron is at right angles to the magnetic field
(therefore) there is a centripetal acceleration / force acting on the charge

OWTTE
[2 marks]

The diagram shows a potential divider circuit used to measure the emf E of a cell X. Both cells
have negligible internal resistance.

14a. State what is meant by the emf of a cell. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
the work done per unit charge
in moving charge from one terminal of a cell to the other / all the way round the circuit

Award [1] for “energy per unit charge provided by the cell”/“power per unit current”
Award [1] for “potential difference across the terminals of the cell when no current is
flowing”
Do not accept “potential difference across terminals of cell”
[2 marks]

AB is a wire of uniform cross-section and length 1.0 m. The resistance of wire AB is 80 Ω. When
the length of AC is 0.35 m the current in cell X is zero.

14b. Show that the resistance of the wire AC is 28 Ω. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the resistance is proportional to length / see 0.35 AND 1«.00»
so it equals 0.35 × 80
«= 28 Ω»
[2 marks]

14c. Determine E. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
12
current leaving 12 V cell is 80
= 0.15 «A»

OR
12
E= 80
× 28

E = «0.15 × 28 = » 4.2 «V»

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow a 1sf answer of 4 if it comes from a calculation.
Do not allow a bald answer of 4 «V»
Allow ECF from incorrect current
[2 marks]

15a. Calculate the resistance of the conductor. [2 marks]

Markscheme
0.10
1.7 × 10 –8 × 2
(0.02×10−2)

0.043 «Ω»
[2 marks]

An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output voltage
 An ohmic conductor is connected to an ideal ammeter and to a power supply of output voltage
V.

The following data are available for the conductor:

density of free electrons = 8.5 × 1022 cm −3
resistivity ρ = 1.7 × 10−8 Ωm
dimensions w × h × l = 0.020 cm × 0.020 cm × 10 cm.
The ammeter reading is 2.0 A.

–1.
15b. Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s [2 marks]

Markscheme
I 2
v «= » =
neA 8.5×1022×1.60×10−19×0.022

0.37 «cms–1»

[2 marks]

The electric field E inside the sample can be approximated as the uniform electric field between
 The electric field E inside the sample can be approximated as the uniform electric field between
two parallel plates.

15c. Determine the electric field strength E. [2 marks]

Markscheme
V = RI = 0.086 «V»
«
0.086
V
d
= 0.10
=» 0.86 «V m–1»

Allow ECF from 4(a).

Allow ECF from MP1.
[2 marks]

15d. Show that [3 marks]

1
v
E
= neρ .
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
clear use of Ohm’s Law ( V = IR)
ρL
clear use of R = A

combining with I = nAve and V = EL to reach result.

ALTERNATIVE 2
attempts to substitute values into equation.
correctly calculates LHS as 4.3 × 10 9.
correctly calculates RHS as 4.3 × 10 9.

For ALTERNATIVE 1 look for:

V = IR
ρL
R= A

V = EL
I = nAve
ρL
V=I A
ρL
EL = I A
ρ
E= IA

E = nAve
ρ
A
= nveρ
1
v
E
= neρ

[3 marks]

Hydrogen atoms in an ultraviolet (UV) lamp make transitions from the first excited state to the
 Hydrogen atoms in an ultraviolet (UV) lamp make transitions from the first excited state to the
ground state. Photons are emitted and are incident on a photoelectric surface as shown.

16a. Show that the energy of photons from the UV lamp is about 10 eV. [2 marks]

Markscheme
13.6
E1 = –13.6 «eV» E2 = – 4
= –3.4 «eV»

energy of photon is difference E2 – E1 = 10.2 «≈ 10 eV»

Must see at least 10.2 eV.

[2 marks]

The photons cause the emission of electrons from the photoelectric surface. The work function
 The photons cause the emission of electrons from the photoelectric surface. The work function
of the photoelectric surface is 5.1 eV.

16b. Calculate, in J, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. [2 marks]

Markscheme
10 – 5.1 = 4.9 «eV»
4.9 × 1.6 × 10 –19 = 7.8 × 10 –19 «J»

Allow 5.1 if 10.2 is used to give 8.2×10 −19 «J».

16c. Suggest, with reference to conservation of energy, how the variable voltage source [2 marks]
can be used to stop all emitted electrons from reaching the collecting plate.

Markscheme
EPE produced by battery
exceeds maximum KE of electrons / electrons don’t have enough KE

For first mark, accept explanation in terms of electric potential energy difference of
electrons between surface and plate.
[2 marks]
16d. The variable voltage can be adjusted so that no electrons reach the collecting plate. [1 mark]
Write down the minimum value of the voltage for which no electrons reach the
collecting plate.

Markscheme
4.9 «V»

Allow 5.1 if 10.2 is used in (b)(i).

Ignore sign on answer.
[1 mark]

The electric potential of the photoelectric surface is 0 V. The variable voltage is adjusted so that
the collecting plate is at –1.2 V.

16e. On the diagram, draw and label the equipotential lines at –0.4 V and –0.8 V. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
two equally spaced vertical lines (judge by eye) at approximately 1/3 and 2/3
labelled correctly

[2 marks]

16f. An electron is emitted from the photoelectric surface with kinetic energy 2.1 eV. [2 marks]
Calculate the speed of the electron at the collecting plate.

Markscheme
kinetic energy at collecting plate = 0.9 «eV»
speed = «
√ 2×0.9
−19
×1.6×10
» = 5.6 × 10 5 «ms–1»
9.11 10−31
×

Allow ECF from MP1

[2 marks]

State what is meant by the emf of a cell.

17a. State what is meant by the emf of a cell. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the work done per unit charge
in moving charge from one terminal of a cell to the other / all the way round the circuit

Award [1] for “energy per unit charge provided by the cell”/“power per unit current”
Award [1] for “potential difference across the terminals of the cell when no current is
flowing”
Do not accept “potential difference across terminals of cell”
[2 marks]

17b. Show that the resistance of the wire AC is 28 Ω. [2 marks]

Markscheme
the resistance is proportional to length / see 0.35 AND 1«.00»
so it equals 0.35 × 80
«= 28 Ω»
[2 marks]

Determine E.
17c. Determine E. [2 marks]

Markscheme
12
current leaving 12 V cell is 80
= 0.15 «A»

OR
12
E= 80
× 28

E = «0.15 × 28 = » 4.2 «V»

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow a 1sf answer of 4 if it comes from a calculation.
Do not allow a bald answer of 4 «V»
Allow ECF from incorrect current
[2 marks]

17d. Cell X is replaced by a second cell of identical emf E but with internal resistance 2.0 [2 marks]
Ω. Comment on the length of AC for which the current in the second cell is zero.

Markscheme
since the current in the cell is still zero there is no potential drop across the internal
resistance
and so the length would be the same

OWTTE
[2 marks]

A negatively charged thundercloud above the Earth’s surface may be modelled by a parallel
 A negatively charged thundercloud above the Earth’s surface may be modelled by a parallel
plate capacitor.

The lower plate of the capacitor is the Earth’s surface and the upper plate is the base of the
thundercloud.
The following data are available.

Area of thundercloud base = 1.2 × 108 m2

Charge on thundercloud base = −25 C
Distance of thundercloud base from Earth's surface = 1600 m
Permittivity of air = 8.8 × 10−12 F m−1

18a. Show that the capacitance of this arrangement is C = 6.6 × 10 –7 F. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C = «ε
A 1.2×108
d
=» 8.8 × 10 –12 × 1600

«C = 6.60 × 10 –7 F»
[1 mark]

18b. Calculate in V, the potential difference between the thundercloud and the Earth’s [2 marks]
surface.
 Markscheme
V=«
Q 25
=»
C 6.6×10−7

V = 3.8 × 10 7 «V»

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

[2 marks]

18c. Calculate in J, the energy stored in the system. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
E=«
1 1
2
QV =» 2
× 25 × 3.8 × 107

E = 4.7 × 10 8 «J»
ALTERNATIVE 2
E=«
1 1
2
CV2 =» 2
× 6.60 × 10–7 × (3.8 × 10 7)2

E = 4.7 × 10 8 «J» / 4.8 × 10 8 «J» if rounded value of V used

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow ECF from (b)(i)

[2 marks]

Lightning takes place when the capacitor discharges through the air between the thundercloud
 Lightning takes place when the capacitor discharges through the air between the thundercloud
and the Earth’s surface. The time constant of the system is 32 ms. A lightning strike lasts for 18
ms.

18d. Show that about –11 C of charge is delivered to the Earth’s surface. [3 marks]

Markscheme
18
Q = «Q0 e− τ =» 25 × e− 32
t

Q = 14.2 «C»
charge delivered = Q = 25 – 14.2 = 10.8 «C»
«≈ –11 C»

Final answer must be given to at least 3 significant figures

[3 marks]

18e. Calculate, in A, the average current during the discharge. [1 mark]

Markscheme
I «=
ΔQ 11
Δt
= » ≈ 610 «A»
18×10−3

Accept an answer in the range 597 − 611 «A»

[1 mark]

State one assumption that needs to be made so that the Earth-thundercloud

18f. State one assumption that needs to be made so that the Earth-thundercloud [1 mark]
system may be modelled by a parallel plate capacitor.

Markscheme
the base of the thundercloud must be parallel to the Earth surface
OR
the base of the thundercloud must be flat
OR
the base of the cloud must be very long «compared with the distance from the surface »
[1 mark]

19a. Bohr modified the Rutherford model by introducing the condition mvr = n h . Outline [3 marks]
2π
the reason for this modification.

Markscheme
the electrons accelerate and so radiate energy
they would therefore spiral into the nucleus/atoms would be unstable
electrons have discrete/only certain energy levels
the only orbits where electrons do not radiate are those that satisfy the Bohr condition «mvr
=n
h
2π
»

[3 marks]

Show that the speed v of an electron in the hydrogen atom is related to the radius r of
19b. Show that the speed v of an electron in the hydrogen atom is related to the radius r of [1 mark]
the orbit by the expression

v=√
ke2
me r

where k is the Coulomb constant.

Markscheme
me v 2 ke2
r = r2
OR
1 1 1 ke2
KE = 2
PE hence m v2
2 e
= 2 r

«solving for v to get answer»

Answer given – look for correct working

[1 mark]

19c. Using the answer in (b) and (c)(i), deduce that the radius r of the electron’s orbit in the [2 marks]
ground state of hydrogen is given by the following expression.

h2
r=
4π 2 kme e2
 Markscheme
combining v = √ m
ke 2 h
r with mevr =
e 2π
using correct substitution

«eg
2 h2
me2 mkeer r2 = 4π2
»

correct algebraic manipulation to gain the answer

Answer given – look for correct working

Do not allow a bald statement of the answer for MP2. Some further working eg cancellation
of m or r must be shown
[2 marks]

19d. Calculate the electron’s orbital radius in (c)(ii). [1 mark]

Markscheme
«r=
2
(6.63×10−34)
2 »
4π2×8.99×109×9.11×10−31×(1.6×10−19)

r = 5.3 × 10 –11 «m»

[1 mark]

106 Rh 106 Pd –
 Rhodium-106 ( 106 106 –
45 Rh) decays into palladium-106 ( 46 Pd) by beta minus ( β ) decay. The
diagram shows some of the nuclear energy levels of rhodium-106 and palladium-106. The arrow
represents the β– decay.

19e. Explain what may be deduced about the energy of the electron in the β– decay. [3 marks]

Markscheme
the energy released is 3.54 – 0.48 = 3.06 «MeV»
this is shared by the electron and the antineutrino
so the electron’s energy varies from 0 to 3.06 «MeV»
[3 marks]

19f. Suggest why the β– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon. [1 mark]

Markscheme
the palladium nucleus emits the photon when it decays into the ground state «from the
excited state»
[1 mark]

Calculate the wavelength of the gamma ray photon in (d)(ii).

19g. Calculate the wavelength of the gamma ray photon in (d)(ii). [2 marks]

Markscheme
Photon energy
E = 0.48 × 10 6 × 1.6 × 10–19 = «7.68 × 10 –14 J»
λ=«
6.63×10−34×3×108
hc
= =» 2.6 × 10 –12 «m»
E 7.68×10−14

Award [2] for a bald correct answer

Allow ECF from incorrect energy
[2 marks]

20. In the circuit shown, the fixed resistor has a value of 3 Ω and the variable resistor can [1 mark]
be varied between 0 Ω and 9 Ω.

The power supply has an emf of 12 V and negligible internal resistance. What is the
difference between the maximum and minimum values of voltage V across the 3 Ω resistor?
A. 3 V
B. 6 V
C. 9 V
D. 12 V

Markscheme
C

Kirchhoff’s laws are applied to the circuit shown.

21. Kirchhoff’s laws are applied to the circuit shown. [1 mark]

What is the equation for the dotted loop?

A. 0 = 3I2 + 4I3
B. 0 = 4I3 − 3I2
C. 6 = 2I1 + 3I2 + 4I3
D. 6 = 3I2 + 4I3

Markscheme
B

22. With reference to internal energy conversion and ability to be recharged, what are [1 mark]
the characteristics of a primary cell?

Markscheme
B

The diagram shows two current-carrying wires, P and Q, that both lie in the plane of the
23. The diagram shows two current-carrying wires, P and Q, that both lie in the plane of the [1 mark]
paper. The arrows show the conventional current direction in the wires.

The electromagnetic force on Q is in the same plane as that of the wires. What is the direction
of the electromagnetic force acting on Q?

Markscheme
A

24. Two wires, X and Y, are made from the same metal. The wires are connected in [1 mark]
series. The radius of X is twice that of Y. The carrier drift speed in X is vX and in Y it is
vY.

vX
What is the value of the ratio vY ?

A. 0.25
B. 0.50
C. 2.00
D. 4.00

Markscheme
A

The diagram shows the magnetic field surrounding two current-carrying metal wires P
25. The diagram shows the magnetic field surrounding two current-carrying metal wires P [1 mark]
and Q. The wires are parallel to each other and at right angles to the plane of the page.

What is the direction of the electron flow in P and the direction of the electron flow in Q?

Markscheme
B

Electrical resistors can be made by forming a thin film of carbon on a layer of an insulating
material.

A carbon film resistor is made from a film of width 8.0 mm and of thickness 2.0 µm. The diagram
shows the direction of charge flow through the resistor.

26a. The resistance of the carbon film is 82 Ω. The resistivity of carbon is 4.1 x 10 –5 Ω m. [1 mark]
Calculate the length l of the film.
 Markscheme
RA 82×8×10−3×2×10−6
«l = = »
ρ 4.1×10−5

0.032 «m»

26b. The film must dissipate a power less than 1500 W from each square metre of its [2 marks]
surface to avoid damage. Calculate the maximum allowable current for the resistor.

Markscheme
power = 1500 × 8 × 10 –3 × 0.032 «= 0.384»

«current ≤ √ resistance = √ 0.384

power
82
»

0.068 «A»

Be aware of ECF from (a)(i)

Award [1] for 4.3 «A» where candidate has not calculated area

26c. State why knowledge of quantities such as resistivity is useful to scientists. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
quantities such as resistivity depend on the material
OR
they allow the selection of the correct material
OR
they allow scientists to compare properties of materials

26d. The current direction is now changed so that charge flows vertically through the film. [2 marks]

Deduce, without calculation, the change in the resistance.

Markscheme
as area is larger and length is smaller
resistance is «very much» smaller
Award [1 max] for answers that involve a calculation

Draw a circuit diagram to show how you could measure the resistance of the carbon-
26e. Draw a circuit diagram to show how you could measure the resistance of the carbon- [2 marks]
film resistor using a potential divider arrangement to limit the potential difference
across the resistor.

Markscheme
complete functional circuit with ammeter in series with resistor and voltmeter across it
potential divider arrangement correct
eg:

There is a proposal to power a space satellite X as it orbits the Earth. In this model, X is
 There is a proposal to power a space satellite X as it orbits the Earth. In this model, X is
connected by an electronically-conducting cable to another smaller satellite Y.

27a. Satellite X orbits 6600 km from the centre of the Earth. [2 marks]
Mass of the Earth = 6.0 x 10 24 kg
Show that the orbital speed of satellite X is about 8 km s –1.

Markscheme
«v = √ = √ 6.67×10
−11
GM E ×6.0×1024
r » 6600×103

7800 «m s –1»
Full substitution required
Must see 2+ significant figures.

Satellite Y orbits closer to the centre of Earth than satellite X. Outline why

27b. the orbital times for X and Y are different. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
Y has smaller orbit/orbital speed is greater so time period is less
Allow answer from appropriate equation
Allow converse argument for X

27c. satellite Y requires a propulsion system. [2 marks]

Markscheme
to stop Y from getting ahead
to remain stationary with respect to X
otherwise will add tension to cable/damage satellite/pull X out of its orbit

The cable between the satellites cuts the magnetic field lines of the Earth at right
27d. The cable between the satellites cuts the magnetic field lines of the Earth at right [3 marks]
angles.

Explain why satellite X becomes positively charged.

Markscheme
cable is a conductor and contains electrons
electrons/charges experience a force when moving in a magnetic field
use of a suitable hand rule to show that satellite Y becomes negative «so X becomes
positive»
Alternative 2
cable is a conductor
so current will flow by induction flow when it moves through a B field
use of a suitable hand rule to show current to right so «X becomes positive»
Marks should be awarded from either one alternative or the other.
Do not allow discussion of positive charges moving towards X

Satellite X must release ions into the space between the satellites. Explain why
27e. Satellite X must release ions into the space between the satellites. Explain why [3 marks]
the current in the cable will become zero unless there is a method for transferring
charge from X to Y.

Markscheme
electrons would build up at satellite Y/positive charge at X
preventing further charge flow
by electrostatic repulsion
unless a complete circuit exists

27f. The magnetic field strength of the Earth is 31 µT at the orbital radius of the [2 marks]
satellites. The cable is 15 km in length. Calculate the emf induced in the cable.

Markscheme
«ε = Blv =» 31 x 10 –6 x 7990 x 15000
3600 «V»
Allow 3700 «V» from v = 8000 m s –1.

The cable acts as a spring. Satellite Y has a mass m of 3.5 x 10 2 kg. Under certain
 The cable acts as a spring. Satellite Y has a mass m of 3.5 x 10 2 kg. Under certain
circumstances, satellite Y will perform simple harmonic motion (SHM) with a period T of 5.2 s.

27g. Estimate the value of k in the following expression. [3 marks]

T = 2π√ m
k

Give an appropriate unit for your answer. Ignore the mass of the cable and any oscillation of
satellite X.

Markscheme
4π2m 4×π2×350
use of k = «
T2
=»
5.22

510
N m–1 or kg s–2
Allow MP1 and MP2 for a bald correct answer
Allow 500
Allow N/m etc.

27h. Describe the energy changes in the satellite Y-cable system during one cycle of the [2 marks]
oscillation.
 Markscheme
Ep in the cable/system transfers to Ek of Y
and back again twice in each cycle
Exclusive use of gravitational potential energy negates MP1

A non-uniform electric field, with field lines as shown, exists in a region where there is no
gravitational field. X is a point in the electric field. The field lines and X lie in the plane of the
paper.

28a. Outline what is meant by electric field strength. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force per unit charge
acting on a small/test positive charge

28b. An electron is placed at X and released from rest. Draw, on the diagram, the [1 mark]
direction of the force acting on the electron due to the field.
 Markscheme
horizontally to the left
Arrow does not need to touch X

28c. The electron is replaced by a proton which is also released from rest at X. Compare, [4 marks]
without calculation, the motion of the electron with the motion of the proton after
release. You may assume that no frictional forces act on the electron or the proton.

Markscheme
proton moves to the right/they move in opposite directions
force on each is initially the same
proton accelerates less than electron initially «because mass is greater»
field is stronger on right than left «as lines closer»
proton acceleration increases «as it is moving into stronger field»
OR
electron acceleration decreases «as it is moving into weaker field»
Allow ECF from (b)
Accept converse argument for electron

An electrical circuit is used during an experiment to measure the current I in a variable resistor
 An electrical circuit is used during an experiment to measure the current I in a variable resistor
of resistance R. The emf of the cell is e and the cell has an internal resistance r.

1
A graph shows the variation of I
with R.

29a. Show that the gradient of the graph is equal to 1 [2 marks]

e.

Markscheme
«ε = IR + Ir»
1
I
= R
ε + r
ε

identifies equation with y = mx + c

1
«hence m = ε»
No mark for stating data booklet equation
Do not accept working where r is ignored or ε = IR is used
OWTTE

State the value of the intercept on the R axis.

29b. State the value of the intercept on the R axis. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«–» r
Allow answer in words

30. Two pulses are travelling towards each other. [1 mark]

What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses overlap?

Markscheme
A

The graph shows the variation of current with potential difference for a filament lamp.
31. The graph shows the variation of current with potential difference for a filament lamp. [1 mark]

What is the resistance of the filament when the potential difference across it is 6.0 V?
A. 0.5 mΩ
B. 1.5 mΩ
C. 670 Ω
D. 2000 Ω

Markscheme
C

32. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 2.5 MV. What is the change [1 mark]
in kinetic energy of the electron?
A. 0.4µJ
B. 0.4 nJ
C. 0.4 pJ
D. 0.4 fJ

Markscheme
C

33. A cell is connected in series with a resistor and supplies a current of 4.0 A for a time of [1 mark]
500 s. During this time, 1.5 kJ of energy is dissipated in the cell and 2.5 kJ of energy is
dissipated in the resistor.
What is the emf of the cell?
A. 0.50 V
B. 0.75 V
C. 1.5 V
D. 2.0 V
 Markscheme
D

34. An electron travelling at speed v perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B [1 mark]

experiences a force F.
What is the force acting on an alpha particle travelling at 2 v parallel to a magnetic field of
strength 2B?
A. 0
B. 2F
C. 4F
D. 8F

Markscheme
A

35. The diagram shows two equal and opposite charges that are fixed in place. [1 mark]

At which points is the net electric field directed to the right?

A. X and Y only
B. Z and Y only
C. X and Z only
D. X, Y and Z

Markscheme
C

A wire has variable cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area at Y is double that at
36. A wire has variable cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area at Y is double that at [1 mark]
X.

At X, the current in the wire is I and the electron drift speed is v. What is the current and the
electron drift speed at Y?

Markscheme
B

37. A circuit contains a cell of electromotive force (emf) 9.0 V and internal resistance 1.0 Ω [1 mark]
together with a resistor of resistance 4.0 Ω as shown. The ammeter is ideal. XY is a
connecting wire.

What is the reading of the ammeter?

A. 0 A
B. 1.8 A
C. 9.0 A
D. 11 A

Markscheme
C

A positively-charged particle moves parallel to a wire that carries a current upwards.

38. A positively-charged particle moves parallel to a wire that carries a current upwards. [1 mark]

What is the direction of the magnetic force on the particle?

A. To the left
B. To the right
C. Into the page
D. Out of the page

Markscheme
A

39. Electrons, each with a charge e, move with speed v along a metal wire. The electric [1 mark]
current in the wire is I.

Plane P is perpendicular to the wire. How many electrons pass through plane P in each
second?
e
A. I
ve
B. I
I
C. ve
I
D. e

Markscheme
D

Positive charge is uniformly distributed on a semi-circular plastic rod. What is the

40. Positive charge is uniformly distributed on a semi-circular plastic rod. What is the [1 mark]
direction of the electric field strength at point S?

Markscheme
B

41. The diagram shows the path of a particle in a region of uniform magnetic field. The field [1 mark]
is directed into the plane of the page.

This particle could be

A. an alpha particle.
B. a beta particle.
C. a photon.
D. a neutron.

Markscheme
A

A heater in an electric shower has a power of 8.5 kW when connected to a 240 V electrical
 A heater in an electric shower has a power of 8.5 kW when connected to a 240 V electrical
supply. It is connected to the electrical supply by a copper cable.
The following data are available:
Length of cable = 10 m
Cross-sectional area of cable = 6.0 mm 2
Resistivity of copper = 1.7 × 10 –8 Ω m

42a. Calculate the current in the copper cable. [1 mark]

Markscheme
3
I «= 8.5240
×10
» =35«A»

42b. Calculate the resistance of the cable. [2 marks]

Markscheme
1.7×10−8×10
R=
6.0×10−6
= 0.028 «Ω»

Allow missed powers of 10 for MP1.

Explain, in terms of electrons, what happens to the resistance of the cable as the
42c. Explain, in terms of electrons, what happens to the resistance of the cable as the [3 marks]
temperature of the cable increases.

Markscheme
«as temperature increases» there is greater vibration of the metal atoms/lattice/lattice ions
OR
increased collisions of electrons

drift velocity decreases «so current decreases»

«as V constant so» R increases

Award [0] for suggestions that the speed of electrons increases so resistance decreases.

42d. The heater changes the temperature of the water by 35 K. The specific heat capacity [4 marks]
of water is 4200 J kg–1 K–1.
Determine the rate at which water flows through the shower. State an appropriate unit for your
answer.
 Markscheme
recognition that power = flow rate × cΔ T
power 8.5×103
flow rate « = cΔT
» = 4200×35

= 0.058 «kg s –1»

kg s−1 / g s −1 / l s −1 / ml s −1 / m 3 s−1

Allow MP4 if a bald flow rate unit is stated. Do not allow imperial units.

43a. State the quark structures of a meson and a baryon. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Meson: quark-antiquark pair
Baryon: 3 quarks

Λ0
 A possible decay of a lambda particle ( Λ0 ) is shown by the Feynman diagram.

43b. Explain which interaction is responsible for this decay. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Alternative 1
strange quark changes «flavour» to an up quark
changes in quarks/strangeness happen only by the weak interaction

Alternative 2
Strangeness is not conserved in this decay «because the strange quark changes to an up
quark»
Strangeness is not conserved during the weak interaction

Do not allow a bald answer of weak interaction.

43c. Draw arrow heads on the lines representing ū and d in the π − . [1 mark]
 Markscheme
arrows drawn in the direction shown

Both needed for [1] mark.

43d. Identify the exchange particle in this decay. [1 mark]

Markscheme
W−

Do not allow W or W +.

43e. Outline one benefit of international cooperation in the construction or use of high- [1 mark]
energy particle accelerators.

Markscheme
it lowers the cost to individual nations, as the costs are shared
international co-operation leads to international understanding OR historical example of co-
operation OR co-operation always allows science to proceed
large quantities of data are produced that are more than one institution/research group can
handle co-operation allows effective analysis

Any one.
 A cable consisting of many copper wires is used to transfer electrical energy from a generator to
an electrical load. The copper wires are protected by an insulator.

44a. The copper wires and insulator are both exposed to an electric field. Discuss, with [3 marks]
reference to charge carriers, why there is a significant electric current only in the
copper wires.

Markscheme
when an electric field is applied to any material «using a cell etc» it acts to accelerate any
free electrons
electrons are the charge carriers «in copper»
Accept “free/valence/delocalised electrons”.
metals/copper have many free electrons whereas insulators have few/no free
electrons/charge carriers

The cable consists of 32 copper wires each of length 35 km. Each wire has a resistance of 64
 The cable consists of 32 copper wires each of length 35 km. Each wire has a resistance of 64
Ω. The resistivity of copper is 1.7 x 10–8 Ω m.

44b. Calculate the radius of each wire. [2 marks]

Markscheme
1.7×10−3×35×103
area = 64
«= 9.3 x 10 –6 m 2»

44c. There is a current of 730 A in the cable. Show that the power loss in 1 m of the cable [2 marks]
is about 30 W.

Markscheme
«resistance of cable = 2Ω»
power dissipated in cable = 730 2 x 2 «= 1.07 MW»
1.07×10−6
power loss per meter = or 30.6 «W m –1»
35×103

Allow [2] for a solution where the resistance per unit metre is calculated using resistivity
and answer to (b)(i) (resistance per unit length of cable =5.7 x 10–5 m)

When the current is switched on in the cable the initial rate of rise of temperature of
 44d. When the current is switched on in the cable the initial rate of rise of temperature of [2 marks]
the cable is 35 mK s–1. The specific heat capacity of copper is 390 J kg –1 K–
1. Determine the mass of a length of one metre of the cable.

Markscheme
30 = m x 390 x 3.5 x 10 –2
2.2 k«g»

Correct answer only.

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