SS 641-2019

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SS 641 : 2019
(ICS 13.100; 13.220; 91.140.30)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for fire safety for laboratories

using chemicals
Published by
SS 641 : 2019
(ICS 13.100; 13.220; 91.140.30)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for fire safety for laboratories
using chemicals
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may
be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from Enterprise Singapore.
Request for permission can be sent to: standards@enterprisesg.gov.sg.
ISBN 978-981-48-3562-6
SS 641 : 2019
This Singapore Standard was approved on 31 January 2019 by the Chemical Standards Committee
under the purview of the Singapore Standards Council.
First published, 2019
The Chemical Standards Committee, appointed by the Standards Council, consists of the following
members:
Name Capacity
Chairman : Dr Keith Carpenter Individual Capacity

Deputy
Chairman : Mr Lucas Ng Individual Capacity
Secretary 1 : Ms Elane Ng Standards Development Organisation@Singapore
Chemical Industry Council
Secretary 2 : Ms Rosmalinda Tay Standards Development Organisation@Singapore
Members : Mr Goh Tiak Boon Individual Capacity
Prof Alfred Huan Individual Capacity
Mr Khong Beng Wee Individual Capacity
Mr Terence Koh Singapore Chemical Industry Council Limited
Dr Leong Kwai Yin Individual Capacity
Dr Thomas Liew National Metrology Centre
Mr Alan Lim Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore
Mr Lim Eng Kiat Individual Capacity
Mr Lim Kian Chye / Housing & Development Board
Mr Ng Eng Fu
Prof Loh Kian Ping National University of Singapore
Dr Loh Wah Sing Individual Capacity
Ms Pamela Phua Singapore Paint Industry Association
Mr Seah Khen Hee Individual Capacity
A/Prof Timothy Tan Nanyang Technological University
Dr Teo Tang Lin Chemical Metrology Division, Health Sciences
Authority
Ms Suzanna Yap National Environment Agency
Co-opted
Members : Ms Christina Loh Individual Capacity
Mr Pitt Kuan Wah Individual Capacity
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The Technical Committee on Petroleum Processes and Products, appointed by the Chemical Standards
Committee, consists of representatives from the following organisations:
Name Capacity
Chairman : Mr Khong Beng Wee Individual Capacity

Secretary : Mr Teo Wen Liang Standards Development Organisation@Singapore
Members : Mr Chung Tying Chun Setsco Services Pte Ltd
A/Prof Hong Liang National University of Singapore
Mr Kho Ho Meng Singapore Chemical Industry Council Limited
Ms Caphine Lee Association of Process Industry
Ms Jacqueline Liew Ministry of Manpower
LTC Ng Geok Meng Singapore Civil Defence Force
Mr Poon Chiew Tuck National Environment Agency
Mr Sin Siang Meng Ivan / Institution of Fire Engineers, Singapore
Mr Koh Soon Chuang
Mr Soh Hong Chow SGS Testing & Control Services Pte Ltd
Mr Sundar Rajaraman ExxonMobil Chemical Operations Private Limited
(Engineering Services)
Mr Tan Kian Hwee Sembcorp Industries Ltd (SUT Div)
The Working Group on Fire Safety in Laboratories, appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in
the preparation of this standard, comprises the following experts who contribute in their individual
capacity:
Name
Convenors : Mr Yen Chee Choy

Dr Shaik Salim
Secretaries : Ms Ang Ann Nee
Mr Teo Wen Liang
Members : Assoc Prof Roderick Wayland Bates

Dr Chen Huayi
Ms Cindy Goh Joo Eng
Mr Hairulnizam Ishak
LTC Han Fook Kuang
Mr Johnnie Lam
Mr Lee Yuen Meng*
Ms Angelina Lim Muah Tie
Mr Jason Quek Cheok Miang
Ms Soo Sze Mun
Mr Simon Tan
Mr Watt Kwong Mun
Mr Wee Hooi Leong
*Served till March 2017
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The organisations in which the experts of the Working Group are involved are:
Air Liquide Singapore Private Limited

AmSpec Testing Services Pte Ltd
Analytical Laboratories Testing (S) Pte Ltd (ANALABS)
ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
GlaxoSmithKline Singapore
Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
Ministry of Manpower
National Technological University
National University of Singapore
Republic Polytechnic
SGS Testing & Control Services Singapore Pte Ltd
Shell Bukom Manufacturing Site
Singapore Civil Defence Force
Singapore Health Services Private Limited
TÜV SÜD PSB Pte Ltd
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Contents
Page
Foreword 7
1 Scope 9
2 Normative references 9
3 Terms and definitions 10
4 Classification of laboratory unit 15
5 Laboratory unit design and construction 18
6 Fire protection 22
7 Explosion hazard protection 23
8 Laboratory ventilation system requirements 25
9 Compressed and liquefied gases 31
10 Chemical management 38
11 Laboratory operations and apparatus 40
12 Hazard communication 42
Annexes
A Mapping of different classification for gas toxicity from various standards 44
B Ventilation risk assessment flowchart 45
C Calculations for determining threshold pressure-volume for gas cylinders 47
Tables
1 Flammable gas categorisation 11
2 MAQ of flammable liquids in laboratory units 17
3 Construction requirements & MAQ limitation for laboratory units 18
4 Minimum lab ventilation rates 28
5 Gases to be placed under ventilation 33
6 Gas toxicity classification 33
7 MAQ of gases “In use” within a laboratory unit 35
8 Multiplication factor for MAQ of gases 35
9 MAQ of gases for laboratory units based on habitable floor height 36
C.1 Relationship between peak overpressure and injury potential 48
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Page
Figures
1 Laboratory unit without partitions 13
2 Laboratory unit with optional partitions 13
3 Laboratory units separated by exit passageway 14
4 Separation of laboratory units and non-laboratory work areas 14
5 Illustration of MAQ limitation for laboratory units based on habitable floor height 19
6 Aisles and cross aisles 21
7 Common air supply duct (with dampers) to serve various sprinkler-protected
laboratory units on different floor levels 26
8 Common air supply duct (with dampers) to serve various sprinkler-protected
laboratory units on the same floor level 26
9 Local exhaust ventilation (single pass) integrated with recirculated system 29
10 Cylinder operating pressure range from 10 barg to 200 barg 32
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Foreword
This Singapore Standard was prepared by the Working Group on Fire Safety in Laboratories appointed
by the Technical Committee on Petroleum and its Products under the purview of the Chemical
Standards Committee.
The development of this standard resulted from the review of SS 532, “Code of practice for storage of
flammable liquids”. The review highlighted the difficulty among laboratories in general to comply with
SS 532 as laboratories (especially in the area of research and development) handle small quantities of
a variety of substances. It is different from factories and chemical plants where the quantity stored is
generally fixed to cater to specific manufacturing processes. Therefore, the overall risk profile and
hazard control strategies of laboratories are significantly different compared to factories and
warehouses that are typically covered by SS 532.
In addition to adopting international best practices as described in overseas standards, careful

consideration was given to the operation of laboratories within the Singapore context. This
contextualisation is in areas such as local government regulations, high-rise and below ground
laboratories and general space constraints in land scarce Singapore. The varied nature of laboratories
that are engaged in tertiary education, research and development, healthcare, commercial analytical
services, and industrial support services was also taken into account.
As a general principle, laboratories are strongly encouraged to update their practices accordingly as far
as reasonably practicable.
In preparing this standard, reference was made to the following publications:
1. NFPA 45:2015 Standard on fire protection for laboratories using chemicals

2. NFPA 55:2013 Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids code
3. SS 532 Code of practice for the storage of flammable liquids
4. SS 586 series: Specification for hazard communication for hazardous chemicals and
dangerous goods
5. ANSI/ASSE Z9.5-2012 American National Standard for laboratory ventilation
6. AS/NZS 2243 SET:2006 Safety in laboratories set
7. AS/NZS 2982:2010 Laboratory design and construction
8. Directive 2014/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council Article 2 (4) http://eur-
lex.europa.eu, © European Union, 1998-2017 for Clause 3.6
9. SCIC Guidebook on the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of
Chemicals
10. Workplace Safety and Health Act (Chapter 354A)
11. Workplace Safety and Health (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2009 Part 1 Preliminary
12. Workplace Safety and Health Act (Chapter 354A) Revised Edition 2009 14A – (5)
Permission has also been sought from the following organisations for the reproduction of materials into
this standard:
1) National Fire Protection Association – NFPA 45:2015 and NFPA 55:2013 (further information
is available from (http://www.nfpa.org/).
2) Attorney-General’s Chambers – Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations
(Rg 8) and Workplace Safety and Health (Confined Spaces) Regulations 2009 (S462/2009).
3) Standards Australia Limited – AS/NZS 2982:2010.
4) European Union – Directive 2014/34/EU (http://eur-lex.europe.eu) © European Union, 1998-
2017
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5) Singapore Chemical Industry Council – SCIC Guidebook on the Globally Harmonised System
of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above publications.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. Enterprise Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of
such patent rights.
NOTE
1. Singapore Standards (SSs) and Technical References (TRs) are reviewed periodically to keep abreast of technical changes,
technological developments and industry practices. The changes are documented through the issue of either amendments
or revisions.
2. An SS or TR is voluntary in nature except when it is made mandatory by a regulatory authority. It can also be cited in
contracts making its application a business necessity. Users are advised to assess and determine whether the SS or TR is
suitable for their intended use or purpose. If required, they should refer to the relevant professionals or experts for advice
on the use of the document. Enterprise Singapore shall not be liable for any damages whether directly or indirectly suffered
by anyone or any organisation as a result of the use of any SS or TR.
3. Compliance with a SS or TR does not exempt users from any legal obligations.
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Code of practice for fire safety for laboratories using chemicals
1 Scope
This Singapore Standard sets out requirements and recommendations for the fire safety of laboratories
using chemicals. The standard covers the safe use, handling, storage and disposal of flammable
liquids, compressed and liquefied gases. The standard also covers fire safety requirement in terms of
laboratory unit design and construction, fire protection, explosion hazard protection, ventilating system
requirements as well as the storage, handling and disposal of flammable chemicals. Toxic and
hazardous chemicals are also included due to their potential impact on fires.
This standard is applicable to laboratories located within manufacturing facilities (e.g. petrochemical,
pharmaceutical, gas manufacturing), Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL), research entities, commercial
entities and healthcare sector. Other potential users are laboratory equipment suppliers, fire safety
managers, health and safety professionals, facility managers and consultants (e.g. QP, M&E engineers,
fire safety engineers).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
AS/NZS 2243 SET Safety in laboratories set
BS 476-4 Fire tests on building materials and structures. Non-

combustibility test for materials
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
NFPA 11 Standard for low, medium and high-expansion foam
NFPA 12 Standard on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems
NFPA 17 Standard for dry chemical extinguishing systems
NFPA 45 Standard on fire protection for laboratories using

chemicals
NFPA 51 Standard for the design and installation of oxygen-fuel gas

systems for welding, cutting, and allied processes
NFPA 54 National fuel gas code
NFPA 55 Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids code
NFPA 58 Liquefied petroleum gas code
NFPA 2001 Standard on clean agent fire extinguishing systems
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SS CP 10 Code of practice for installation and servicing of electrical

fire alarm systems
SS CP 52 Code of practice for automatic fire sprinkler system
SS 332 Specification for fire doors
SS 532 Code of practice for the storage of flammable liquids
SS 508 series Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs
SS 575 Code of practice for fire hydrant, rising mains and hose
reel systems
SS 563 : Part 2 Code of practice for the design, installation and

maintenance of emergency lighting and power supply
systems in buildings
SS 578 Code of practice for use and maintenance of portable fire

extinguishers
SS 586 series Specification for hazard communication for hazardous

chemicals and dangerous goods
SS 603 Code of practice for hazardous waste management
3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this Singapore Standard, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1 Air change per hour (ACH)
A method of expressing the rate of air entering or leaving a space by natural or mechanical means. The
number of air change per hour (ACH) is expressed as the air flow rate of volume per unit hour divided
by the volume of the space in consistent units.
3.2 Competent person
A competent person is someone with a recognised degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, and
who, by knowledge, training, and experience, has demonstrated the ability to perform the work.
For the respective clauses in the standard, the competent person may be subjected to certification
requirements or recognition by professional board/regulatory body in accordance with specific regulations.
3.3 Cryogenic fluid
A fluid with a boiling point below -90 oC at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa.
3.4 Explosive atmosphere
Mixture under atmospheric or elevated pressures, of air/oxygen and one or more flammable substances
in the form of gases, vapours, mists or dust in which after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to
the entire unburnt mixture.
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3.5 Flammable liquids
The definition of various flammable liquids shall be in accordance with SS 532.
Any liquid, or mixture of liquids, or liquids containing solids in solution or suspension (e.g. paints,
varnishes, lacquers, but not including substances otherwise classified on account of their other more
dangerous characteristics) having a flash point of not more than 150 °C.
A flammable liquid is classified in one of the following four categories in accordance with the United
Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS):
Category 1: A liquid having a flash point < 23 °C and initial boiling point ≤ 35 °C.
Category 2: A liquid having a flash point < 23 °C and initial boiling point > 35 °C.
Category 3: A liquid having a flash point ≥ 23 °C and ≤ 60 °C.
Category 4: A liquid having a flash point > 60 °C and ≤ 93 °C.
For Category 3 and 4, they shall comply with the requirements of Category 2 under the following
conditions:
a) The storage temperature is above the flash point
b) The storage temperature is within 6 °C below the flash point
Liquids with a flash point of more than 93 °C and up to and including 150 °C shall comply with the
requirements of Category 4 unless waived by the relevant local authority.
3.6 Gases
3.6.1 Flammable gas
A gas having a flammable range with air at 20 oC and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa (see Table 1).
Table 1 – Flammable gas categorisation
Category Definition
1 Gases, which at 20 °C and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa:
a) are ignitable when in a mixture of 13% or less by volume in air; or
Flammable b) have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points
gas regardless of the lower flammable limit.
2 Gases, other than those of Category 1, which, at 20 oC and a standard
pressure of 101.3 kPa, have a flammable range while mixed in air.
3.6.2 Highly toxic gas
For this document, highly toxic gases are gases classified as Acute Toxic Cat.1 and Acute Toxic Cat.
2 with LC50 ≤ 200 ppm as illustrated in Annex A.
3.6.3 Inert gas
A non-reactive, non-flammable, non-corrosive gas such as argon, helium, krypton, neon, nitrogen, and
xenon.
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3.6.4 Oxidising gas
A gas that can support and accelerate the combustion of other materials more than air does.
3.6.5 Pyrophoric gas
A gas with an auto ignition temperature in air at or below 54.4 °C.
3.6.6 Toxic gas
Gases classified as Acute Toxic Category 2 LC50> 200 ppm and Acute Toxic Category 3 as in Annex A.
3.7 General exhaust ventilation
Ventilation that covers the entire laboratory unit, which may be recirculated under certain conditions.
3.8 Hazardous atmosphere
An atmosphere where:
a) the level of oxygen in the atmosphere is less than 19.5% or more than 23.5% by volume;
b) the level of flammable gases or vapours in the atmosphere is 10% or more of its Lower Explosive
Limit (LEL); or
c) the levels of toxic substances in the atmosphere exceed the Permissible Exposure Levels (PEL)
as specified in the First Schedule of the WSH (General Provisions) Regulations.
3.9 Institutes of higher learning
For the purpose of this standard, polytechnics, universities and research institutions are classified as
Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL).
3.10 Laboratory
A workplace where chemicals are used for synthesis, reactions, transfers and other handling of
materials for activities including scientific research and development, testing, or instructional purposes1.
3.11 Laboratory unit
An enclosed space (as illustrated in Figures 1 to 4), by a fire wall/compartment, used for conducting
experiments and tests can:
a) include ancillary facilities that directly support the primary activities within the laboratory unit (e.g.
offices, pantry, meeting rooms, consumables store rooms etc.);
b) contain one or more separate laboratory work areas.
1 Refer to the Scope for the coverage of instructional laboratories under this standard.
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Figure 1 – Laboratory unit without partitions
Reproduced with permission from NFPA 45-2015, Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals
© 2015 National Fire Protection Association. This material is not the complete and official position of the NFPA on
the referenced subject which is represented solely by the standard in its entirety.
Figure 2 – Laboratory unit with optional partitions
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Figure 3 – Laboratory units separated by exit passageway
Figure 4 – Separation of laboratory units and non-laboratory work areas
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3.12 Laboratory ventilation system
Consists of air supply, general exhaust ventilation and local exhaust ventilation within a laboratory unit.
3.13 Laboratory work area
A space (which need not be enclosed by a fire wall/compartment) within the Laboratory Unit used to serve
the purpose of a laboratory as illustrated by Figures 1 to 4.
3.14 Lecture bottle
A small compressed gas cylinder up to a volume of approximately 650 cm3.
3.15 Local exhaust ventilation (LEV)
A localised ventilation system designed to capture emissions at source within laboratory units such as
canopy hoods, snorkel arms or fume cupboards.
3.16 Open system
Use of flammable liquids in a vessel or system where vapours may be liberated to the atmosphere
during normal operations.
3.17 Risk assessment
The process of evaluating the probability and consequences of injury or illness arising from exposure
to an identified hazard, and determining the appropriate measures for risk control. It is presupposed
that the risk assessment is done in accordance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
.
3.18 Shall
Indicates a requirement.
3.19 Should
Indicates a recommendation.
3.20 Ventilated enclosure
An appliance or piece of equipment that consists of a top, a back, and two sides that provides a
means of local exhaust for capturing gases, fumes, vapours, and mists.
3.21 Water capacity
The total internal volumetric capacity of a cylinder.
4 Classification of laboratory unit
4.1 Purpose
4.1.1 This clause shall classify laboratory units based on the amount of flammable liquids in use
within the unit.
4.1.2 This chapter also shall define the existence of an explosion hazard in a laboratory unit or in a
laboratory work area.
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4.1.3 This chapter shall further define limitations on laboratory units in the following occupancies:
(a) Petroleum and petrochemical plants;
(b) Healthcare and IHL; and
(c) Other occupancies.
4.2 Laboratory unit fire hazard classification and limits
4.2.1 Laboratory units shall be classified as Category A1 & A2 (high fire hazard), Category B
(moderate fire hazard), Category C (low fire hazard) and Category D (minimal fire hazard) as indicated
in Table 2.
4.2.2 The density and total amount of flammable liquids in use and stored in laboratory units,
including laboratory work areas that are not chemical stores2, shall not exceed the quantities presented
in Table 2 for the respective laboratory unit hazard category.
4.2.3 For laboratories in healthcare and IHL occupancies, the maximum allowable quantities (MAQ)
shall only be up to Category C.
4.2.4 For IHL occupancies3, they may be allowed MAQ of up to Category B, provided the entire
building is designed for industrial occupancy4.
4.2.5 Any storage of flammable liquids in quantities not exceeding those listed in Category D lab unit
shall be classified as being minor storage.
4.2.6 Minor storage is intended for the minimal need of flammable liquids in the laboratory. All
flammable liquids shall otherwise be kept in a fire safety cabinet.
4.2.7 The quantity of flammable liquids remaining outside of the safety cabinets shall not exceed 10%
of the total storage capacity within the laboratory computed for storage. Refer to 10.2.9 and 10.2.10 for
more details on chemical management.
4.2.8 In situations where the MAQ listed cannot be fully adhered to, the alternative use of risk
assessment methodologies (quantitative/semi-quantitative) could be considered in consultation with the
national civil defence authority (e.g. Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA), Fault-tree/Event-tree etc.)
2 Refer to 5.6 for chemical stores.

3 As defined under Purpose Group III of the Fire Code.
4 As defined under Purpose Group VI of the Fire Code.
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Table 2 – MAQ of flammable liquids in laboratory units
Flammable liquid in laboratory

Lab unit Occupancy type Liquid Quantityd in use – Total quantityd
fire hazard category outside cabinet - in use and storage
category (i.e. outside and inside
cabinet)
Max Max Max Max
quantity quantity quantity quantity
(litres per (litres per (litres per (litres per
m2) lab unit) m2) lab unit)
A1# Petroleum and 1, 2 & 3 0.8 300 (750) 1.6 600 (1500)
(High fire petrochemicals
hazard) (restricted to 1st storey) 1, 2, 3 & 1.6 400 (1000) 3.2 800 (2000)
4e
A2# Petroleum and 1, 2 & 3 0.8 300 (600) 1.6 600 (1200)
(High fire petrochemicals
hazard) (2nd & 3rd storey, not
more than 24 m
1, 2, 3 & 1.6 400 (750) 3.2 800 (1500)
habitable floor height)
4e
B All except healthcare 1, 2 & 3 0.8 250 (350) 1.6 500 (750)
(Moderate occupancy and IHLs*
fire hazard)
1, 2, 3 & 1.6 350 (500) 3.2 750 (1000)
4e
C All 1, 2, 3 & 0.4 150 (250) 0.8 250 (500)
(Low fire 4
hazard)
D All 1, 2, 3 & (i) For lab size ≤ 50 m2, capped at 5 L or
(Minimal fire 4 (ii) For lab larger than 50 m 2, 0.1 L/m2 and
hazard) not more than 10 L per laboratory unit
NOTES –
a) # A1 and A2 refers to laboratory units situated within petroleum refineries (as defined in Singapore Standard
Industrial Classification under 19201), and manufacturer of petrochemical primary products (as defined in
Singapore Standard Industrial Classification under 20131).
b) * Refer to 4.2.3 and 4.2.4
c) The MAQ quantities in brackets denote values for sprinkler-protected laboratory units.
d) Refer to 4.2.7, 10.2.9 and 10.2.10
e) The MAQ limits, which include category 4 flammable liquids, is subjected to the caps imposed for category 1,
2 and 3 within the same lab unit fire hazard category.
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5 Laboratory unit design and construction
5.1 Construction of laboratory units
5.1.1 A laboratory unit shall be constructed in accordance with the construction requirements in Table 3
(see also Figure 5) and MAQ limitation specified in Table 2.
Table 3 – Construction requirements and MAQ limitation for laboratory units
Permissible Floor level MAQ per Area of lab Minimum fire

laboratory unit laboratory unit unit rating (hour) per
hazard (percentage based laboratory unit (a)
category on MAQ stipulated
in Table 2)
B, C Any storey with 50% ≤ 1000 m2 2
habitable floor
height of more
than 24 m (b)
B, C Above 3rd storey 75% (c) Any size(c) 1 (2 for non-
and not more sprinkler)
than 24 m
habitable floor
height
A2, B, C 2nd – 3rd Storey 100% Any size 1 (2 for non-
sprinkler)
A1, A2, B, C 1st Storey 100% Any size 1 (2 for non-
sprinkler)
Below grade (b) and (d)
B, C Basement 1 75% ≤ 1000 m2 2
B, C Basement 2 50% ≤ 1000 m2 2
Lower than B2 or any storey lower N.P. N.P. N.P.
than 6 m habitable floor height
MAQ = Maximum allowable quantity

N.P. = Not permitted
Other conditions:
a) It is presupposed that the fire rating is in accordance with applicable statutory and regulatory
requirements.
b) All basement (below grade) levels and floors higher than 24 m habitable floor (as defined in the
Fire Code) height shall be sprinkler protected.
c) If floor level is protected by sprinkler system, the MAQ is allowed to increase to 100% but the
area of laboratory unit is restricted to 1000 m2.
d) Only storage and use of up to 16 L maximum for Cat 1 flammable liquid (flash point < 23 oC and
boiling point ≤ 35 oC) is permitted at basement levels.
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Common Corridor
More than 24 m 50% 50%
75% (100%) 75% (100%)
75% (100%) 75% (100%)
75% (100%) 75% (100%)
75% (100%) 75% (100%)
75% (100%) 75% (100%)

3rd Storey
100% 100%
2nd Storey
100% 100%
1st Storey (Grade Level)
100% 100%
Basement 1
75% 75%
Basement 2
50% 50%
Basement 3
Not Permitted Not Permitted
Figure 5 – Illustration of MAQ limitation for laboratory units based on habitable floor height
5.1.2 Category D laboratory units are exempted from the requirements of Table 3 including storage
lower than Basement 2 or any storey lower than 6m habitable floor height below grade.
5.1.3 It is presupposed that penetrations through fire rated floor, ceiling and wall assemblies are
protected in accordance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
5.1.4 In addition to the requirements in 5.1.3, any penetrations including effluent drainage from the
laboratory, shall be constructed of non-combustible materials as defined in Fire Code (e.g. BS 476-4 or
EN 13501-1). Alternatively, for pipes made of combustible materials, approved fire collars shall be fitted
where such pipes pass through the laboratory unit to act as a barrier to fire regardless of pipe diameter.
5.1.5 Any floor openings and penetrations shall be sealed or curbed to prevent liquid leakage to lower
floors.
5.1.6 Fire doors shall comply with SS 332.
5.1.7 Window assemblies of approved types shall be permitted in fire-rated wall assemblies. It is
presupposed that they have a fire resistance rating in accordance with the with applicable statutory and
regulatory requirements
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5.2 Basic building design.

5.2.1 It is presupposed that fire safety for laboratory buildings, laboratory units, and laboratory work
areas are in accordance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, unless otherwise
modified by the provision of this standard.
5.2.2 Category A and B laboratory units shall be designed as an industrial occupancy based on
Purpose Group VI as defined in the Fire Code.
5.2.3 Category C laboratory units shall be designed based on the respective Purpose Group of the
building except for the requirement on travel distance which shall follow Purpose Group VI.
5.3 Means of escape
5.3.1 Unobstructed egress path shall be provided from each laboratory unit.
5.3.2 It is presupposed that the means of escape are in accordance with applicable statutory and
regulatory requirements, depending on size, occupancy load, and nature of the hazard. For all
laboratory units serving more than 25 persons, two exit access doors shall be provided.
5.3.3 In addition to 5.3.2, a secondary means of escape shall be required from a laboratory work area
if any hazard or equipment is located such that it could prevent a safe egress in the event of emergency,
which include but is not limited to the following situations:
a) A laboratory work area contains an explosion hazard 5 located such that an incident would block
escape from or access to the laboratory work area.
b) A fume cupboard or flammable safety cabinet is located adjacent to the primary means of exit
access.
c) A compressed gas cylinder or any other container with hazardous chemicals is located such that
it could prevent safe egress in the event of accidental release of cylinder contents.
5.3.4 The emergency exit door shall open in the direction of escape.
5.3.5 Emergency lighting facilities shall be provided for any laboratory unit. The emergency lighting
shall comply with SS 563 : Part 2.
5.4 Furniture, caseworks and equipment
5.4.1 Furniture, casework and equipment in laboratory units shall be arranged such that the means
of access to an exit can be safely reached from any point in the room.
5.4.2 Furniture, casework and equipment shall not impede the automatic fire alarm detection (heat
or smoke detectors) or fire extinguishing systems (sprinklers).
5.5 Corridors and aisle clearance
5.5.1 The corridor width shall be at least 1200 mm wide.
5.5.2 The recommended minimum aisle clearance in the laboratory between benches or floor-
positioned equipment is shown in Figure 6.
5 Refer to Clause 7 for the description on explosion hazards.

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Type of bench work Minimum width

(a) Bench work on one side of aisle with no through traffic 1000 mm
(b) Bench work on one side of aisle with through traffic 1200 mm
(c) Bench work on both side of aisle with no through traffic 1400 mm
(d) Bench work on both side of aisle with through traffic 1800 mm
(e) Cross aisle for internal circulation 1500 mm
AS/NZS 2982:2010. © Standards Australia Limited. Figure copied by Enterprise Singapore with the permission of Standards
Australia under Licence 1710-c087
Figure 6 – Aisles and cross aisles
5.6 Chemical store
5.6.1 Any indoor or outdoor flammable liquid store shall comply with the requirements in SS 532.
5.6.2 The chemical store shall be designed for the types of chemicals being stored. A risk assessment
shall be conducted to determine the necessary safety features of the store.
5.6.3 The chemical store shall have natural or mechanical ventilation sufficient to prevent the build-
up of the gases or vapours emanating from the chemicals in storage.
5.6.4 The chemical store should be easily accessible to facilitate deliveries and collections.
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5.7 Electrical installation
5.7.1 All electrical installations, including wiring, apparatus, and lighting shall comply with CP 5: Code
of Practice for Electrical Installations.
5.7.2 Electrical receptacles, switches, and controls shall be located so as not to be subject to liquid
spills and possibility of electrical shock or electrical failure. If waterproof socket terminals are used, they
shall comply with IEC 60529: Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code).
5.7.3 An assessment should be carried out with regards to electrical hazard classification based on
IEC 60079. This will determine the requirements for rated electrical and instrumentation equipment and
components, lighting, electrical sockets, etc. to be located in a hazardous area, if necessary.
6 Fire protection
6.1 Fire protection system
6.1.1 An automatic sprinkler system is strongly recommended for all new laboratories. It is
presupposed that automatic sprinklers referred to in this standard are installed in accordance with CP 52,
and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Fire sprinklers installed in laboratories shall be of
the quick response (QR) type.
Automatic alarm systems (with decentralised fire alarm monitoring) shall be provided for non-sprinkler
protected laboratories.
For laboratories that occupy a part of a building that does not have an automatic sprinkler system or
alarm system, fire detectors (e.g. smoke or heat detectors) shall be installed along the exterior of the
periphery walls of the laboratory unit.
6.1.2 A suitable non-water automatic extinguishing system shall be permitted to be an acceptable

substitute for water sprinklers if the use of water can cause serious fires or other hazards. Users shall
refer to NFPA 11, NFPA 12, NFPA 17 and NFPA 2001.
6.1.3 The dry riser and fire hose reel shall be designed and installed according to the SS 575.
6.1.4 Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed according to the SS 578.
6.1.5 A fire alarm system shall be designed and installed according to the CP 10.
6.2 Fire prevention
6.2.1 Fire prevention procedures shall be established for all new and existing laboratories.
6.2.2 Fire prevention procedures shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
a) Handling and storage of chemicals, flammable liquids, pyrophoric and other reactive
compounds and compressed gases;
b) Open flame and spark-producing equipment work permit system;
c) Arrangements and use of portable electrical cords; and
d) Smoking area controls.
6.2.3 Emergency response plans (ERPs) for chemical emergency, fire or explosions should be
developed and established.
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6.3 Fire-retardant clothing
6.3.1 A fire-retardant lab coat shall be worn where pyrophoric reagents are handled outside an inert
atmosphere (e.g. glovebox or glove bag) while fire-retardant gloves should be worn whenever possible.
6.3.2 Natural-fibre clothing shall be worn under fire-retardant lab coats and on the legs and feet where
pyrophoric reagents are used outside the inert atmosphere of a glove box.
6.3.3 Provisions should be made to launder protective clothing. It is recommended to limit the use of
fire-retardant clothing within the maximum number of laundering cycles as laundering could affect the
flame-retardant properties of the fabric.
7 Explosion hazard protection
7.1 Introduction
A laboratory unit or laboratory work area shall be considered to contain explosion hazard under any of
the following circumstances:
a) Storage, use or formation of explosive materials classified under SS 586 : Part 2;
b) Presence of an explosive atmosphere in normal operation;
c) Other explosion hazards as determined by the laboratory user (e.g. high-pressure systems, thermal
explosions and polymerisation reactions).
7.2 Explosion hazard protection
7.2.1 All personnel (inside and outside laboratories) and property shall be protected during operations
involving explosion hazards.
7.2.2 Appropriate protections shall be designed and provided for laboratories and its adjoining areas
that contain explosion hazards, as determined by a risk assessment. Control and mitigation measures
for the identified explosion hazard should include, but not limited to one or more of the following:
a) Limiting amounts of explosive material used in experiments;
b) Special preventive or protective measures for the reactions, equipment, or materials

themselves (e.g. high-speed fire detection with deluge sprinklers, explosion-resistant
equipment for enclosures, explosion suppression, and explosion venting directed to a safe
location);
c) Explosion-resistant hoods and shields;
d) Explosion-resistant walls or barricades around the lab;
e) Remote control of equipment to minimise personnel exposure;
f) Sufficient deflagration venting in outside walls to maintain their integrity; and
g) Conducting experiments in a detached or isolated building or outdoors.
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7.2.3 Equipment used in explosion experiments shall be specifically designed and installed to ensure
the safe use of such equipment. If necessary, the experiment should be carried out within a dedicated
vessel to contain the explosion.
7.3 Explosion-resistant construction
Where explosion-resistant construction is used, explosion resistance shall be achieved by the use of
one or more of the following methods:
a) Reinforced concrete walls;

b) Reinforced and fully grouted concrete block walls;
c) Steel walls;
d) Steel plate walls with energy-absorbing linings;
e) Barricades;
f) Specifically engineered construction assemblies.
7.4 Explosion vent
7.4.1 Where explosion venting is required, it should be designed to be the weakest part of the external
structure. As the explosion vent experiences the pressure rise, it opens quickly allowing the rapidly
expanding heated gases to be released to the outside. By doing so, the internal walls, floor, and ceiling
are spared from the damaging overpressure experienced during a deflagration.
7.4.2 To successfully limit damage to the vented area, the vent should be designed so that explosion
fragments will not strike other occupied buildings, emergency response staging areas and critical
equipment (e.g., production, storage, utility services, and fire protection). An intervening approved
barrier wall, blast mat or earthen berms, of such type, size, and construction should be placed as to
limit in a prescribed manner the effect of an explosion vent on nearby buildings or personnel.
7.5 Access and controls
7.5.1 Where required by the risk assessment, access control procedures should be established for
entry to areas where explosion hazards have been identified.
7.5.2 Access control for areas where explosion hazards have been identified should include, but are
not limited to one or more of the following:
a) Access should be blocked at a safe distance from buildings where such experiments are being
performed and the area between explosion vents and fragment barriers.
b) Corridors leading to areas in which such experiments are being performed or where explosive
materials are stored should be marked to warn of the danger. Barriers to limit access should
also be set up.
c) Visual methods such as closed-circuit television should be used to monitor explosive storage
areas and to enable viewing of the explosion hazard operating area conditions before entering.
Remote audio monitoring and video recording should also be considered.
d) Interlocking of remote operating equipment to access doors should be required for each remote
explosion hazard operation unless other means to prevent access are provided.
e) Lights or similar warning devices should conspicuously identify buildings or area in which
remote explosion hazard operations are performed to indicate when remote operations are
underway.
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7.6 Maintenance and testing
7.6.1 Personal protective equipment, protective devices and systems shall be maintained. A regular
inspection schedule shall be established. Required maintenance as recommended by the manufacturer
or as determined by risk assessment shall be done to assure integrity and operability.
7.6.2 Explosion shields and special explosion-containing hoods shall be inspected prior to each use
for deterioration, especially transparent shields and sight panels in special explosion containing hoods.
8 Laboratory ventilation system requirements
8.1 Basic requirements
8.1.1 Laboratory ventilation systems shall be designed to prevent accumulation of toxic and
flammable gases, fumes and vapours.
8.1.2 Laboratory ventilation systems shall be independent of those serving other parts of the building.
8.1.3 Laboratory units and fume cupboards in which chemicals are present shall be continually
ventilated under normal operating conditions and there shall be a means to monitor the operational
status of the laboratory ventilation system.
8.1.3 If the local exhaust ventilation is not operational, all laboratory operations under the LEV shall
be suspended until the deficiency is corrected. All hazardous chemicals shall be kept in a safe condition
until the local exhaust ventilation is restored. However, if only the general exhaust ventilation and/or the
air supply is not operational, the scenario shall be assessed by laboratory operators to determine
whether work can continue safely.
8.1.4 Chemical fume cupboards shall not be used to provide explosion (blast) protection unless
specifically designed to do so.
8.1.5 The release of chemical vapours, fumes and gases into the laboratory shall be controlled by
enclosures or captured to prevent any flammable concentration of vapours from reaching any source
of ignition.
8.1.6 The sash of chemical fume cupboard shall be lowered when unattended and whenever
possible.
8.2 Air supply and exhaust system
8.2.1 Laboratory ventilation systems shall be designed to ensure that chemical fumes, vapours, or
gases generated from the laboratory are not accumulated.
8.2.2 Fire dampers shall not be used in dedicated air supply ducts to individual laboratory units.
8.2.3 For laboratory units that are sharing a common fire-rated air supply duct (as illustrated in Figure
7 and Figure 8) within the same floor level or other floor levels, the following conditions shall be met:
a) Hazards are similar in nature;
b) All laboratory units are sprinkler-protected; and
c) The supply air duct is fitted with fire damper where it passes through the wall of each laboratory
unit.
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Figure 7 – Common air supply duct (with dampers) to serve various sprinkler-protected
laboratory units on different floor levels
Figure 8 – Common air supply duct (with dampers) to serve various sprinkler-protected
laboratory units on the same floor level
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8.2.4 A dedicated exhaust duct shall be provided for individual laboratory units and shall be kept in
operation (at the minimum flow rates as defined in 8.3) even during fires to prevent air and smoke from
one laboratory unit entering other laboratory units.
8.2.5 The location and configuration of fresh air intake shall take into account any potential take-up
of chemicals or products of combustion from the laboratory building itself or from other structures and
devices.
8.2.6 The air pressure in the laboratory work area shall be negative relative to corridors and non-
laboratory units. For laboratory operations requiring positive pressure relative to surrounding areas (e.g.
clean rooms), alternative means shall be provided to prevent the escape of the atmosphere in the
laboratory work area or unit to the surrounding spaces.
8.2.7 The air pressure in laboratory work areas located within a designated classified hazardous area
should be permitted to be positive relative to that hazardous area unless a risk assessment indicates
otherwise.
8.2.8 Air supply diffusers shall be located to prevent air currents from adversely affecting the
performance of chemical fume cupboards, exhaust systems, and fire detection or fire extinguishing
systems.
8.2.9 An effective exhaust (general and local) system shall be provided for all laboratories unless
otherwise exempted by the relevant authorities where the provision of exhaust ventilation may not be
necessary for certain laboratories that are only using small amounts or less hazardous chemicals.
Within a single laboratory unit, the various local exhaust ventilation systems may be combined via a
manifold to a single exhaust fan and outlet, subject to the compatibility of chemicals being exhausted.
8.2.10 The laboratory ventilation system shall be backed-up by a secondary power supply unless the
laboratory unit is classified as category D in Table 2.
8.2.11 Air from laboratory units and laboratory work areas in which chemicals are present shall be
continuously discharged through duct systems maintained at a negative pressure relative to the
pressure of normally occupied areas of the building.
8.2.12 Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system capture velocities shall be sufficient to capture
contaminants generated in accordance with local guidelines or standards.
8.2.13 The positioning of the LEV extraction points (high or low) shall be provided in accordance with
the density of the respective gases and vapours.
8.2.14 Canopy hoods, laminar flow cabinets, and ductless enclosures shall not be used in lieu of
fume cupboards. However, ductless enclosures that pass air from the interior of the enclosure through
an adsorption filter and then discharge the air into the laboratory are only allowed for use with vapours
and dust that do not present a fire or toxicity hazard as determined by risk assessment.
8.2.15 Air exhausted from fume cupboards and other LEV systems shall be discharged from the
laboratory building to a safe location to prevent re-entry of chemicals and exposure to personnel building
in accordance with local guidelines or standards. The exhausted air shall also comply with national
environmental emission requirements.
8.2.16 The exhaust fans (general and local exhaust ventilation) shall be monitored and no activities
shall be carried out if the fans are malfunctioning. It is recommended to provide a standby fan system.
8.2.17 Fire dampers shall not be used in exhaust (general and local) systems.
8.2.18 Fire detection and alarm systems shall not be interlocked to automatically shut down exhaust
fans.
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8.3 Ventilation rates
8.3.1 Operating condition
8.3.1.1 Adequate ventilation shall be provided to ensure occupant safety and safe operation of exhaust
devices inside the laboratory. The minimum air change rate for laboratories shall be based on Table 4
below, subject to individual operational requirements. Where higher ventilation rates are required due
to the use of LEV (e.g. fume cupboards), the total calculated flow rate shall be used to determine the
ACH. The calculation to achieve the required ACH can be made using internationally accepted
standards (e.g. ASHRAE6, CIBSE7)
8.3.1.2 For energy conservation purposes, the air change rate for occupied laboratories can be
reduced via the Risk Assessment Flow Chart given in Annex B.
8.3.1.3 There shall be effective means to ensure the ventilation rate is adjusted when the occupancy
of the laboratory changes from unoccupied to occupied. In addition, the indoor air quality of the
laboratory unit should also be considered when determining the ACH.
Table 4 – Minimum lab ventilation rates
Sprinkled, air change Non-sprinkled, air

per hour (ACH)* change per hour
(ACH)*
Occupied Prescribed value 8 12
laboratory
Further reduction 4 8
based on Annex B Risk
Assessment
Non-occupied The air change values can be reduced by up to half that of an occupied
laboratory laboratory, as shown above
Note: *Include single pass and recirculated air
8.3.2 Emergency scenario
8.3.2.1 In an emergency scenario, the laboratory unit shall be purged in a single pass mode, at a
suitable air change rate as determined by risk assessment, to ensure it is free from an accumulation of
flammable gases or vapours and safe entry with due consideration to the risk associated with flash fires
and deflagration.
8.3.2.2 For laboratories using flammable gases, an interlocked emergency air purging system with at
least 15 ACH shall be provided unless a risk assessment indicates otherwise. However, the minimum
ACH shall not be lower than 8 for a sprinkler-protected laboratory and 12 for a non-sprinkler protected
laboratory.
8.3.2.3 Chemical spills should be contained before activating the room air purge system.
8.4 Recirculation of air in laboratories
8.4.1 Air exhausted from fume cupboards and other LEV shall not be recirculated (single-pass) or
shared with other laboratory units.
6 ASHRAE – American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers

7 CIBSE – Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
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8.4.2 Laboratory ventilation systems shall be designed to ensure that chemical fumes, vapours, or
gases originating from the laboratory shall not be recirculated. However, the air can only be recirculated
within the same laboratory unit provided that the workplace PEL is not exceeded.
8.4.3 The recirculated air shall be treated and monitored continuously by the recirculation system to
ensure that the workplace PEL is not exceeded. If at any point in time, the contaminants exceed the
PEL, the recirculation system shall be converted to single pass and an alarm shall be triggered to alert
the occupant to initiate immediate mitigation measures.
8.4.4 For illustration purposes, Figure 9 shows an integrated recirculation system designed within a
laboratory unit where the LEV (e.g. fume cupboards and canopy extraction points) is a separate single-
pass system. Airflow dampers are normally installed within the integrated ducting system and shall be
interlocked with one another to convert the recirculation into a single-pass during an emergency.
Figure 9 – Local exhaust ventilation (single pass) integrated with a recirculation system
8.5 Duct construction for laboratory ventilation systems
8.5.1 Ducts, including any linings and coatings, used for chemical fume cupboards and LEV shall be
constructed of non-combustible materials. For ducts that handle chemicals that are corrosive or
incompatible chemicals with the ducting material, the internal linings and coatings of the ducts should
be made of materials that protect the ducts from damage by those chemicals.
8.5.2 Linings and coatings that can accumulate chemical deposits shall not be permitted within LEVs.
8.5.3 Ducts shall be of adequate strength and rigidity to meet the conditions of service and installation
requirements and shall be protected against mechanical damage.
8.5.4 Flexible connectors containing pockets where material can accumulate shall not be used in any
concealed space or where strong oxidising chemicals (e.g. perchloric acid) are used.
8.5.5 Controls and dampers, where required for balancing or control of the exhaust (general and
local) ventilation system, shall be of a type that, in the event of failure, will fail-open to ensure continuous
draft.
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8.5.6 Duct velocities of LEV shall be high enough to minimise the accumulation of liquids or
condensable solids in the LEV during normal operations.
8.5.7 Exhaust ducts within a single laboratory unit are allowed to be connected to a manifold under
the following conditions:
a) Each control branch shall have a flow-regulating device to buffer the fluctuations in pressure
inherent in manifolds.
b) Radioisotope fume cupboards and related exhaust shall not be connected to a manifold unless
equipped with filtration and/or air-cleaning system between the fume cupboard and the
manifold.
8.6 Fume cupboard construction and fire protection
8.6.1 Fume cupboards shall comply with internationally recognised standards (e.g. EN 14175,
ASHRAE 110, AS/NZS 2243.8, NFPA 11, NFPA 12 and NFPA 17).
8.6.2 Fire suppression systems should be considered for use in fume cupboards. If a risk assessment
shows that a fire suppression system is required for the fume cupboard, applicable internationally
recognised fire protection system standard shall be followed.
8.6.3 The fire suppression system shall be appropriate for the types of chemicals used in the fume
cupboard with manual and/or automatic activation.
8.7 Fume cupboard location
Chemical fume cupboards shall be located in areas of minimum air turbulence and shall not be adjacent
to a single means of access to an exit or to high-traffic areas.
8.8 Inert atmosphere glove boxes
8.8.1 Glove boxes that are vented shall be directed to the local exhaust ventilation system.
8.8.2 Glove boxes under positive pressure should be equipped with pressure control to limit the
pressure inside. Pressure relief shall be provided for glove boxes.
8.9 Perchloric acid fume cupboards
8.9.1 Perchloric acid heated above ambient temperatures shall only be used in a fume cupboard
specifically designed for its use unless a risk assessment indicates otherwise.
8.9.2 For perchloric acid operations in a fume cupboard that is not specifically designed for perchloric
acid, vapours shall be trapped and scrubbed before they are released into the hood.
8.9.3 Materials used for constructing perchloric acid fume cupboard and exhaust ductwork shall be
acid resistant, non-reactive, and impervious to perchloric acid.
8.9.4 The exhaust fan shall be acid resistant and spark resistant. The exhaust fan motor shall be
located outside the ductwork.
8.9.5 Drive belts shall be conductive and shall be located outside the ductwork.
8.9.6 The path of ductwork for perchloric acid fume cupboards and exhaust systems has to be the
shortest and straightest leading to the outside of the building and shall not be combined or connected
to a manifold with other exhaust systems.
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8.9.7 Flexible connectors shall not be used.
8.9.8 Sealants, gaskets, and lubricants used with perchloric acid fume cupboards, ductwork, and
exhaust systems shall be acid resistant and nonreactive with perchloric acid.
8.9.9 If a fume cupboard or exhaust system was used for perchloric acid heated above ambient
temperature, tests shall be conducted for explosive perchlorates before any inspection, cleaning,
maintenance, or any other work is done on any part of the exhaust system or hood interior.
8.10 Identification of fume cupboard systems
Special-use fume cupboards and special-use local exhaust ventilation systems shall be identified to
indicate their intended use.
8.11 Inspection, testing and maintenance
8.11.1 Fume cupboards and other LEV systems shall be inspected and tested regularly according to
manufacturer’s recommendations.
8.11.2 The fume cupboard’s face velocity profile or hood air quantity shall be checked when there are
changes made to the laboratory ventilation system balance.
8.11.3 Air system flow detectors, if installed, should be inspected and tested regularly according to
manufacturer’s recommendations.
8.11.4 Where potentially corrosive or obstructive conditions exist, the inspection and test frequency
shall be increased.
8.11.5 At a minimum, air supply and exhaust fans, motors, and components should be inspected
annually.
8.11.6 LEV ductwork shall be inspected and maintained regularly based on risk assessment with
added consideration to increase its frequency to prevent accumulation of flammable or pyrophoric
residues inside the duct.
9 Compressed and liquefied gases
9.1 Compressed and liquefied gases in cylinders
9.1.1 Compressed gas cylinders to be used in laboratories shall not exceed a maximum volume of 50
L water capacity (≤ 200 barg). If the water capacity exceeds 50 L, the stored pressure and maximum
volume of such cylinders shall be capped to 10 bars and 108 L.
9.1.2 Cylinders shall be handled by trained personnel.
9.1.3 The fabrication of compressed gas cylinder or container shall follow the specifications of or
authorised for use by international, regional or national standards (e.g. ISO 9809). Accessories such as
cylinder valves and regulators shall be checked and maintained at appropriate intervals or as
recommended by manufacturers/suppliers.
9.2 Fire protection for compressed gas cylinder
9.2.1 All compressed gas cylinder installations shall comply with NFPA 55.
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9.2.2 The integrity of compressed gas cylinders may weaken when subject to high temperatures and
cause the cylinder to fail. Gas cylinders “in use” (refer to 9.5.1) in the laboratory shall be either sprinkler
protected, placed in gas cabinets (60 min fire rated) or placed in a dedicated room (60 min fire rated).
9.2.3 Gas cylinders that have the pressure and cylinder volume combinations that fall under the
shaded area of Figure 10 shall be exempted from the requirements under 9.2.2 (see Annex C for sample
calculation). This does not apply to cylinders that contain gas mixtures (e.g. methane-oxygen, diene)
that can self-react (e.g. combustion, polymerisation) when the cylinder is exposed to an external fire.
200
108
100
90
80
70
60
50
Cylinder Volume (L)
40
30
20
109
8
7
6
5
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200
Cylinder Operating Pressure (barg)
Note: Cylinder volume refers to water capacity.
Figure 10 – Cylinder operating pressure range from 10 barg to 200 barg
9.2.4 In the event of a fire, the activation of a built-in emergency relief device, if installed, shall not
jeopardise other gas cylinders and gas installations.
9.3 Special ventilation requirements for gas cylinders
9.3.1 Gas cylinders shall comply with the ventilation requirement shown in Table 5. The classification
of the acute toxic categories 1, 2 and 3 is as described in Table 6.
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Table 5 – Gases to be placed under ventilation
Toxic and highly toxic

Gases Pyrophoric gas
gases
Types of ventilation Lecture Lecture
Cylinder Cylinder
bottle bottle
Continuously mechanically ventilated
Yes No Yes No
enclosure or fume cupboard
Continuously mechanically ventilated gas
Yes Yes Yes No
cabinets
Continuously mechanically ventilated,
Yes Yes Yes Yes
sprinklered gas cabinets
NOTE – In cases where the gas is both pyrophoric and toxic/highly toxic, the pyrophoric nature should take
precedence in the application of Table 5.
Table 6 – Gas toxicity classification
Exposure Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

route (Fatal if inhaled) (Fatal if inhaled) (Toxic if inhaled) (Harmful if
inhaled)
500 ≤ LC50 ≤ 2,500 ≤ LC50 ≤
Gases (ppm) LC50 ≤ 100 100 ≤ LC50 ≤ 500
2,500 20,000
Highly toxic Toxic
9.3.2 Cryogenic fluids (flammable/oxidising) shall be stored in sprinkler-protected laboratory units,

gas cabinets (60 min fire rated) or exhausted enclosures. The containers shall be equipped with
pressure-relief devices that are vented directly outdoors or to an exhaust hood.
9.4 Cylinder safety
9.4.1 Cylinders shall be secured to prevent them from toppling.
9.4.2 Cylinders shall be fitted with a shut-off valve and equipped with pressure regulators designed
for the specific gas and the maximum cylinder pressure.
9.5 Cylinders in use
9.5.1 An “in-use” compressed gas cylinder is defined as one of the following:
a) A cylinder delivering gas by means of a connected regulator or through a manifold8.
b) A reserve cylinder for the cylinder that is described in (a).
8 Cylinders “in use” includes those that are temporarily disconnected if the cylinder is still meant to deliver gas to
the set-up.
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9.5.2 Cylinders shall not be stored in the laboratory if it is not “in use” as described in 9.5.1.
9.5.3 Gas systems connecting cylinders shall be designed by a competent person.
9.5.4 A leak check shall be performed on the joints after connecting the cylinders.
9.5.5 For flammable gases used in a laboratory work area that can contribute to a hazardous
atmosphere, a leak detection system with an alarm shall be provided unless a risk assessment indicates
otherwise.
9.5.6 For toxic and asphyxiant gases used in laboratory work areas that can contribute to a hazardous
atmosphere, suitable means to detect gas leaks with an alarm shall be considered.
9.5.7 For unmanned operations using flammable gas continuously, a gas detection system
interlocked with a shut-off valve shall be provided unless a risk assessment indicates otherwise.
9.5.8 Gas cylinders that are not actively delivering gas shall be turned off at the main valve.
9.5.9 The maximum allowable quantity of compressed and liquefied gases “in use” shall be in
accordance with Table 7 and Table 8. For the dedicated storage of gases (not “in use”) outside
laboratory units, users shall refer to NFPA 55 and consult with the relevant local authorities.
9.5.10 The use of gases in laboratory units at various habitable floor heights shall follow the limitation
specified in Table 9.
9.5.11 Where “in use” gas cylinders are placed in dedicated gas rooms, the gas room is considered
as a separate laboratory unit subject to the MAQ specified in Table 7 and 8. Such gas rooms shall
meet the following requirements:
a) Separately ventilated, fully enclosed room in which only compressed gases and cryogenic fluids
are “in use”.
b) Operated at a negative pressure in relation to the surrounding area.
c) Constructed in accordance with Table 9.
d) Equipped with a suitable gas detector.
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Table 7 – MAQ of gases “In use” within a laboratory unit
“In use”
Material Class
Liquid Gas
Flammable 170 L NA
Cryogenic fluid Oxidising 170 L NA
Inert NL NA
Flammable gas Gaseous NA 28.3 m3
Liquefied flammable gas and NA 15 kg
liquefied petroleum (LP) gas
Inert gas Gaseous NA NL
Liquefied NA NL
Oxidising gas Gaseous NA 42.5 m3
Liquefied NA 68 kg
Pyrophoric gas Gaseous NA 1.4 m3
Liquefied NA 1.8 kg
Corrosive gas Gaseous NA 22.9 m3
Liquefied NA 68 kg
Highly toxic gas Gaseous NA 0.57m3
Liquefied NA 1.8 kg
Toxic gas Gaseous NA 22.9 m3
Liquefied NA 68 kg
NOTE –
NL = No Limit (subjected to “in use” clause)
NA = Not applicable
Table 8 – Multiplication factor for MAQ of gases
MAQ multiplication factor MAQ of gases x 2 MAQ of gases x 4
Type of gases Type of installation (refer to footnote)
Cryogenic fluid (flammable) Not permitted Not permitted

Cryogenic fluid (oxidising) 1 or 3 1 and 3
Flammable gas (gaseous, liquefied and LP) 1 or 3 1 and 3
Oxidising gas (gaseous and liquefied) 1 or 3 1 and 3
Corrosive gas (gaseous and liquefied) 1 or 3 1 and 3
Toxic gas (gaseous and liquefied) 3 1 and 3
Highly toxic gas (gaseous and liquefied) 1 and 3 Not permitted
Pyrophoric gas (gaseous and liquefied) 1 and 2 Not permitted
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Type of installation
1) Permitted only in building or laboratory unit equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system.
2) Cylinders placed in sprinkler gas cabinets (60 min fire-rated) and exhausted enclosures.
3) Cylinders placed in gas cabinets (60 min fire-rated) and exhausted enclosures.
Table 9 – MAQ of gases for laboratory units based on habitable floor height
Floor level MAQ per laboratory Area of lab Minimum fire rating
unit (percentage based unit (hr) per laboratory
on MAQ stipulated in unit (a)
Table 7)
Any storey with habitable floor 50% ≤ 1000 m2 2
height of more than 24 m (b)
Above 3rd storey and not more 75% (c) Any size (c) 1 (2 for non-
than 24m habitable floor height sprinkler)
1st – 3rd storey 100% Any size 1 (2 for non-
sprinkler)
Below Grade (b)
Basement 1 75% ≤ 1000 m2 2
Basement 2 50% ≤ 1000 m2 2
Lower than B2 or any storey N.P. N.P. N.P.
lower than 6 m habitable floor
height
MAQ = Maximum allowable quantity
N.P. = Not permitted
Other conditions:
a) It is presupposed that the fire rating is in accordance with applicable statutory and regulatory
requirements.
b) All basement (below grade) levels and floors higher than 24 m habitable floor (as defined in the Fire
Code) height shall be sprinkler protected.
c) If floor level is protected by a sprinkler system, the MAQ is allowed to increase to 100% but the area
of laboratory unit is restricted to 1000 m2.
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9.6 Storage and piping systems
9.6.1 Storage and piping systems for compressed or liquefied gases, and cryogenic liquids shall
comply with the applicable international or national standards (e.g. ASME B31, NFPA 51, NFPA 54,
NFPA 55 or NFPA 58) and the manufacturer’s design and specifications.
9.6.2 An accessible manual shut-off valve shall be made available at each point of use outlet and a
quick connect fitting shall not be a replacement for a shut-off valve. The location of the manual shut-off
valve shall be at a safe place near the point of use and away from potential hazards. Separate point-of-
use shut-off valves shall not be required if the cylinder is located within reach.
9.6.3 For flammable, toxic and oxidising gases with piped gas-dispensing valve, an emergency shut-
off device shall be provided in addition to the manual point-of-use valve at an accessible location near
the point of egress, unless it is indicated otherwise by risk assessment.
9.6.4 A regulator system shall be installed with a means to show the inlet and outlet pressure either
locally on the regulator or remotely.
9.6.5 A pressure regulator and an inlet pressure gauge shall be installed at the point of use when the
cylinder source is located outside the laboratory.
9.6.6 The end points of compressed gas lines that are not in use shall be blanked off.
9.6.7 Adequate pressure relief shall be provided for the piping system in accordance with relevant
international standards or recognised national standards [e.g. American Society Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)]. The vented gases shall be directed to a safe location.
9.6.8 Pressure rating design for piping shall be greater than the maximum system pressure under
abnormal conditions.
9.6.9 Permanent piping shall be labelled at the source and point of use with the name of the material
being transported. Refer to SS 567:2011 for detailed labelling requirements for piping systems.
9.6.10 A leak check on the gas piping system should be conducted regularly after installation.
9.7 Cryogenic fluids
9.7.1 Components used in a cryogenic fluids system shall be selected and designed for such service.
9.7.2 For vessels and piping, the design pressure shall be greater than 150% of the maximum
pressure relief.
9.7.3 System or apparatus for cryogenic fluid application shall be designed to prevent the contact of
condensed air with organic materials. In the case of systems or apparatus handling liquid oxygen,
organic materials should not come into contact with the oxygen.
9.7.4 The design for pressure relief of vessels and piping handling cryogenic fluids shall comply with
the applicable requirements in 9.6.
9.7.5 Cryogenic systems shall be located in a well-ventilated environment, taking into account the
properties of the cryogenic fluid.
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10 Chemical management
10.1 Procurement
10.1.1 Chemicals to be purchased shall be evaluated for potential hazards so as to minimise the
introduction of new hazards into the workplace to ensure sufficient capability to safely store, handle and
dispose the chemicals.
10.1.2 Risk control measures shall be communicated to those who will receive, store, use, or dispose
of the chemicals.
10.1.3 When ordering a chemical, the minimum quantity purchased should be consistent with the
expected rate of use, with consideration on the expiry date of the chemical, if applicable.
10.2 Storage
10.2.1 The storage of chemicals shall be in accordance with their safety data sheet, risk assessment
and safe work procedures.
10.2.2 Chemicals shall not be brought into a laboratory work area unless the design, construction, and
fire protection of receiving and storage facilities commensurate with the quantities and hazards of
chemicals involved.
10.2.3 Fire safety cabinets used for the storage of flammable liquids shall comply with SS 532. Safety
cabinets shall not be required to be ducted. However, if a ventilation duct is installed, it shall be done in
accordance with SS 532.
10.2.4 Container types and maximum capacities for flammable liquids shall comply with SS 532.
10.2.5 Flammable liquids stored in fire safety cabinets and refrigerators shall be kept in closed
containers.
10.2.6 Ovens or furnaces used to heat or test flammable samples should be explosion-proof. The
amount shall be kept to the minimum required for testing or as low as reasonably practicable.
10.2.7 Flammable and hazardous liquids should be stored with a secondary containment to contain
potential leaks and spills. The capacity of the secondary containment should be 10% of the total volume
of the liquids stored in the containment tray, or the volume of the largest container, whichever is greater.
10.2.8 Chemical inventories in each laboratory unit shall be maintained within the maximum quantities
specified in the relevant local licensing requirements. The amount of chemicals kept outside of storage
cabinets shall be maintained at the lowest possible level necessary for the work.
10.2.9 Users shall minimise the use of flammable liquids and return them to chemical stores or fire
safety cabinets after use when the chemicals are no longer needed for the day. The amount of these
materials remaining outside the fire safety cabinets in each laboratory unit shall not exceed 10% of the
total quantity stipulated in Table 2. Flammable liquids used for operating laboratory analytical
instruments (e.g. high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), distillers, or other works in
progress]) are exempted from the 10% limitation but shall be subjected to the MAQ stipulated in Table
2 (Quantityd in use – outside cabinet).
10.2.10 The amount of flammable liquids in open systems shall be minimised at all times. At any time,
not more than 10% of the total quantity stipulated in Table 2 can be in open systems. If the temperature
of the flammable liquid in use is controlled to be at least 6 °C below its flash point, the 10% MAQ limit
for open systems will not apply.
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10.2.11 Incompatible chemicals shall be segregated to prevent accidental contact with one another.
10.2.12 Safe storage facilities shall be provided for materials that have unique physical or hazardous
properties, such as temperature sensitivity, high water reactivity, or of a highly explosive nature. The
safety data sheet should be referred to for detailed information.
10.2.13 Containers of chemicals that might become hazardous (i.e. time sensitive) during prolonged
storage shall be dated when first opened, and properly managed. Examples of chemicals that can have
a higher hazard potential are those that may form explosive peroxides over time due to exposure to air
or light, water-reactive compounds, or chemicals that become highly shock-sensitive when normal water
content is allowed to evaporate (e.g. picric acid). Users shall perform a thorough risk assessment on
the storage, handling and use of such chemicals, and implement the necessary control measures.
10.2.14 Proper management of time-sensitive chemicals shall consist of the following elements:
a) Identifying chemicals that are time sensitive;
b) Establishing inspection frequency for each time-sensitive material;
c) Defining proper or approved inspection methodologies to determine the relative hazard of the
time-sensitive material;
d) Defining pass/fail criteria for inspection results; and
e) Safely discarding all chemicals that do not pass the inspection.
10.3 Handling and dispensing
10.3.1 The handling of chemicals shall conform to its manufacturer’s recommendations and its safety
data sheet (SDS).
10.3.2 The receiving, transporting, unpacking, and dispensing of chemicals and other hazardous
chemicals shall be carried out by trained personnel in designated locations and in such a manner as to
minimise hazards from flammable, reactive, or toxic materials. Chemicals shall not be transferred from
one vessel or container to another in any corridor.
10.3.3 Materials used in the construction for piping, hoses and vessels shall be compatible with
materials to be transferred or handled.
10.3.4 When dispensing flammable liquids (Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3 flashpoint up to
38 °C) from containers of more than 4 L capacity, measures to prevent electrostatic discharge or prevent
the ignition of the flammable liquids shall be taken.
10.3.5 Pressurised liquid dispensing containers (PLDC)
10.3.5.1 Pressurised liquid containers (e.g. sample cylinder/bomb) used to collect process sample
under pressure shall be made of metal.
10.3.5.2 The container shall be equipped with safety relief devices and isolation valves.
10.3.5.3 The container and its accessories (e.g. hose, piping, pressure gauge etc.) connected for
sampling shall be rated for the process pressure and compatible with the materials being sampled.
10.3.5.4 Each container shall be labelled for its intended use and shall be inspected regularly by a
competent person to ensure that its mechanical integrity is not degraded over time as specified by the
manufacturer or supplier.
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10.3.5.5 For pressurised sample dispensing, the container shall only be pressurised with nitrogen or
other inert gases; air shall not be used.
10.4 Chemical waste handling and disposal
10.4.1 Before a chemical is used, the user shall determine that facilities are available for the safe
disposal of hazardous chemicals and waste products.
10.4.2 Waste chemicals shall be handled and stored according to the requirements in SS 603: Code
of practice for hazardous waste management.
10.4.3 Waste chemicals shall not be combined or mixed with other waste chemicals unless a
competent person has evaluated their compatibility.
10.4.4 Liquid waste containers stored in laboratory work areas shall not exceed 20 L and shall be
provided with secondary containment.
10.4.5 Flammable liquid waste shall be subjected to the maximum allowable quantity for the laboratory
unit as stipulated in Table 2.
11 Laboratory operations and apparatus
11.1 Hazards of chemicals and chemical reactions
11.1.1 An assessment of the risks generated by laboratory test and reaction and of the steps needed
to meet safety requirements shall be made prior to the start of the test or reaction. Assessments should
be made on the nature and the reaction of the chemicals in use to determine whether a hazardous
situation could develop. The assessment should consider, though it is not limited to, the following:
a) Material properties;
b) Material reactivity;
c) Material incompatibility (with other chemicals);
d) Intermediate/end product properties;
e) Equipment selection and operating condition;
f) Type of reaction;
g) Unattended or automatic lab operations;
h) Abnormal conditions;
i) Spills and leaks; and
j) Presence of strong oxidising agents.
11.1.2 Laboratory operations and safety procedures should be reviewed and updated for any changes
in material, operations or personnel.
11.1.3 For materials whose hazard characteristics have not yet been determined, safety measures
shall be taken to control the highest possible hazard that may be reasonably expected based on similar
materials.
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11.2 Hazards of heating and distillation operations
11.2.1 Fire hazards shall be controlled when heating flammable liquids using devices such as:
a) Hotplates;
b) Tube and box furnaces;
c) Heating mantles;
d) Hot-air guns;
e) Oil baths; and
f) Stills.
11.2.2 The distillation of flammable liquids shall be performed using equipment designed for its
intended use (e.g. distillation glassware). Special precautions shall be taken when setting up the
equipment to control and prevent the release of flammable vapours generated by the heating process.
11.2.3 Distillation shall be performed in a well-ventilated area to avoid the accumulation of flammable
vapours (e.g. in a fume cupboard).
11.2.4 Stills in operation shall be attended at all times and the condenser cooling system shall be
monitored.
11.3 Hazards of stirring and mixing operations
11.3.1 Care shall be taken when operating stirring and mixing devices (e.g. stirring motors, magnetic
stirrers, shakers, small pumps for fluids, and rotary evaporators) involving flammable liquids or solids
to avoid accumulating an ignitable concentration of vapours in the laboratory work area.
11.3.2 Precautions shall be taken to avoid local overheating when grinding or mixing flammable or
explosive materials.
11.4 Hazards of refrigeration and cooling equipment operations
11.4.1 A refrigerator may be used to store flammable chemicals provided it has been designed and
manufactured as explosion proof or laboratory safe.
11.4.2 Refrigerators unsuitable for solvent storage should bear a prominent label inscribed with the
words “Not Suitable for Flammable Solvents”.
11.4.3 Solvents stored in suitable refrigerators should be properly labelled and sealed. A complete
check of the condition of the refrigerator contents should be carried out regularly.
11.5 Hazards of open flame operations
11.5.1 Open flames pose a high risk of fire. Their use should be avoided whenever possible.
11.5.2 Open flame operations shall be performed in a well-ventilated fume cupboard or another space
designated for flame use.
11.5.3 If open flame operations are performed, there shall be no flammable material in the vicinity.
Users shall be aware of experiments and other activities being conducted by others in the laboratory;
users shall ensure that other users in the laboratory are not using flammable material in the vicinity and
ensure that other users are aware that an open flame is in use.
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11.5.4 Hoses or tubing connecting a gas supply to a torch or a Bunsen burner shall be in a single
piece, in good condition, and rated to at least 150% of working pressure. Tubing connections shall be
clamped at the gas supply and at the torch or burner end.
11.6 Hazards of pressure equipment operations
11.6.1 Equipment operated at high pressures shall be designed and constructed for their intended use
and design limitations. The equipment shall be operated and maintained according to manufacturer’s
instruction. Such equipment may include the following:
a) Autoclaves;
b) Steam sterilisers;
c) Reactors;
d) Calorimeters; and
e) Microwave digesters.
11.6.2 The pressure equipment shall be fitted with pressure relief devices as required by the risk
assessment.
11.6.3 Pressure equipment shall be inspected on a regular basis. If there is any significant change in
the condition of the equipment, it shall be removed from service immediately.
12 Hazard communication
12.1 Identification of entrances
12.1.1 All entrances to laboratory units, laboratory work areas, storage areas, and associated facilities
shall be identified with signs to warn emergency response personnel of unusual or severe hazards.
Some examples of severe or unusual hazards that require the posting of signs include the following:
a) Self-reactive substances and mixtures;
b) Carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens;
c) Pathogens;
d) Water-reactive materials;
e) Cryogens; and
f) Radioactive chemicals.
12.1.2 The design of unusual or severe hazards signs shall comply with the requirements in SS 508
and SS 586.
12.1.3 The hazards shall be communicated in the plans for firefighting (see 6.2.3).
12.1.4 At the entrance to the laboratory, the names and telephone numbers of one or more key
persons should be posted and this information should be updated.
12.2 Exhaust systems
Exhaust systems for hazardous chemicals removal should be identified with a label such as “WARNING
– Laboratory Exhaust” or “Fume Cupboard Exhaust” to warn personnel of the possible hazards. At the
exhaust outlet, the laboratories of work areas served should be identified.
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12.3 Labelling of containers
12.3.1 Graphic systems used to identify hazards shall comply with the requirements in SS 586-2 :
‘Specification for hazard communication for hazardous chemicals and dangerous goods – Part 2:
Globally harmonised system and labelling of chemicals’. This includes the labelling of containers that
are less than 125 ml.
12.3.2 Chemical waste containers shall be labelled with the hazards of the waste chemicals and in
accordance to SS 603.
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Annex A
(informative)
Mapping of different classification for gas toxicity

from various standards
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Annex B
(informative)
Ventilation risk assessment flowchart
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Explanation:
1. BSL 3/4 and pilot plants are excluded from this list.
2. The risk assessment is intended to identify the hazards arising from the activities that could be carried out
in the lab. This information would be used in subsequent parts of the flowchart.
3. Chemical emission generation models, such as Hummel et. al. 1, Brun and Caplan 2, and Mackey and
Matsugu 3, may be used to calculate the vapour emission rates for open benchtop use of volatile
chemicals. The most conservative model should be adopted for determining the air change.
4. Concentration of airborne contaminants during normal working condition and not during spill situation.
5. ACH figures in brackets are for sprinklered laboratories.
6. Provision of effective means shall be made available to ensure the ventilation rate is adjusted when the
occupancy of the laboratory changes from unoccupied to occupied.
7. Values indicated in the illustration are only for occupied laboratories. For unoccupied laboratories, the
corresponding values can be found in Table 4.
References
1 Hummel, A.A., K.O. Braun, M. Catherine, and M.C. Fehrenbacher: Evaporation of a liquid in a flowing
airstream. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 57:519-525 (1996).
2 Braun, K.O, and K.J. Caplan: U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Evaporation Rate of
Volatile Liquids, 2nd Edition, NTIS PB 92-232305. Washington, D.C.: National Technical Information
Service (1992)
3 Mackay, D., and R.S. Matsugu: Evaporation rates of liquid hydro-carbon spills on land and water. Can.
J. Chem. Eng. 51:434-439 (1973).
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Annex C
(informative)
Calculations for determining threshold pressure-volume

for gas cylinders
C.1 Assumptions
P2 = initial absolute pressure (bars); this is taken as the operating pressure. Cylinder assumed to fail at
its operating pressure. In a fire engulfment scenario, there is a possibility of cylinder failure at pressure
below its operating pressure but the assumption of failure at operating pressure is used to get a
conservative result as failure at higher pressures generally results in a greater release of energy.
P1 = final absolute pressure (bars); this is taken as atmospheric pressure, or 1.013 bars
V = volume of cylinder (water capacity)
C.2 Calculation of the energy of (mechanical) explosion

𝑃 𝑃1
𝐸(𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 𝑃2 𝑉 [𝑙𝑛 ( 2) − (1 − )] × 23.9 - - - Equation (1)
𝑃1 𝑃2
The energy (in calories) of a mechanical explosion1 of the compressed gas cylinder obtained from
Equation (1) is used to obtain the TNT-equivalent2; where
𝐸(𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑇𝑁𝑇 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝑁𝑇) = 𝑚 𝑇𝑁𝑇 = - - - Equation (2)
1120(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑁𝑇)×1000
C.3 Pressure arising from the explosion
The scaled distance Z is then calculated using the equation below2.

𝑟
𝑍= 1⁄ - - - Equation (3)
3
𝑚𝑇𝑁𝑇
Where r is the distance of the person from the explosion epicentre. In a fire scenario, it is assumed that
staff normally working in the laboratory would have evacuated and the only people remaining who could
potentially be exposed to the risk of an exploding cylinder would be firefighters and emergency first
responders. Therefore, we assume r = 3 m as the typical distance from the fire engulfed cylinder.
The scaled peak overpressure, ps, is then calculated using the equation below3:
2
808(1+(𝑧⁄4.5) )
𝑝𝑠 = 1 1 1 - - - Equation (4)
2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2
[1+(𝑧⁄0.048) ] [1+(𝑧⁄0.32) ] [1+(𝑧⁄1.35) ]
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Hence, the peak overpressure, p0 is3:
po (kPa)= ps x 101 - - - Equation 5
For this standard, we have fixed the peak overpressure to 2 psi (13.78 kPa) at a distance of 3 m as the
limit of tolerable harm (see Table C.1) relating to the exploding cylinder in a fire engulfment scenario.
Table C.1 – Relationship between peak overpressure and injury potential 3
Peak overpressure (psi) Effect on the human body
1-2 Light injury from fragments (e.g. skin laceration)
2-3 People injured from flying glass and debris

(serious wounds)
3-5 Serious injuries are common (about 50%

probability). Fatalities may occur.
C.4 Sample calculations

Cylinder operating pressure P2 = 50 bar (gauge) = 51.013 bar (absolute)
P1 = final absolute pressure (bars) = atmospheric pressure = 1.013 bars
V = volume of cylinder = 10 litres
Step 1: Calculation of the energy of (mechanical) explosion
𝑃 𝑃1
𝐸(𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 𝑃2 𝑉 [𝑙𝑛 ( 2) − (1 − )] × 23.9 - - - Equation (1)
𝑃1 𝑃2
51.013 1.013
𝐸(𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 51.013 × 10 [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − (1 − )] × 23.9
1.013 51.013
𝐸(𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 3.58 × 104
The energy (in calories) of mechanical explosion of the compressed gas cylinder obtained from
Equation (1) is used to obtain the TNT-equivalent; where
𝐸(𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑇𝑁𝑇 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝑁𝑇) = 𝑚 𝑇𝑁𝑇 = - - - Equation (2)
1120(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑁𝑇)×1000
3.58×104
𝑇𝑁𝑇 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝑁𝑇) = 𝑚 𝑇𝑁𝑇 =
1120(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑁𝑇)×1000
𝑚 𝑇𝑁𝑇 = 0.032 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑇𝑁𝑇
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Step 2: Calculation of peak over pressure arising from the explosion
The scaled distance Z is then calculated from the equation below. We assume r = 3 m as the typical
distance from the fire engulfed cylinder.
𝑟
𝑍= 1⁄ - - - Equation (3)
3
𝑚𝑇𝑁𝑇
3
𝑍= 1 = 9.45
(0.032)3
The scaled peak overpressure, ps, is then calculated using the equation below:
2
808(1+(𝑧⁄4.5) )
𝑝𝑠 = 1 1 1 - - - Equation (4)
2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2
[1+(𝑧⁄0.048) ] [1+(𝑧⁄0.32) ] [1+(𝑧⁄1.35) ]
2
808(1+(9.45⁄4.5) )
𝑝𝑠 = 1 1 1 = 0.106
2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄2
[1+(9.45⁄0.048) ] [1+(9.45⁄0.32) ] [1+(9.45⁄1.35) ]
Hence, the peak overpressure, p0 is:
po (kPa)= ps x 101 - - - Equation 5

po = 0.106 x 101 = 10.7 kPa
For this standard, the peak overpressure has been fixed to 2 psi (13.78 kPa) at a distance of 3 m as
the limit of tolerable harm relating to the exploding cylinder in a fire engulfment scenario.
Hence, in this case, the calculated peak overpressure, po (10.7 kPa), is lower than the limit specified
(13.78 kPa) or as indicated in Figure 10. Therefore, the cylinder with an operating pressure of 50 barg
and a volume of 10 L can be used without the additional measures of a sprinkler system or a fire-rated
cabinet.
References
1. Crowl, Daniel A. Understanding explosions. Vol. 16. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
2. Crowl, Daniel A., and Joseph F. Louvar. Chemical process safety: fundamentals with
applications. Pearson Education, 2001.
3. Lees, Frank. Lees' Loss prevention in the process industries: Hazard identification, assessment
and control, Volume 2. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.
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Singapore Standards eShop Order No: 6800055963/Downloaded:2019-09-12

Code of practice for fire safety for laboratories

First published, 2019

Chairman : Dr Keith Carpenter Individual Capacity

Chairman : Mr Khong Beng Wee Individual Capacity

Convenors : Mr Yen Chee Choy

Members : Assoc Prof Roderick Wayland Bates

*Served till March 2017

Air Liquide Singapore Private Limited

In addition to adopting international best practices as described in overseas standards, careful

In preparing this standard, reference was made to the following publications:

1. NFPA 45:2015 Standard on fire protection for laboratories using chemicals

Code of practice for fire safety for laboratories using chemicals

AS/NZS 2243 SET Safety in laboratories set

BS 476-4 Fire tests on building materials and structures. Non-

IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

NFPA 11 Standard for low, medium and high-expansion foam

NFPA 12 Standard on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems

NFPA 17 Standard for dry chemical extinguishing systems

NFPA 45 Standard on fire protection for laboratories using

NFPA 51 Standard for the design and installation of oxygen-fuel gas

NFPA 54 National fuel gas code

NFPA 55 Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids code

NFPA 58 Liquefied petroleum gas code

NFPA 2001 Standard on clean agent fire extinguishing systems

SS CP 10 Code of practice for installation and servicing of electrical

SS CP 52 Code of practice for automatic fire sprinkler system

SS 332 Specification for fire doors

SS 532 Code of practice for the storage of flammable liquids

SS 508 series Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs

SS 563 : Part 2 Code of practice for the design, installation and

SS 578 Code of practice for use and maintenance of portable fire

SS 586 series Specification for hazard communication for hazardous

SS 603 Code of practice for hazardous waste management

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 Air change per hour (ACH)

3.2 Competent person

3.3 Cryogenic fluid

3.4 Explosive atmosphere

3.5 Flammable liquids

The definition of various flammable liquids shall be in accordance with SS 532.

Category 3: A liquid having a flash point ≥ 23 °C and ≤ 60 °C.

Category 4: A liquid having a flash point > 60 °C and ≤ 93 °C.

a) The storage temperature is above the flash point

b) The storage temperature is within 6 °C below the flash point

3.6.1 Flammable gas

Table 1 – Flammable gas categorisation

3.6.2 Highly toxic gas

3.6.3 Inert gas

3.6.4 Oxidising gas

3.6.5 Pyrophoric gas

A gas with an auto ignition temperature in air at or below 54.4 °C.

3.6.6 Toxic gas

3.7 General exhaust ventilation

3.8 Hazardous atmosphere

3.9 Institutes of higher learning

3.11 Laboratory unit

b) contain one or more separate laboratory work areas.