University of Mumbai

A.Y. 2023 - 2024

(RC Water Sprinkler)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements.

of the Mini-Project II -A for Third Year of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

by

(FAKI ZIYAAN SAJID- 222M006)

(SAYED ARMAAN GULAM ASGAR- 222M020)
(KAZI IBRAHIM RAFIQ – 222M023)
(MALIM HUZAIFA SALIM- 222M027)

Guide:
(Dr. AMOL KHATKHATE)
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rizvi College of Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini-project entitled “REMOTE CONTROL WATER
SPRINKLER” is submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the Mini-Project 2 for Third Year of the Bachelor of Engineering in
“Mechanical Engineering”.

(FAKI ZIYAAN SAJID- 222M006)

(SAYED ARMAAN GULAM ASGAR- 222M020)
(KAZI IBRAHIM RAFIQ – 222M023)
(MALIM HUZAIFA SALIM- 222M027)

_______________ Prof. ______________

(Dr. AMOL KHATKHATE) (External Examiner)
Guide

_______________ ______________
Dr. Keshav Jatakar Dr. Varsha Shah
Head of Department Principal
Mechanical Engineering Rizvi College of Engineering
 Declaration
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in my submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.

___________________
(FAKI ZIYAAN SAJID & 222M006)

___________________
(SAYED ARMAAN GULAM ASGAR& 222M020)

___________________
(KAZI IBRAHIM RAFIQ & 222M023)

___________________
(MALIM HUZAIFA SALIM & 222M027)

Place: ___________________
Date: ___________________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We own a great many thanks to the almighty in fulfilment of car project, "RC WATER
SPRINKLER". Secondly, so many great personnel who helped us during publication of this
book. I convey my deepest thanks to the lecturers, and a special thanks to our final year
project guide DR. AMOL KHATKHATE for guiding and correcting various documents of
mine with proper care and attention He has taken the responsibility to go through the initial
phase of our project until it was filmed.

I express my deepest sense of gratitude to our H.O. D DR. KESHAV JATAKAR and DEAN
PROF.AMEYA NADKARNI for support and guidance. Thanks to helpful people of our
institution for their support.

I would also like to thanks to my institution, my faculty members, and my friends without
whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my
family and well-wishers.

We are highly obliged. We would like to thank our parents for their understanding and
support during this span Financial from our parents is a great acknowledgement. Many, many
thanks to our group members for their patience and encouragement towards the project.

Place: Mumbai
Date:

ABSTRACT

Sprinkling BOT is a 35 -component Electro- Mechanical Kit which allows you to construct
an all-terrain drive irrigation vehicle.

The vehicle is powered through four DC geared motors and supports a steering mechanism
which can provide accurate and advanced steering controls to the user.

The robotic vehicle is loaded with water tanker and a pump which is controlled over wireless
communication to throw water.

The vehicle offers enough space for on-board mounting of up to three 4v/1.5Ah lead acid
battery along with other electronic kits. The structure is very robust with good load bearing
capacity.

The assembled robotic tank measures 250mm X 230 X 160mm (LxWxH).

Moreover, it offers 30mm ground clearance.

Keywords: Mechanisms, DC motor, pump nozzle RC circuit, 12V battery, etc

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Caption Page No.

List of Figures 5

List of Tables 6

Chapter 1 7
Introduction
1.1 Aim of Project 8
1.2 Organization of Report 9

Chapter 2 10
Methodology
2.1 Methods of their applications 11
2.2 Material 12
2.3 PCB Making
2.4 Assembly of Motor and other equipment
2.5 Arduino

Chapter 3 36
Result and Discussion
3.1 Software results (Arduino)
3.2 Summary on the results obtained (PCB Making)

Chapter 4 40
Costing
Conclusion
4.1 Summary 41
4.2 Future scope of the project
References 42
 Chapter 1

Introduction

An Irrigation sprinkler is a device used to irrigate agricultural crops, lawns, landscapes. Golf
courses, and other areas. They are also used for cooling. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of
applying irrigation water which is like natural rainfall Water is distributed through a system
of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks
up into small water drops which fall so the round. The pump valves, distribution pipes, and
sprinklers are generally designed to apply water as uniformly as possible.

Most irrigation sprinklers are used as part of a sprinkler system, consisting of various
plumbing parts, pump unit piping and control equipment. This sprinkler system was
programmed to to drench unsuspecting sleepers at random times during the night. Local
businessmen soon copied this system to drive homeless people away from public sidewalks
adjacent to their businesses.

In 2017, it was reported that use of common garden hoses in combination with spray nozzles
may generate aerosols containing droplets smaller than 10 am, which can be inhaled by
nearby people. Water stagnating in a bose between unes, especially when warmed by the sun,
can host the growth and interaction of Legionella and free-living amochae (FLA) as biofilms
on the inner surface of the hose, Clinical cases of Legionnaires disease or Pontiac fever have
been found to be associated with inhalation of garden hose acrosols containing Legionella s
bacteria. The report provides measured microbial densities resulting from controlled hose
conditions to quantify the human health risks. The densities of Legionella spp. identified in
two types of hoses were found to be like those reported during legionella's outbreaks from
other causes It is proposed that the risk could be mitigated by draining hoses after use.
Aim of the project

Our project aims to give a better innovation to sprinkler system used in irrigation and to
provide a Re controller which can provide a sitting work to farmers Sprinklers that spray in a
fixed pattem are generally called sprays or spray heads. Sprays are not usually designed to
operate at pressures, due to misting problems that may develop. Higher pressure sprinklers
that themselves move in a circle are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism
(impact sprinklers). These can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle.

Rain guns are like impact sprinkler, except that they generally operate at very high pressures
of 40 to 130 lbf/in2 (275 to 900 kPa) and flows of 50 to 1200 US gal/min (3 to 76 L/s),
usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to 1.9 inches (10 to 50 mm). In addition to
irrigation, guns are used for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging.

Many irrigation sprinklers are buried in the ground along with their supporting plumbing.
although above ground and moving sprinklers are also common Most irrigation sprinklers
operate through electric and hydraulic technology and are grouped together in zones that can
be collectively turned on and off by actuating a solenoid-controlled valve.
1.2 Organization of Report

Home lawn sprinklers vary widely in their size, cost, and complexity. They include impact
sprinklers, oscillating sprinklers, drip sprinklers, and underground sprinkler systems. Small
sprinklers are available at home and garden stores or hardware stores for small costs. These
are often attached to an outdoce water faucet and are placed only temporarily. Other systems
may be professionally installed permanently in the ground and are attached permanently to a
home's plumbing system. An ingenious domestic sprinkler made by Nomad called a 'set-and
forget tractor sprinkler' was used in Australia in the 1950s. Water pressure ensured that the
sprinkler slowly moved across a lawn.

Permanently installed systems may often operate on timers or other automated processes.
They are occasionally installed with retractable heads for aesthetic and practical reasons
(making damage during lawn mowing or other maintenance less likely). These often are
programmed to operate at certain times of day or on some other schedule.
 Chapter 2

Methodology

Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is like natural rainfall
Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping It is then sprayed into the
air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. The
pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions must be designed to enable a
uniform application of water.

Suitable crops

Sprinkler irrigation is suited for most row, field and tree crops and water can be sprayed over
or under the crop canopy. However, large sprinklers are not recommended for irrigation of
delicate crops such lettuce because the large water drops produced by the sprinklers may
damage the crop.

Suitable slopes

Sprinkler irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope, whether uniform or undulating. The
lateral pipes supplying water to the sprinklers should always be laid out along the land
contour whenever possible. This will minimize the pressure changes at the sprinklers and
provide a uniform irrigation.
Suitable soils

Sprinklers are best suited to sandy soils with high infiltration rates although they are
adaptable to most soils. The average application rate from the sprinklers (in mm/hour) is
always chosen to be less than the basic infiltration rate of the soil (see Annex 2) so that
surface ponding and runoff can be avoided. Sprinklers are not suitable for soils which easily
form a crust. If sprinkler irrigation is the only method available, then light fine sprays should
be used. The larger sprinklers producing larger water droplets are to be avoided.

5.1.4 Suitable irrigation water

A good clean supply of water, free of suspended sediments, is required to avoid problems of
sprinkler nozzle blockage and spoiling the crop by coating it with sediment.

5.2 Sprinkler System Layout

A typical sprinkler irrigation system consists of the following components:

Materials

1) Fibre Base: Spray Heads, Jets & Foggers are used to maintain humidity or
temperature control in greenhouse, shade house. Spray Heads, Jets & Foggers are
manufactured from good quality virgin raw material, easy to install, reliable
performance are some of the common features of our fogger and misters. It can be
supplied with Leakage Prevention Device (LPD) for pulsed operation and to prevent
low head drainage. Ideal for plant propagation, recommended for climate control in
Greenhouse/Shade house. Suitable for crops which require maintaining microclimate
in the canopy area.

Photo of model from above

The components of portable sprinkler system are shown through fig 3. A sprinkler system
usually consists of the following components (1) A pump unit (b) Tubing’s- main/submains
and laterals (iii) Couplers (iv) Sprinkler head (v) Other accessories such as valves, bends,
plugs and risers.

2) Pumping Unit: Sprinkler irrigation systems distribute water by spraying it over the
fields. The water is pumped under pressure to the fields. The pressure forces the water
through sprinklers or through perforations or nozzles in pipelines and then forms a
spray. A high speed centrifugal or turbine pump can be used for operating sprinkler
irrigation for individual fields. Centrifugal pump is used when the distance from the
pump inlet to the water surface is less than eight meters. For pumping water from
deep wells or more than eight meters, a turbine pump is suggested. The driving unit
may be either an electric motor or an internal combustion engine.
(ii) Tubings: Mains/submains and laterals: The tubing’s consist of mainline, submanins
and laterals. Main line conveys water from the source and distributes it to the submains.
The submains convey water to the laterals which in turn supply water to the sprinklers.
Aluminium or PVC pipes are generally used for portable systems, while steel pipes are
usually used for centre-pivot laterals. Asbestos, cement, PVC, and wrapped steel are
usually used for buried laterals and main lines.

(iii) Couplers: Couplers are used for connecting two pipes and uncoupling quickly and
easily. Essentially a coupler should provide (a) a reuse and flexible connection (b) not
leak at the joint (c) be simple and easy to couple and uncouple (d) be light, non-corrosive,
durable. (iv) Sprinkler Head: Sprinkler head distribute water uniformly over the field
without runoff or excessive loss due to deep percolation. Different types of sprinklers are
available. They are either rotating or fixed type. The rotating type can be adapted for a
wide range of application rates and spacing. They are effective with pressure of about 10
to 70 m head at the sprinkler. Pressures ranging from 16 to 40 m head are considered the
most practical for most farmers. Fig.4 Sprinkler head Fixed head sprinklers are commonly
used to irrigate small lawns and gardens. Perforated lateral lines are sometimes used as
sprinklers. They require less pressure than rotating sprinklers. They release more water
per unit area than rotating sprinklers. Hence fixed head sprinklers are adaptable for soils
with high intake rate. 2

3) Fittings and accessories: The following are some of the important fittings and
accessories used in sprinkler system. (a) Water meters: It is used to measure the
volume of water delivered. This is necessary to operate the system to give the
required quantity of water. (b) Flange, couplings, and nipple used for proper
connection to the pump, suction, and delivery.
 12V Battery:

Battery photo

An automotive battery is a rechargeable battery that supplies electrical current to a motor

vehicle. Its main purpose is to feed the starter, which starts the engine. Once the engine is
running, power for the car's electrical systems is supplied by the alternator. Typically,
starting discharges less than three per cent of the battery capacity. SLI (Starting. Lighting
and Ignition) batteries are designed to release a high burst of current and then be quickly.

recharged. They are not designed for deep discharge, and a full discharge can reduce the
battery's lifespan.

As well as starting the engine an S.1 battery supplies the extra power necessary when the
vehicle's electrical requirements exceed the supply from the charging system. It is also a
stabilizer, evening out potentially damaging voltage spikes While the engine is running.
most of the power is provided by the alternator, which includes a voltage regulator to
keep the output between 13.5 and 14.5 V. Modern SLI batteries are lead-acid type, using
six series-connected cells to provide a nominal 12-volt system (in most passenger
vehicles and light trucks), or twelve cells for a 24-volt system in heavy trucks or earth-
moving equipment.
15) Remote Controller:

RF Module Transmitter & Receiver

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is
known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly,

signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range
applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel
even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission
is stronger and more reliable than IR transmission RF communication uses a specific
frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The

transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected
at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps-10Kbps. The transmitted data is
received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.
DC Motor

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of
current flow in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first type widely used since they could be powered from existing
direct cament lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled
over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances The
universal motor can operate on direct current hat is a lightweight motor used for portable
power tools and appliances Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics
has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
6) Nuts and bolts and other accessories:

Basic working element used in fixing of two components and any other fixing usage. Its
generally a mechanical equipment and has a great importance in temporary joining.
 2.2 Method

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Introduction

In the sprinkler method of irrigation, water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on
the ground surface somewhat resembling rainfall .The spray is developed by the flow of
water under pressure through small orifices or nozzles. The pressure is usually obtained
by pumping with careful selection of nozzle sizes, operating pressure and sprinkler
spacing the amount of irrigation water required to refill the crop root zone can be applied
nearly uniform at the rate to suit the infiltration rate of soil.

Advantages of sprinkler

 Imigation Elimination of the channels for conveyatice, therefore no conveyance

loss Suitable to all types of sod except heavy clay Suitable for imigating crops
where the plant population per unit area is very high.

 It is most suitable for oil seeds and other cereal and vegetable crops Water saving
Closer control of water application convenient for giving light and frequent
irrigation and higher water application efficiency Increase in yield Mobility of
system.

 May also be used for undulating area Saves land as no hunds etc. are required
Influences greater conducive micro-climate Areas located at a higher elevation
than the source can be irrigated.
  Possibility of using soluble fertilizers and chemicals Less problem of clogging of
sprinkler nozzles due to sediment laden water

Crop response to sprinkler the trials conducted in different parts of the country revealed
water saving due to sprinkler system varies from 16 to 70 % over the traditional method
with yield increase from 3 to 57% in different crops and agro climatic conditions (Table
1)

Response of different crops to sprinkler irrigation Crops Water Saving, % Yield increase,
% Bajra 56 19 Barley 56 16 Bhindi 28 23 Cabbage 40 3 Cauliflower 35 12 Chillies 33 24
Cotton 36 50 Cowpea 19 3 Fenugreek 29 35 Garlic 28 6 Gram 69 57 Groundnut 20 40
Jowar 55 34 Luceme 16 27 Maize 41 36 Onion 33 23 Potato 46 4 Sunflower 33 20 Wheat
35 24 Source: INCID (1998) adapted from Table 6.5

General classification of different types of sprinkler systems Sprinkler systems are

classified into the following two major types based on the anangement for spraying
irrigation water 1. Rotating head or revolving sprinkler system 2. Perforated pipe system

1) Rotating head: small size nozzles are placed on riser pipes fixed at uniform intervals
along the length of the lateral pipe and the lateral pipes are usually laid on the ground
surface They may also be Rotating head mounted on posts above the crop height and
rotated through 900 to imigate a rectangular strip. In rotating type sprinklers, the most
common device to rotate the sprinkler heads is with a small hammer activated by the
thrust of water striking against a vane connected to it.

Fig 1 Example of a few rotating type of sprinkler irrigation systems 2) Perforated pipe
system This method consists of drilled holes or nozzles along their length through which
water is sprayed under pressure. This system is usually designed for relatively low
pressure (1 kecm2 the application rate ranges from 1.25 to 5 cm per hour for various
pressure and spacing
Based on the portability, sprinkler systems are classified into the following types: (i)
Portable system: A portable system has portable main lines, laterals, and pumping plant

(ii) Semi portable system: A semi portable system is like a portable system except that
the location of water source and pumping plant is fixed (m) Semi permanent system: A
semi-permanent system has portable lateral lines, permanent main lines and sub mains
and a stationery water source and pumping plant. (iv) Solid set system: A solid set system
has enough laterals to eliminate their movement. The laterals are positions in the field
early in the crop season and remain for the season. (v) Permanent system. A fully
permanent system consists of permanently laid mains, sub mains and laterals and a
stationery water source and pumping plant.

Components of sprinkler irrigation system. The components of portable sprinkler system

are shown through fig 3. A sprinkler system usually consists of the following components
(1) A pump unit (1) Tubing’s- main submains and laterals (iii) Couplers (iv) Sprinkler
head (v) Other accessories such as valves, bends, plugs and risers.

(3) Component of a portable sprinkler irrigation system

(i) Pumping Unit: Sprinkler irrigation systems distribute water by spraying it over the
fields The water is pumped under pressure to the fields. The pressure forces the water
through sprinklers or through perforations or nozzles in pipelines and then forms a spray.
A high speed centrifugal or turbine pump can be used for operating sprinkler irrigation for
individual fields Centrifugal pump is used when the distance from the pump inlet to the
water surface is less than eight meters. For pumping water from deep wells or more than
eight meters, a turbine pump is suggested. The driving unit may be either an electric
motor or an internal combustion engine,

(ii)Tubing’s: Mains/submains and laterals. The tubing’s consist of mainline, submanins

and laterals Main line conveys water from the source and distributes it to the submains.
The submains convey water to the laterals which in turn supply water to the sprinklers.
Aluminium er PVC pipes are generally used for portable systems, while steel pipes are
usually used for cemer-pivot laterals. Asbestos, cement, PVC, and wrapped steel are
usually used for buried laterals and main lines.

(iii) Couplers: Couplers are used for connecting two pipes and uncoupling quickly and
easily Essentially a coupler should provide tai a reuse and flexible connection (b) not leak
at the joint (e) be simple and easy to couple and uncouple (d) be light, non-corrosive,
durable (iv) Sprinkler Head Sprinkler head distribute water uniformly over the field
without runoff or excessive loss due to deep percolation Different types of sprinklers are
available. They are cither rotating or fixed type. The rotating type can be adapted for a
wide range of application rates and spacing. They are effective with pressure of about 10
to 70 m head at the sprinkler Pressures ranging from 16 to 40 m head are considered the
most practical for most farmers Fig4 Sprinkler head.

Fixed head sprinklers are commonly used to imigate small lawns and gardens. Perforated
lateral lines are sometimes used as sprinklers. They require less pressure than rotating
sprinklers They release more water per unit area than rotating sprinklers. Hence fixed
head sprinklers are adaptable for soils with high intake rate.

(v) Fittings and accessories: The following are some of the important fittings and
accessories used in sprinkler system. (a) Water meters. It is used to measure the volume
of water delivered. This is necessary to operate the system to give the required quantity of
water, (b) Flange, couplings and nipple used for proper connection to the pump, suction,
and delivery. (e) Pressure gauge: It is necessary to know whether the sprinkler system is
working with desired pressure to ensure application uniformity. (d) Bend, tees, reducers,
elbows, hydrants, butterfly valve and plugs (e) Fertilizer applicator: Soluble chemical
fertilizers can be injected into the sprinkler system and applied to the crop. The
equipment for fertiliser application is relatively cheap and simple and can be fabricated
locally. The fertilizer applicator consists of a sealed fertilizer tank with necessary tunings
and connections. A venturi injector can be arranged in the main line, which creates the
differential pressure suction and allows the fertilizer solution to flow in the main water
line.
General rules for sprinkler system design

Main should be laid up and down hill Lateral should be laid across the slope or nearly on
the contour For multiple lateral operation, lateral pipe sizes should not be more than two
dometer Water supply source should be nearest to the centre of the area Layout should
facilitate and minimize lateral movement during the season Booster pump should be
considered where small portion of field would require high pressure at the pump Layout
should be modified to apply different rates and amounts of water where soils are greatly
different in the design area

Layout of sprinkler irrigation system selecting the most appropriate sprinkler systems.
While selecting a sprinkler system, the most important physical parameters to be
considered are: 1. The crop or crops to be cultivated. 2. The shape and size (acres) of the
field. 3. The topography of the field. 4. The amount of time and labour required to operate
the system.

Selecting sprinkler system capacity, A sprinkler system must be designed to apply water
uniformly without runoff or erosion. The application rate of the sprinkler system must be
matched to the infiltration rate of the most restrictive soil in the field. If the application
rate exceeds the soil intake rate, the water will run off the field or relocate within the field
resulting in over and under watered areas.

The sprinkler system capacity is the flow rate needed to adequately irrigate an area and is
expressed in litres per minute per acre. The system capacity depends upon on the Peak
crop water requirements during the growing season, effective crop rooting depth; texture
and infiltration rate of the soil, the available water holding capacity of the soil. pumping
capacity of the well or wells (if wells are the water source), Constraints in application of
sprinkler irrigation (1) Uneven water distribution due to high winds (ii) Evaporation loss
when operating under high temperatures (ii) Highly impermeable soils are not suitable
(iv) Initial cost is high (v) Proper design (vi) Lack of Package of practices (vii) Lack of
awareness (viii) Lack of social concern to save natural resources (ix) High water pressure

Maintenance General principles regarding the maintenance of the pipes and fittings and
sprinkler beads are given below. 1. Pipes and fittings the pipes and fittings require
virtually maintenance, but attention must be given to the following procedures: (a)
Occasionally clean any dirt or sand out of the groove in the coupler in which the rubber
sealing ring fits Any accumulation of dirt or sand will affect the performance of the
nabber sealing ring (h) Keep all nuts and bolts tight. (c) Do not lay pipes on new damp
concrete or on piles of fertilizer. Do not lay fertilizer sacks on the pipe. 2. Sprinkler heads
the sprinkler heads should be given the following attention: (a) When moving the
sprinkler lines, make sure that the sprinklers are not damaged or pushed into the soil. (b)
Do not apply oil, grease, or any lubricant to the sprinklers. They are water lubricated and
using oil, grease or any other lubricant may stop them from working. (e) Sprinklers
usually have a sealed bearing and at the bottom of the bearing there are washers. Usually,
it is the washers that wear and not the more expensive metal parts.

Check the washers for wear once a season or every six months which is especially
important where water is sandy Replace the washers if wom. (d) After several season's
operation the swing arm spring may need tightening. This is done by pulling out the
spring end at the top and rebending it. This will increase the spring tension. In general,
check all equipment at the end of the season and make any repairs and adjustments and
order the spare parts immediately so that the equipment is in perfect condition to start in
the next season.

Storage The following points are to be observed while storing the sprinkler equipment
during the off season: (a) Remove the sprinklers and store in a cool, dry place (b) Remove
the rubber sealing rings from the couplers and fittings and store them in a cool, dark place
(c) The pipes can be stored outdoors in which case they should be placed in racks with
one end higher than the other. Do not store pipes along with fertilizer. (d) Disconnect the
suction and delivery pipework from the pump and pour in a small quantity of medium
grade oil. Rotate the pump for a few minutes. Blank the suction and delivery branches.
This will prevent the pump from rusting Grease the shaft. (e) Protect the electric motor
from the ingress of dust, dampness, and rodents.

Trouble shooting the following are the general guidelines to identify and remove the
common troubles in the sprinkler systems: 1. Pump does not prime or develop pressure
(a) Check that the suction lift is within the limits. If not, get the pump closer to the water.
(h) Check the suction pipeline and all connections for air leaks. All connections and
flanges should be airtight. te) Check that the strainer on the foot valve is not blocked (d)
Check that the flap in the foot valve is free to open fully. (e) Check the pump gland (s) for
air leaks. If air leaks are suspected tighten the gland (s) gently. If necessary, repack the
gland (s) using a thick grease to seal the gland satisfactorily. Check that the gate valve on
the delivery pipe is fully closed Juring priming and opens fully when the pump is ruming
2. Sprinklers do not tum (0) Check pressure (b) Check that the nozzle is not blocked
Preferably unscrew the nozzle or use a small soft piece of wood to clear the blockage. Do
not use a piece of wire or metal as this way damage the nozzle (e) Check the condition of
washers at the bottom of the bearing and replace them if worn or damaged. (d) Check that
the swing arm movies freely and that the spoon which moves into the water stream i not
bent by comparing it with a sprinkler which is operating correctly. (e) Adjust the swing
arm spring tension- Usually it should not be necessary to pull up the spring by more than
about 6 mm

Leakage from coupler or fittings the scaling rings in the couplers and fittings are usually
designed to drain the water from the pipes when the pressure is turned off. This ensures
that the pipes are automatically emptied and ready to be moved. With full pressure in the
system the couplers and fittings will be effectively leak-free. If, however, there is a
leakage, check the following: (a) There is no accumulation of dirt or sand in the groove in
the coupler in which the sealing ring fits. Clean out any dirt or sand and refit the sealing
ring. (b) The end of the pipe going inside the coupler is smooth, clean, and not distorted.
(e) In the case of fittings such as bends, tees and reducers ensure that the fitting has been
properly connected into the coupler.
Wheels

When choosing the wheels for your project you should consider the type of motors you
intend to use. The motors speed and torque (turning force) will play an important role in the
final operation of your robot. A small motor with a low torque may not be able to drive a
large wheel, but a small motor with a gearbox to change the velocity and torque of the output
may be able to drive what an un-geared motor cannot. Also consider the speed of the motor
and the circumference of your wheel so that your robot moves at the speed you desire.
Consider using a motor with an encoder if you want to measure how far or fast your robot is
travelling.
 Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to
move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary) and consume energy to
perform mechanical work by moving the fluid Pumps operate via many energy sources,
including manual operation, electricity, engines, s wind power, come in many sizes, from
microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells,
aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water cooling and fuel
injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and gasser for perating cooling towers. In
the medical industry, pumps are used for biocheruical processes in developing and
manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the
artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
Tank

A water tank is a container for storing water. Water tanks are used to provide storage of water
for use in many applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression,
agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation
as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and
choice of construction materials, linings.
RF INTERFACING WITH ARDUINO

Connecting an RF Receiver to Arduino uno is a simple task. It will take only a few minutes to
complete such a simple circuit. Circuit is done as shown in the following diagram.

Connections can be summarized as:

GND terminal of receiver is connected to the GND pin of Arduino Uno.

DATA terminal of receiver is connected to the digital pin 11 of Arduino Uno.

VCC terminal of receiver is connected to the SV terminal of Arduino Uno.

Controlling DC Motors

The control one or two DC motors is quite easy Fust connect each mot the Ad sections on the
L298N module. If you're using two metus for bot (etc) mire thus the polarity of the motors is
the same on both inputs Otherwise you may need to op de when you set both motors to
forward and one goes backovandst Next, connect your power supply- the positive to pin 4 on
the module and negineGD 5If you supply is up to 12V you can leave in the 12V jumper point
in the mag above) and 5V will be available from pin 6 on the module. This can be fod to yose
Arduino SV pin to power it from the motors' power supply, don’t forget to connect Arduino
GND to 15 on the module as well to complete the circuit.

Now you will need six digital output pins on your Andaine, two of which need to be PWM
pulse-width modulation) pins PWM pins are denoted by the tille (-) next to the p.

Number

Finally, connect the Arduino digol pogut pins to the driver module. In our example we have
wo DC motors, so digital pins D9, DS, D7 and D6 will be connected to pins INI, IN2. IN3
and IN4 respectively. Then connect D10 to module pin 7 (move the jumper first and DS
module pin 12 (again, remove the jumper). The motor direction is controlled by sending a
HIGH or LOW signal to the drive for each motor (or channel). For example, for motor o
HIGH to INI and a LOW to IN2 will cause it to turn in one direction, and a LOW and HIGH
will cause it to turn in the other direction. However, the motors will not tuam until a HIGH is
set to the enable pin (7 for motor one, 12 for motor two). And they can he turned off with a
LOW to the same pints). However, if you need to control the spood of the motors, the PWM
signal from the digital pin connected to the enable pin can take care of it. This is what we've
done with the DC motor demonstration sketch. Two DC moners and an Arduino Uno are
connected as described above, along with an external power supply. Then emer and upload
the following sketch:

// connect motor controller pins to Arduino digital pins

// motor one

int enA 10,

intinl-9,

intin2-8.

// motor two

intenB = 5:

int in3-7:

int in4-6:

void setup (

// set all the motor control pins to output pin Mode (enA, OUTPUT) pin Mode (enB.
OUTPUT) pin Mode (inl, OUTPUT), pin Mode (in2, OUTPUT) pin Mode (in3, OUTPUT);
pin Mode (in4, OUTPUT)

void demo One ()

// this function will run the motors in both directions at a fixed sp

// turn on motor A

digitalWritet ml, HIGH).

digitalWrite (in2, LOW),

// set speed to 200 out of possible range 0-255

analogWrite (enA, 2001.

// turn on motor B

digitalWrite (in3, HIGH),

digitalWrite (in4, LOW).

set speed to 200 out of possible range 0-255

analog Write (enB, 200).

delay (2000).
now change motor directions digitalWrite(in), LOW); digitalWrite (in2, HIGH); digitalWrite
(in3, LOW); digitalWrite (in4, HIGH); delay (2000):

// now turn off motorsdigitalWrite(in), LOW).

digitalWrite (in2, HIGH).

digitalWrite (in3, LOW).

digitalWrite (in4, HIGH).

void demo Two ()

this function will run the motors across the range of pobless note that maximum speed is
determined by the motor told the

operating voltage the PWM values sent by analogWrite () are fractions of the nati.

speed possible

// by your hardware

// turn on motors

digitalWrite (in, LOW).

digitalWrite (in2, HIGH),

digitalWrite (in3, LOW).

digitalWrite (in4, HIGH),

// Accelerate from zero to maximum speed

for (int i=0; i<256; i++)

analog Write (enA, 1); analogWrite (enB, i).

delay (20).

}
// decelerate from maximum speed to zero

for (int i=255; i>-0; -1)

analogWrite (enA, i).

analogWrite (enB, i).

delayt (20).

now turn off motors

digitalWrite (in1, LOW).

digitalWrite (in2, LOW).

digitalWrite (in3, LOW).

digitalWrite (in4, LOW).

Void loop ()

demo One ()

delay (1000)

demo Two) ().

delay (1000).

So, what's happening in that sketch? In the function demokhan) we with m them at a PWM
value of 200. This is not a spent sauc and pown is spped the 20/21 of an amount of time at
once. Then after a tote the response a device (see how we changed the HIGHs and LOWs in
the digitalWie fanions Top of the range of speed possible of your hardware, vera tgh the mie
PWM de function demo Two) which turns the maturs en and demanth P Mal 255 and back to
zero with the two for loops.
Features

Dual H bridge drive (can drive 2 DC motors)

Arduino

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-bound microcontrollers and microcontmiller
kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in
the physical and digital world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware
and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or
the GNU General Public License (GPL) [1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino bounds
and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in
assembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY)kts.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/0) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards or Bread bounds (shields) and other circuits The boards feature sal
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bis (USB) on some models stoch are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcomrollers opcally
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C In addition
to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Aubino project provides in egestol development
environment (DE) based on the Processing gepry.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design ute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy [2] aiming to provide the-cost and easy way for novices and professionals
to create devices that interact with their environment using sensory sed actuators Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple gebots, thermostats,
and motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in forea, haly, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. The har was named after Antuin of bea, why was the grave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014 (3)
Hardware

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Anlauso
white. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are alsas available. The
source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.[1]
Nevertheless, an official Bill of Materials of Arduino boards has never been released by
Arduino staff.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft haenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not
be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the
Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the
official product [2] Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have
avoided the project name by using various names ending in-duino 131.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8.

ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash
memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino uno, based on the Atmel SAMINSE was
introduced in 201212) The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that
facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may
connect with add-on modules termed shields Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be
individually addressable via an PC serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V. linear regulator and
16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, ran at
MHr and dispense with the on-board voltage regulator due to specific form-factor
restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
per to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
bootloader [28] Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to ber computer.
Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shether circuit to conver en RS-232 logic levels
and transistor-transactix logic (TTL) level signals Curren dino boards are programmed via
Universal Serial Bus (USB) implememod using USB senal adapter chups such as the FTDI
FT232. Some bounds, such as later-model Un beards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-smal Timware, which is reprogrammable via its own
ICSP beader other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable USB-so-serial adapter bound or able Bluetooth or other methods. When used with
traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (1SP) programming is used?

Arduino IDE

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides

comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software developers. An IDE normally
consists of a source code editor, build automation tools, and a debugger. Most dem IDEs have
intelligent code completion

The Arduino IDE is a multi-platform development platform for creating embedded prog that
run on the many various Arduino microcontrollers. It is rather basic in its functionality when
compared to many other modern IDEAS. However, for small-scale hobbynt projects is
relative lack of modern features, such as code auto-completion, is not an issue.
Program Structure

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:[5]

setup (): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is med to
Initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch [5]

Joop (): After setup () has been called, function loop () is executed repeatedly in the main
program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.[6]

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a lood resistor connected
between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program
functions [6] A typical program for a beginning Arduino programmer blinks a LED
repeatedly.

#Define LED PIN 13

//Pin number attached to LED

wid setup ()

PIN, OUTPUT), pin Mode (LED_PIN, C

Configure pis 13 to be a digd unpa.

Tum on the LED

sond loopt
digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH),

delay (1000),

Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds)

digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); Turn off the LED.

delay (1000).

#Wait 1 second.

HT12E RF Encoder IC:

HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 2 12 series of encoders. They are paired with 212
series decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing
RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder decoder should have same number of
addresses and data format.

Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 hit
parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided
into 8 address bits and 4 data bits.

HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received
on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via
an RF or an infrared transmission medium HT12E begins a 4-word trammission cycle upon
receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as
TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.

Features

Operating voltage
_2.4V-SV for the HT12A

_2.4V-12V for the HT12E

Low power and high noise immunity CMOS

technology

Low standby current: 0.1A (typ) at

VDD= SV

HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared

transmission medium

Minimum transmission word

_Four words for the HT12E

_One word for the HT12A

Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor.

Data code has positive polarity.

Minimal external components

HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

HT12D a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 2 12 series of decoders. This series of
decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, car door
controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infrared tincts They
are paired with 2 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder decoder should have same
number of addresses and data format:
In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial
addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, ito parallel data and sends them to output
data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously.
The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A valid
transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin.

HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits of which & are address hits and 4 are data hits. The
data on 4-bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new in received.
Chapter 4

COSTINGS

PARTS COST (in RS)

Conclusion

In this previous chapter we had highlighted the observations and results obtained upon
implementing our project. In this chapter we will be explaining about the conclusions donke
and the prospects for our project. And we conclude our project by saying that it is mat
understand the need of irrigation support to our India. That we are one of the leading
asuntries in crops cultivation and overall progress

4.1 Summary

The summary to understand is simple and quite understanding that in this project we have try
a hard luck and work to give the at best support to our imigation facility. By Providing RC
circuit and portable bot having Sprinkler attached on it. It has a moving driven ability with
steering arrangement tire. The Sprinkler Bot is an innovation in irrigation field, and it can be
GPS (Global Positioning System.) Since it is remote control, it can be used a very vast
distance coverage which would ultimately give relax to the workers

4.2 Future scope

We have used the simpler RC bot to make the department understand our project on irrigation
support Until quite recently, India enjoyed abundant water sources. But population grit and
overexploitation has led to a simation where the demand for water is excecling supply. Our
project can be improvised by adding a Webs caper which can predict the weather and water
the plants/crops accordingly. If rain is forecasted, less water in let out for the plants. Also, a
GSM module can be included so that the user can control the system via smart phone A water
meter can be installed to estimate the amount of water used for irrigation and thus giving a
cost estimation A solenoid valve can be used for varying the volume of water flow.
Funbenuore, Wireless semons can also be used.
REFERNCES.

 “Irrigation Theory and Practice" by AM Michael

 “Sprinkles and Trickle irrigation" by Jack Keller and Road belisher
 “Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics" by Modi PN and Seth S M
 Sprinkler Irrigation: Equipment and Practice" by Malvyn Kay
 Irrigation Equipment in Argentina: A Strategie Reference by Philip M Parker
 Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation" by Ranajit Kumar biswas

Links from where these books can be purchased https://www.sanfoundry.com/best-reference-

books-irrigation equipment-drip sprinkler-technology/

www.google.com

www.icco.org/papers/

www.youtube.com

www.wikipestians www.ntel.in

[1] Rafael Muloz-Carpens and Michael D. Dukes. Automatic. Irrigation Based on Soil
Moisture for Vegetable Crops, IFAS Extension, 2005

[2] K.N. Manjula B. Swathi and D. Sree Sandhya, Intelligent Automatic Plant Ingation
System

[3] G. Vellidis, M. Tucker, C. Perry, C. Kvien, C. Beinare, "A Real-Time Wiedem Smart
Sensor Array for Scheduling Irrigation National Environmentally Sound Production
Agriculture Laboratory (NESPAL), 2007.

[4] Constantinos Marios Angelopoulos, Sotiris Nikoletseas, Georgios Constantinos

Theotinopoulos, A Smart System for Garden Watering using Wireless Sense Networks

MobiWa October 31-November 4, 2011.

[5] Suresh, S. Gopinath K. Govindaraju. T Devika, N. Sathanthira Vanitha, GSM based

Automated Irrigation Control using Railgun Irrigation System, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 3, issue 2, February
2014