D F BLOCK ELEMENTS of Class 12 Imp

8
CHAPTER
‘d’ AND ‘f’
BLOCK
ELEMENTS
Syllabus
¾¾ General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds,
alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
¾¾ Lanthanoids : Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction
and its consequences.
¾¾ Actinoids : Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts
D/OD D OD D OD
Identification of 1Q 1Q 1Q
compounds/elements/ (2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks)
ions
Complete the equations 1Q 1Q
(2 marks) (2 marks)
Give reasons 1Q 1Q 1Q 1Q 1Q
(3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (5 marks) (1 mark)
Properties of d-block 1Q
elements (1 mark)
Lanthanoids and 1Q 2Q 2Q
actinoids (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks)
TOPIC-1
d-Block Elements, their Properties and Compounds
Revision Notes
 d-block elements : The elements in which last electron enters in
the d - sub-shell i.e. penultimate shell and lies in the middle of the
periodic table belonging to groups 3-12. TOPIC - 1
 Transition elements : The elements of d-block are known as d-Block Elements, their Properties and
Compounds .... P. 216
transition elements as they possess properties that are transitional
between the s-block and p-block elements. Transition elements are TOPIC - 2
defined as elements which have incompletely filled d-orbitals in f-Block Elements : Lanthanoids and
their ground states or in its most common oxidation state. Transition Actinoids .... P. 231
elements have four series :
(i) First transition series : These elements have incomplete 3d-orbitals and they are from Sc (21) to Zn (30).
‘d’ AND ‘f‘ BLOCK ELEMENTS [ 217
(ii) Second transition series : These elements have incomplete 4d-orbitals and they are from Y (39) to Cd
(48).
(iii) Third transition series : These elements have incomplete 5d-orbitals and they are La (57) and then from Hf
(72) to Hg (80).
(iv) Fourth transition series : This series is yet incomplete and these elements have incomplete 6d-orbitals.
Known elements of this series are–actinium (89) and then from Rf (104) and other elements.
3. General electronic configuration of transition elements : Valence shell electronic configuration is (n–1)d1–10, ns1–2,
where n is the outermost shell.
Electronic configuration of d-block elements
Group Group Group
Series Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9
10 11 12
3d series Sc (21) Ti (22) V (23) Cr (24) Mn (25) Fe (26) Co (27) Ni (28) Cu (29) Zn (30)
4s2 3d1 4s23d2 4s2 3d3 4s1 3d5 4s23d5 4s23d6 4s23d7 4s2 3d8 4s13d10 4s2 3d10
4d series Y (39) Zr (40) Nb (41) Mo (42) Tc (43) Ru (44) Rh (45) Pd (46) Ag (47) Cd (48)
2 1 2 2 1 4 1 5 2 5 1 7 1 8 0 10 1 10
5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s24d10
5d series La (57) Hf (72) Ta (73) W (74) Re (75) Os (76) Ir (77) Pt (78) Au (79) Hg (80)
2 0 2 2 14 2 3 14 2 4 14 2 5 14 2 6 14 2 7 14 1 9 14 1 10 14
6s 5d’ 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s 5d 4f 6s25d104f14
6d series Ac (89) Rf (104) Db (105) Sg (106) Bh (107) Hs (108) Mf (109) Ds (110) Rg (111) uub (112)
7s25f06d1 7s25f146d2 7s25df146d3 7s25f146d4 7s25f146d5 7s25f146d6 7s25f146d7 7s25f146d8 7s15f146d10 7s25f146d10
 General characteristics of Transition Elements : Scan to know
Physical Properties : more about
this topic
(i) All are metals.
(ii) All are malleable and ductile except mercury(liquid).
(iii) High thermal and electrical conductivity.
(iv) Metallic lustre and sonorous.
(v) Atomic radii : Smaller than those of s-block elements, larger than those of p-block elements d- and f-block
elements Part I
in a period. In a transition series, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radii first
decreases till the middle, becomes constant and then increases towards end of the period.
It usually increase down the group. The size of 4d elements is almost of the same size as of the 5d series
elements. The filling of 4d before 5d orbitals results in regular decrease in atomic radii which is called as
lanthanoid contraction.
(vi) Ionic radii : The ionic radii decrease, with increase in oxidation state.
(vii) Density : From left to right in a period, density increases.
(viii) Ionisation enthalpy : Along the series from left to right, there is an increase in ionisation enthalpy. Irregular
trend in the Ist ionisation enthalpy of 3d metals is due to irregularity in electronic configuration of 4s and
3d orbitals. In a group, IE decreases from 3d to 4d-series but increases from 4d to 5d series due to lanthanoid
contraction.
(ix) Metallic bonding : In metallic bonding, regular lattice of positive ions are held together by a cloud of free
electrons, which can move freely through the lattice. Transition metal atoms are held together by strong
metallic bonds.
(x) Enthalpy of atomisation : Enthalpy of atomisation is the heat required to convert 1 mole of crystal lattice into
free atoms. Transition elements have high enthalpy of atomisation. It first increases, becomes maximum in
the middle of the series and then decreases regularly.
(xi) Variable oxidation state : Since the energies of ns and (n–1) d electrons are almost equal, therefore the electrons
of both these orbitals take part in the reactions, due to which transition elements show variable oxidation
states. Transition metal ions show variable oxidation states except the first and last member of the series.
(xii) Electrode potential : The electrode potential develops on a metal electrode when it is in equilibrium with
a solution of its ions, leaving electrons from the electrode. Transition metals have lower value of reduction
potential. Variation in E° value is irregular due to the regular variation in ionisation enthalpies (I.E1 + I.E2),
sublimation and hydration enthalpies.
(xiii) Catalytic properties : Many of the transition metals and their compounds, particularly oxides act as catalysts
for a number of chemical reactions. Iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, chromium, manganese and their compounds
are commonly used catalysts.
All transitional metals show multiple oxidation states and have large surface area so, all metals work as a
catalyst.
(xiv) Magnetic properties : On the basis of the behaviour of substances in magnetic field, they are of two types :
(i) Diamagnetic, (ii) Paramagnetic.
Diamagnetic substances have paired electrons only. e.g., Zn has no (zero) paired electrons.
218 ] Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise Solved Papers, CHEMISTRY, Class – XII
In paramagnetic substances, it is necessary to have at least one unpaired electron. Paramagnetism increases

with the increase in number of unpaired electrons.
Paramagnetism may be measured by magnetic moment.
Magnetic moment. (µ) = n( n + 2 ) B.M.,
where n = number of unpaired electrons in atom or ion and B.M. = Bohr magneton (unit of magnetic
moment). Diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances are repelled and attracted in the magnetic field
respectively (Magnetic properties of transition elements).
(xv) Melting and boiling points : Except zinc, cadmium and mercury, all other transition elements have high
melting and boiling points. This is due to strong metallic bonds and presence of partially filled d-orbitals in
them.
(xvi) Complex formation : They have tendency to form complex ions due to high charge on the transition metal
ions and the availability of d-orbitals for accommodating electrons donated by the ligand atoms.
(xvii) Formation of coloured compounds : Transition metals form coloured ions due to the presence of unpaired
d-electrons. As a result, light is absorbed in the visible region to cause excitation of unpaired d-electrons (d – d
transition) and colour observed corresponds to the complementary colour of the light absorbed. Cu+, Zn2+
and Cd2+ are colourless due to the absence of unpaired d-electron (d10).
(xviii) Formation of alloys : Alloy formation is due to almost similar size of the metal ions, their high ionic charges
and the availability of d-orbitals for bond formation. Therefore, these metals can mutually substitute their
position in their crystal lattice to form alloys. eg. steel, brass.
(xix) Formation of interstitial compounds : Interstitial compounds are known for transition metals as small-sized
atoms of H, B, C, N, etc. can easily occupy positions in the voids present in the crystal lattices of transition
metals. Characteristics of interstitial compounds :
l High melting points
l Hard
l Chemically inert
l Retain metallic conductivity
l Non-stoichiometric
 Oxides of Transition metals : They form oxides of the general composition MO, M2O3, MO2, M2O5 and MO6.
Oxides in the lower oxidation states are generally basic while those in the higher oxidation states are amphoteric
or acidic. For example,
+2 +3 +8, +3 +4 +7
MnO Mn2O3 Mn3O4 MnO2 Mn2O7
Basic Amphoteric Amphoteric Amphoteric Acidic
 Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
Preparation : It is prepared from chromate ore in the following steps :
(i) Chromite ore is fused with sodium carbonate in the presence of air to give sodium chromate.
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 +7O2 → 2Fe2O3 + 8Na2CrO4 + 8CO2
Sodium chromate
(ii) Na2CrO4 is filtered and acidified with conc. H2SO4 to give Na2Cr2O7.
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O.
(iii) Sodium dichromate solution is treated with KCl to give K2Cr2O7.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Properties :
(a) It is an orange, crystalline solid.
(b) With alkali :
Cr2O72– + 2OH– → 2CrO42– + H2O
Chromate ion
(Yellow)
(c) With acid :
2CrO42– + 2H+ → Cr2O72– + H2O
Dichromate ion
(orange red)
In acidic solutions, oxidising action is
Cr2O72–+ 14H++ 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
(d) It is a powerful oxidising agent. For example,
(i) It oxidises ferrous to ferric.
Cr2 O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
[Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–] × 6
Cr2O7 + 6Fe 14H+ → 2Cr3++ 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
2– 2+
(ii) It oxidises stannous to stannic.

Cr2O72–+ 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
[Sn2+ → Sn4+ + 2e–] × 3
Cr2O72– + 3Sn2+ 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3Sn4+
(iii) It oxidises sulphur dioxide to sulphate. Scan to know

more about
Cr2O72– + 14H++ 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O this topic
[SO2 + 2H2O → SO42– + 4H+ + 2e–] × 3
Cr2O72– + 3SO2 + 2H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3SO42– + H2O
(iv) It oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur.
d- and f- block
Cr2O72– + 14H++ 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O elements
+ –
[H2S → 2H + S + 2e ] × 3
Cr2O72– + 3H2S + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3S + 7H2O
(v) It oxidises iodides to iodine.
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
[2I– → I2 + 2e–] × 3
Cr2O7 + 6I +14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
2– –
Uses :
(i) In leather industry for chrome tanning.
(ii) Preparation of azo compounds.
(iii) As a primary standard in volumetric analysis for the estimation of reducing agent.
Structure :
2– 2–
m
O
9p
O O O
17
Cr 126° O
O Cr Cr
O O O 16
O 3p O
m
Chromate ion Dichromate ion
 Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
Preparation :
(i) It is prepared from pyrolusite ore with KOH in the presence of oxidising agent like KNO3. The dark green
potassium manganate undergoes electrolytic oxidation to produce potassium permanganate.
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4+ 2H2O
3MnO42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O
(ii) Commercially, it is prepared by alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2 followed by electrolytic oxidation of
manganate (VI).
Fused with KOH
MnO2+2e– Oxidised
with air/KNO3
→ MnO 2–
4
Manganate ion
Electrolytic oxidation
MnO42– 
in alkaline solution
→ MnO4– +1e–
Permanganate ion
(iii) In laboratory, by oxidation of manganese (II) ion salt by peroxodisulphate.
2Mn2+ + 5S2O82– + 8H2O → 2MnO4– + 10SO42– + 16H+
Peroxodisulphate
Properties :
(i) Dark purple crystalline solid
(ii) Sparingly soluble in water
(iii)Decomposes on heating at 513 K
2KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
(iv)Acts as a powerful oxidising agent in acidic, alkaline and neutral medium. For example :
1. In acidic medium oxidises :
(i) Iodide to iodine
[MnO4– + 8H+ +5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] × 2
[2I– → I2 + 2e–] × 5
2MnO4– + 10I– + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5I2 + 8H2O
(ii) Ferrous to ferric
MnO4– + 8H++ 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
[Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–] × 5
MnO4 + 5Fe + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
– 2+
(iii) Oxalate to carbon dioxide :

[MnO4– + 8H + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] × 2
[C2O42– → 2CO2 + 2e–] × 5
– 2–
2MnO4 + 5C2O4 + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
(iv)Hydrogen sulphide to sulphur
[MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O ] × 2
[S2– → S + 2e–] × 5
2MnO4 + 5S + 16H+
– 2–
→ 2Mn2+ + 5S + 8H2O
(v) Sulphite to sulphate
[MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] × 2
[SO32– + H2O → SO42– + 2H+ + 2e–] × 5
5SO3 + 2MnO4– + 6H+
2–
→ 2Mn2++ 5SO42– + 3H2O
(vi) Nitrite to nitrate
[MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] × 2
[NO2– + H2O → NO3– + 2H+ + 2e–] × 5
2MnO4 + 5NO2– +6H+
–
→ 2Mn2+ + 5NO3– +3H2O
2. In neutral alkaline medium :
(i) Iodide to iodate
[MnO4– + 2H2O + 3e– → MnO2 + 4OH–] × 2
I– + 6OH– → IO3– + 3H2 O + 6e–
2MnO4– + I– + H2O → IO3– + 2MnO2 + 2OH–
(ii) Manganous to manganese dioxide
2MnO4– + 3Mn2+ + 2H2O → 5MnO2 + 4H+
(iii) Thiosulphate to sulphate
8MnO4– + 3 S2O32– + H2O → 8MnO2 +6SO42– + 2OH–
Uses :
(i) Bleaching of wool, silk, cotton and other textile fibres etc.
(ii) Decolourisation of oils.
(iii) In analytical chemistry (titration).
(iv) In organic synthesis.
– O
O
Mn Mn
Structure : – –
O O O O
O O
Tetrahedral manganate Tetrahedral permanganate
ion (Green) ion (Purple)
Mnemonics
3-d series
• Concept: First Row Transition Elements-3-d series
• Mnemonic: Scary Tiny Vicious Creatures Mingle (with) Fellow Cow Nilgai Cougar Zebra.
• Interpretation: Scandium(Sc), Titanium(Ti), Vanadium(V), Chromium(Cr), Manganese(Mn),
Iron(Fe), Cobalt(Co), Nickel(Ni), Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn)
4-d series
• Concept: Second Row Transition Elements-4-d series
• Mnemonics: Yesterday Zora Nabbed a Monkey TRicking her Rheumatic Padosan Agnes
Cadillac.
• Interpretation: Y, Zr, Nb > Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd
5-d series
• Concept: Third Row Transition Elements-5-d series
• Mnemonic: Late Harry Took Walk, Reached Office In Pajamas After an Hour.
• Interpretation: La......, Hf, Ta, W, Re, OS, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg
Know the Terms

 Oxidation state : The measure of the electronic state of an atom in a particular compound and is equal to the
number of electron; it has in the valence shell, more than or less than the number of electrons in free atom.
 Ferromagnetic substances : Substances which are attracted very strongly by the applied magnetic field. e.g., Fe,
Co, Ni etc.
Q. (i) F or M2+/M and M3+/M2+ systems, E° be reduced to Cr2+. Cr3+ is most stable.
values for some metals are as follows : Mn3+/Mn2+ have large positive E° values.
Cr2+/Cr = – 0.9 V Cr3+/Cr2+ Hence, Mn3+ can be easily reduced to Mn2+.
= – 0.4 V Thus Mn3+ is least stable. Fe3+/ Fe2+ couple
Mn2+/Mn = – 1.2 V Mn3+/Mn2+ has a positive E° value but is small. Thus, the
= +1.5 V stability of Fe3+ is more than Mn3+ but less
Fe2+/Fe = – 0.4 V Fe3+/Fe2+ stable than Cr3+. [1]
= +0.8 V (b) If we compare the reduction potential values,
Use this data to comment upon Mn2+/Mn has the most negative value i.e.,
(a) the stability of Fe3+ in acid solution as its oxidation potential value is most positive.
compared to that of Cr3+ and Mn3+. Thus, it is most easily oxidised. Therefore, the
(b) the ease with which iron can be oxidised as decreasing order for their ease of oxidation
compared to the similar process for either is Mn > Cr > Fe. [1]
Cr or Mn metals. STEP - I : (ii) (ii) K4[Mn(CN)6]
(ii) What can be inferred from the magnetic Mn is in +2 oxidation state. Magnetic
moment of the complex K4[Mn(CN)6] ? moment 2.2 indicates that it has one
(Magnetic moment : 2.2 BM)
unpaired electron and hence forms inner
Solution: orbital or low spin complex. In presence of
3+ 2+
STEP - I : (i) (a) Cr /Cr has a negative CN– which is a strong ligand, hybridisation
reduction potential. Hence, Cr3+ cannot involved is d2sp3 (octahedral complex). [1]
Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)
[A] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : (a) 25 (b) 26

Q. 1. Electronic configuration of a transition element X (c) 27 (d) 24
in +3 oxidation state is [Ar]3d5. What is its atomic A [NCERT Exemp. Q. 1, Page 105]
number? Ans. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : It is formed by the loss of 3 electrons, Ans. Correct option : (a) 0

the configuration of element X is [Ar] 3d64s2. Explanation :
Therefore, Atomic number = 26. Let oxidation state of Ni = x
Q. 2. The electronic configuration of Cu(II) is 3d9 x + 0 = 0 (CO is neutral ligand)
whereas that of Cu(I) is 3d10. Which of the x=0
following is correct? Q.6. Which of the following is the reason for Zinc
(a) Cu(II) is more stable not exhibiting variable oxidation state ?
(b) Cu(II) is less stable (a) inert pair effect
(c) Cu(I) and Cu(II) are equally stable (b) completely filled 3d subshell
(d) Stability of Cu(I) and Cu(II) depends on nature (c) completely filled 4s subshell
of copper salts (d) common ion effect
U [NCERT Exemp. Q. 2, Page 105] Ans. Correct option : (b) [CBSE SQP 2021]
Ans. Correct option : (a) Explanation : Zinc does not exhibit a variable
Explanation : Cu(II) is more stable due to nuclear oxidation state as it has completely filled 3d
subshell.
charge of Cu.
Q. 3. When KMnO4 solution is added to oxalic acid Zn — [Ar] 3d10 4s2 Atomic number 30
solution, the decolourisation is slow in the Q. 7. Which of the following is a diamagnetic ion ?
beginning but becomes instantaneous after some (Atomic numbers of Sc, V, Mn and Cu are 21, 23, 25
time because and 29 respectively)
(a) CO2 is formed as the product. (a) V2+ (b) Sc3+

2+
(b) Reaction is exothermic. (c) Cu (d) Mn3+
(c) MnO4– catalyses the reaction. Anw. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Sc3+ is a diamagnetic ion. Atomic
(d) Mn2+ acts as auto-catalyst.
number is 21.
A&E [NCERT Exemp. Q. 9, Page 107]
[Ar]3d0 is Sc3+ electronic configuration. Since its d
Ans. Correct option : (d) subshell is empty it is diamagnetic as it has noble
Explanation : When KMnO4 solution is added to gas configuration.
oxalic acid solution, the decolourisation is slow in Q.8. Which set of ions exhibit specific colours? (Atomic
the beginning but becomes instantaneous after number of Sc = 21, Ti = 22, V=23, Mn = 25,
sometime because Mn2+ acts as an auto-catalyst. Fe = 26, Ni = 28 Cu = 29 and Zn =30)
Reduction half-reaction : (a) Sc3+, Ti4+, Mn3+ (b) Sc3+, Zn2+, Ni2+
(c) V 3+, V2+, Fe3+ (d) Ti3+, Ti4+, Ni2+
[MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5e − → Mn 2 + + 4 H 2O] × 2
A&E [CBSE SQP 2021]
Oxidation half-reaction : Ans. Correct option : (c)
−
[C 2O24 → 2CO2 + 2e − ] × 5 Explanation : V3+, V2+, Fe3+ ions exhibit specific
colours.
Overall equation : Atomic number of V = 23,
2 MnO4− + 16 H + + 5C 2O24 − → 2 Mn 2 + + 10CO2 + 8 H 2O Electronic configuration of V - [Ar]3d3 4s2
Electronic configuration of V2+ - [Ar]3d3
End point of this reaction : Colourless to light pink.
Electronic configuration of V3+ - [Ar] 3d2
Q. 4. When acidified K2Cr2O7 solution is added to Sn Atomic number of Fe = 26
salts then Sn2+ changes to Electronic configuration of Fe - [Ar]3d6 4s2
(a) Sn (b) Sn3+ Electronic configuration of Fe3+ - [Ar]3d5
(c) Sn 4+
(d) Sn+ Since these ions have partially filled d- subshells,
they exhibit colour. Most transition-metal ions have
A [NCERT Exemp. Q. 18, Page 108]
a partially filled d subshell.
Ans. Correct option : (c) As for other ions,
Explanation : When acidified K2Cr2O7 solution Atomic number of Sc = 21
is added to Sn2+ salt, Sn2+ changes to Sn4+. The Electronic configuration of Sc - [Ar]3d1 4s2
reaction is given here : Electronic configuration of Sc3+ - [Ar]3d0
Oxidation Since d subshell is empty, it shows no colour.
Cr2 O72–+ 14H+ + 3Sn2+ 2Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 7H2O Atomic number of Ti = 22
Reduction Electronic configuration of Ti- [Ar]3d2 4s2
Electronic configuration of Ti4+ - [Ar]3d0
Q.5. The oxidation state of Ni in [Ni(CO)4] is Since d subshell is empty, it shows no colour.
(a) 0 (b) 2 Atomic number of Mn =25
(c) 3 (d) 4 Electronic configuration of Mn- [Ar]3d5 4s2
U [CBSE Delhi Set 1, 2020] Electronic configuration of Mn2+ [Ar]3d4
Since d subshell is partially filled, it shows colour. Ans. Correct option : (a)
Atomic number of Ni = 28 Explanation : Copper (Cu) does not liberate
Electronic configuration of Ni- [Ar]3d8 4s2 hydrogen from acids due to the presence of positive
Electronic configuration of Ni4+ [Ar]3d8 electrode potential.
Since d subshell is partially filled, it shows colour. Q. 5. Assertion (A) : Transition metals have low melting
Atomic number of Zn =30 points.
Electronic configuration of Zn- [Ar]3d10 4s2 Reason (R) : The involvement of greater number of
Electronic configuration of Zn2+- [Ar]3d10 (n – 1)d and ns electrons in the interatomic metallic
Since d subshell is full, it shows no colour. bonding. U [CBSE OD Set-1, 2020]
[B] ASSERTION & REASON TYPE QUESTIONS : Ans. Correct option : (d)
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct statements, Explanation : Transition metals have high melting
and reason is the correct explanation of the points because of the involvement of greater
assertion. number of (n – 1)d and ns electrons in the interatomic
metallic bonding.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct statements,
but reason is not the correct explanation of the Q. 6. Assertion (A) : Transition metals have high melting
assertion. point.
(c) Assertion is correct, but reason is wrong statement. Reason (R) : Transition metals have completely
(d) Assertion is wrong, but reason is correct statement. filled d-orbitals. U [CBSE OD Set-2, 2020]
Q. 1. Assertion (A) : Cu2+ iodide is not known. Ans. Correct option : (c)
Reason (R) : Cu2+ oxidises I– to iodine. Explanation : Transition metals have high melting
R [NCERT Exemplar] points because of the involvement of greater
number of (n – 1)d and ns electrons in the interatomic
Ans. Correct option : (a)
metallic bonding.
Explanation : Cu2+ oxidises iodide to iodine hence
cupric iodide is converted to cuprous iodide. [C] VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
Q. 2. Assertion (A) : The highest oxidation state of Q. 1. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of Manganese
osmium is +8. (Mn) in which it shows the oxidation state equal to
Reason (R) : Osmium is a 5d-block element. R its group number. A [CBSE Delhi Set-1, 3 2017]
Ans. Correct option : (b) Ans. MnO4–/KMnO4
Explanation : The highest oxidation state of osmium [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
(Os) is +8. It is due to its ability to expand octet by
using its all 8 electrons. Q. 2. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of Chromium
Q. 3. Assertion (A) : Separation of Zr and Hf is difficult. (Cr) in which it shows the oxidation state equal to
Reason (R) : Because Zr and Hf lie in the same its group number. A [CBSE Delhi Set-2 2017]
group of the periodic table. R [NCERT Exemplar] Ans. Cr2O72–/CrO42–/K2Cr2O7/K2CrO4
Ans. Correct option : (b) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
Explanation : Separation of Zr and Hf is difficult as
Q. 3. Give the structure of dichromate ion. R
both have same size.
Ans.
Q. 4. Assertion (A) : Cu cannot liberate hydrogen from
acids.
Reason (R) : Because it has positive electrode
potential. R [NCERT Exemplar]
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q. 1. What are the transition elements ? Write two Two characteristics of transition elements :
characteristics of the transition elements. (i) Transition metals show variable oxidation states. [1]
(ii) All transition metals act as catalyst.
R [CBSE Delhi 2015]
Ans. These atoms whose d-orbitals are incomplete Commonly Made Error
in ground state or in one of the most common  Students tend to write irrelevant information on
oxidation state are called transition elements or characteristics thus losing time.
d-block elements. The valence shell electronic
Answering Tip
configuration of transition elements is (n-1)d1-10ns1-2 .
[1]  Use the precise definition and mention the main
characteristics.
Q. 2. What is meant by ‘disproportionation’ ? Give (ii) Due to incomplete filling of d-orbitals. Due to
an example of a disproportionation reaction in very small energy difference in between (n – 1) d
aqueous solution. R and n s-orbitals. [1]
OR [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
Suggest reasons for the following features of
Q. 3. Complete and balance the following chemical
transition metal chemistry :
equations :
(i) The transition metals and their compounds are
usually paramagnetic. (a) Fe2+ + MnO4– + H+ ®
(ii) The transition metals exhibit variable oxidation (b) MnO4– + H2O + I– ® A [CBSE Delhi/OD 2018]
states. A&E [CBSE Comptt. Delhi 2015]
Ans. (a) 5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ ® Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
Ans. Disproportionation is the reaction in which [1]
an element undergoes self-oxidation and self- (b) 2MnO4– + H2O + I– ® 2MnO2 + 2OH– + IO3–
reduction simultaneously. For example – [1] [1]
2Cu+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + Cu(s) [1] (Half mark to be deducted in each equation for not
(Or any other correct equation) balancing)
OR [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
(i) Due to presence of unpaired electrons in Detailed Answer :
d-orbitals. [1]

[Topper’s Answer 2018] [2]
Q. 5. Explain the following observations :

Commonly Made Error (i) Copper atom has completely filled d orbitals (3d10)
 Many students write unbalanced equations. Some in its ground state, yet it is regarded as a transition
students fail to write the correct products. element.
(ii) Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+ in
Answering Tip aqueous solution.
 Write all the reactants and products clearly. Balance A&E [CBSE Comptt. OD Set-1 2017]
the equation. Ans. (i) Because it has incompletely filled d orbitals in
one of its oxidation state (Cu2+). [1]
Q. 4. In the following ions :
(ii) Cr2+(d4) changes to Cr3+(d3) while Fe2+(d6)
Mn3+, V3+, Cr3+, Ti4+
changes to Fe3+ (d5). In aqueous medium d3 is
(Atomic no : Mn = 25, V = 23, Cr = 24, Ti = 22)
more stable than d5. [1]
(a) Which ion is most stable in an aqueous solution?
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
(b) Which ion is the strongest oxidizing agent?
(c) Which ion is colourless? Q. 6. Name the following :
(d) Which ion has the highest number of unpaired (i) A transition metal which does not exhibit variation
electrons? in oxidation state in its compounds.
U [CBSE Foreign Set-1, 2, 3 2017] (ii) A compound where the transition metal is in the
3+ 3+ +7 oxidation state.
Ans. (a) Cr [½] (b) Mn [½]
4+ 3+ (iii) A member of the lanthanoid series which is well
(c) Ti [½] (d) Mn [½]
known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
(iv) Ore used in the preparation of Potassium
dichromate. R [CBSE SQP 2016]
Ans. (i) Scandium (Sc). [½] (B) on reaction with KCl forms a orange coloured
(ii) KMnO4 or any other suitable example. [½] crystalline compound (C).
(iii) Cerium (Ce) or any other example. [½] (i) Write the formulae of the compounds (A), (B)
and (C).
(iv) Chromite ore. [½]
(ii) Write one use of compound (C). U
Q. 7. Explain the following observation
(i) Zn2+ salt are colourless. Ans. (i) 4FeCr2O4 + 16NaOH + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 [A] +
o
(ii) Copper has exceptionally positive E M 2+
/M value. 2Fe2O3 + 8H2O
2Na2CrO4 [A] + H2SO4 → Na2Cr2O7 [B] + Na2SO4
A&E [CBSE Comptt. OD Set-3 2017]
+ H 2O
Ans. (i) Due to absence of unpaired electrons. [1] Na2Cr2O7 [B] + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 [C] + 2NaCl
(ii) Due to high DaH° and low DhydH°. [1] A : Na2CrO4 B : Na2Cr2O7
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] C : K2Cr2O7 [1]
(ii) Use of K2Cr2O7 (C) : It is used as a strong oxidizing
Detailed Answer :
agent in industries. [1]
(i) Zinc has no unpaired electrons in its d orbital and Q. 11. Complete the following chemical equations :
has a stable fully filled d orbital state. Thus, due
(i) KMnO4– + 3S2O32– + H2O ® ?
to absence of unpaired electrons, Zn2+ salts are
(ii) Cr2O72– + 3Sn2+ + 14H+ ® ?
colourless. [1]
R [CBSE Delhi 2016]
(ii) As copper has high energy of atomisation DaH°
and low hydration energy DhydH°, due to which E° Ans. (i) MnO4– + 3S2O2–
3 + H 2O → 2OH –
+ 6SO2–4 + MnO2 [1]
2– 2+ + 3+
(ii) Cr2O7 + 3Sn + 14H → 2Cr + 7H2O
value is positive. [1]
+ 3Sn4+ [1]
Commonly Made Error
Q. 12. Describe the preparation of potassium
 Students lose time in giving unnecessary permanganate. How does the acidified
explanation. permanganate solution react with oxalic acid ?
Write the ionic equations for the reactions.
Answering Tip
 Write the cause and consequence of the condition. Ans. Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion
of MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide and an
Q. 8. Give reasons : oxidising agent like KNO3. This produces the
(i) Zn is not regarded as a transition element. dark green K2MnO4 which disproportionate in a
(ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent. neutral or acidic solution to give permanganate.
A&E [CBSE Comptt. Delhi 2016] 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
3MnO42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O [1]
Ans. (i) In both, Zn and Zn2+ ions absence of
Oxalate ion or oxalic acid is oxidised at 333 K :
incompletely filled d-orbital therefore, Zn is not
5C2O42– + 2MnO4– + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
regarded as a transition element. [1]
+ 10CO2 [1]
(ii) Cr2+ has d4 configuration while Cr3+ has more stable
d3 (t23g ) configuration. Thus, Cr has a tendency to
acquire Cr3+ due to greater stability of +3 oxidation Commonly Made Error
state. Therefore, Cr2+ acts as a strong a reducing  Many students write unbalanced equations. Some
agent. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] [1] students do not write the correct products.
Q. 9. Explain the following observation :
(i) Silver atom has completely filled d-orbitals (4d10) Answering Tip
in its ground state, yet it is regarded as a transition  Write the balanced chemical equations involved in
element. the preparation.
(ii) E° value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more Q. 13. Describe the oxidising action of potassium
positive than Cr3+/Cr2+.
dichromate and write the ionic equations for its
A&E [CBSE Comptt. OD Set-2 2017] reaction with (i) an iodide (ii) H2S.
Ans. (i) Silver can exhibit +2 oxidation state, wherein it R [CBSE Comptt. OD 2015]
will have incompletely filled d-orbital. [1]
Ans. (i) Cr2O72– + 6I– + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O [1]
(ii) Much higher third ionisation energy of Mn where
the required change is from d5 to d4. (ii) Cr2O72– + 3H2S + 8H+ → 2Cr3+ +3S + 7H2O [1]
[1]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
Q. 10. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH Q. 14. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in presence of
in presence of air, a yellow coloured compound KNO3 as an oxidizing agent, it gives a dark green
(A) is obtained which on acidification with dilute compound (A). Compound (A) disproportionate in
sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). acidic solution to give purple compound (B). An
Compound
alkaline solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to compound (A). Compound (A) on acidification
compound (C) whereas an acidified solution of gives compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction
compound (B) oxidises KI to (D). Identify (A), (B), with KCl forms an orange coloured compound (C).
An acidified solution of compound (C) oxidises
(C) and (D). A&E [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019]
Na2SO3 to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
Ans. A = K2MnO4 / MnO24–, B = KMnO4 / MnO4– ,
Ans. A = Na2CrO4, B=Na2Cr2O7, C= K2Cr2O7,
C = KIO3 / IO-
3 , D = I2 D= Na2SO4
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [½ × 4] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [½ × 4 = 2]
Detailed Answer :
Detailed Answer :
(A) K2MnO4 (green) 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 ¾¾
® 8Na2CrO4
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K 2 MnO4 + 2 H 2O + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
Compound A [A]

(B) KMnO4 (purple) 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ ¾¾
® Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H 2O
3MnO24− + 4 H+ → 2 MnO−4 + MnO2 + 2 H 2O [B]
Compound B
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl ¾¾
® K 2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
(C) IO-
3 [C]
2 MnO− − −
4 + H 2O + I → 2 MnO2 + 2OH + IO−
3 K 2Cr2O7 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H 2SO4 ¾¾
® 3Na2SO4
Compound C
[D]
(D) I2 + K 2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4 ) + 4H 2O
3
2+
10 I− + 2 MnO− +
4 + 16 H → 2 Mn + 8 H 2O + 5I 2
Compound D [A] Na2CrO4 : Sodium chromate, [B] Na2Cr2O7 :
Sodium dichromate,
[2] [C] K2Cr2O7 : Potassium dichromate, [D] Na2SO4 :
Sodium sulphate. [2]
Q. 16. Write the balanced chemical equations involved
in the preparation of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore
(MnO2).
Ans. 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 
→ 2K 2 MnO4 + 2H 2O
3K 2 MnO4 + 2CO2 ¾¾
® 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2K 2CO3
(ppt)
Q. 17. Write the balanced ionic equations showing the

oxidising action of acidified dichromate (Cr2O27).

solution with(i) Iron (II) ion and (ii) tin (II) ion. A

2− + 2+
Ans. (i) Cr2O7 + 14H + 6Fe → 2Cr 3 + + 6Fe3 + + 7H 2O
Q. 15. When FeCr2O4 is fused with Na2CO3 in the
presence of air it gives a yellow solution of (ii) Cr2O72 - + 3Sn 2 + + 14H + ¾¾
® 2Cr 3 + + 3Sn 4 + + 7H 2O
Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)
Q. 1. The magnetic moment of few transition metal ions Which of the given metal ions :
are given below : (i) has the maximum number of unpaired electrons?
Metal ion Magnetic moment (BM) (ii) force colourless aqueous solution?
Sc3+ 0.00 (iii) exhibits the most stable +3 oxidation state?
Cr2+ 4.90
Ans. (i)Cr2+ [1]
Ni2+ 2.84
(ii) Sc3+ [1]
Ti3+ 1.73
(iii) Sc3+ [1]
(Atomic no. Sc = 21, Ti = 22, Cr = 24, Ni = 28)
Q. 2. Consider the standard electrode potential values
(M2+/M) of the elements of the first transition series.
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ans. (i) In CuCl2, Cu is in +2 oxidation state which is
–1.63 –1.18 –0.90 –1.18 –0.44 more stable due to high hydration enthalpy as
compared to Cu2Cl2 in which Cu is in +1 oxidation
Co Ni Cu Zn
state. [1]
–0.28 –0.25 +0.34 –0.76
(ii) Due to lanthanoid contraction. [1]
Explain : (ii) Because HCl is oxidised to chlorine. [1]
(i) E° value for copper is positive. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
(ii) E° value of Mn is more negative as expected from
the trend. Q. 6. (i) Give reasons for the following :
(iii) Cr3+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+. (a) Compounds of transition elements are generally
A [CBSE SQP 2017] coloured.
(b) MnO is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic.
Ans. (i) The high energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu2+(aq)
(ii) Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent ion
is not balanced by its hydration enthalpy. [1]
in aqueous medium if its atomic number is 26.
(ii) Mn2+ has d5 configuration (stable half-filled
A&E + A [CBSE Comptt. OD Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
configuration) [1]
Ans. (i) (a) Due to d-d transition. [1]
(ii) d5 to d3 occurs in case of Cr2+ to Cr3+.(More stable
(b) Due to higher oxidation state of Mn2O7 / Due to
t32g) while it changes from d6 to d5 in case of Fe2+
high polarizing power of Mn(VII). [1]
to Fe3+. [1]
(ii) µ = 4( 4 + 2 ) = 4.90 B.M. [1]
Q. 3. (i) Complete the following equations :
Q. 7. Give reasons :
(a) 2MnO4– + 5SO32– + 6H+ ®
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with
(b) Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ ® oxygen but with fluorine it shows the highest
(ii) Based on the data, arrange Fe2+, Mn2+ and Cr2+ oxidation state of +4.
in the increasing order of stability of +2 oxidation (ii) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
state. (iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic
3+ 2+
E°Cr /Cr = – 0.4 V configurations. A&E [CBSE Delhi Set-1, 2016]
3+ 2+
E°Mn /Mn = + 1.5 V Ans. (i) Mn can form pp -dp bond with oxygen by using
3+/Fe2+
E°Fe = + 0.8 V R+U 2p orbital of oxygen and 3d-orbital of Mn because
– 2– +
Ans. (i) (a) 2MnO4 + 5SO3 + 6H ® 2Mn + 3H2O 2+ of which it shows highest oxidation state of +7.
+ 5SO42– [1] With fluorine, Mn cannot form pp – dp bond thus
(b) Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ ® 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O [1] shows the highest oxidation state of +4. [1]
(ii) Transition metal show variable oxidation state due
(ii) Cr2+< Fe2+ < Mn2+ [1]
to comparable energies of ns and (n – 1)d orbitals
Q. 4. Write the preparation of following :
and partially filled d orbitals. So, both these orbitals
(i) KMnO4 from K2MnO4
take part in the reactions. [1]
(ii) Na2CrO4 from FeCr2O4 (iii) Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals
(iii) Cr2O72– from CrO42– and the relative stabilities of f 0, f 7 and f14 occupancies
R [CBSE Comptt. Delhi/OD 2018] of the 5f orbitals. [1]
Commonly Made Error
Ans. (i) 3MnO42– + 4H+ ® 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O [1]
(or any other correct equation)  Students donot read the question properly or write
(ii) 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 ® 8Na2CrO4 + long explanations to the questions asked.
2Fe2O3 + 8CO2 [1]
Answering Tip
(iii) 2CrO42– + 2H+ ® Cr2O72– + H2O [1]
 Be specific while writing reason. Avoid unnecessary
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018] explanations.
Q. 5. Account for the following :
Q. 8. (i) Account for the following :
(i) CuCl2 is more stable than Cu2Cl2.
(ii) Atomic radii of 4d and 5d series elements are (a) Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution.
(b) Transition metals form complex compounds.
nearly same.
(ii) Complete the following equation :
(iii) Hydrochloric acid is not used in permanganate

Cr2O72- + 8H+ + 3NO2− →
titration. A&E [CBSE Foreign Set-1, 2 2017]
[CBSE OD 2015]
Ans. (i) (a) Because Cu+ undergoes disproportionation (c) Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution whereas
as 2Cu+ → Cu + Cu2+. Ti3+ is coloured. A&E [CBSE Delhi/OD 2018]
2+
Hydration enthalpy of Cu is higher than Ans. (a) Because Mn is more stable than Mn3+ due
2+
that of Cu+ which compensates the I.E.2 of to half-filled d5 configuration whereas Fe2+
Cu involved in the formation of Cu2+ ions.
[1] becomes unstable after loosing an electron from
half-filled orbital. [1]
(b) Because of small size of metal, high ionic
charge and availability of vacant d-orbital. [1] (b) Due to presence of higher number of unpaired
(ii) Cr2 O72− + 8H+ + 3NO–2 → 2Cr3+ + 3NO3− + electrons in iron, they have stronger metallic
bonding. Hence, the enthalpy of atomization is
4H2O (Balanced equation only) [1]
more of iron than that of copper. [1]
(c) Sc3+ is colourless as it does not contain unpaired
Q. 9. Give reasons : electrons to undergo d-d transition while Ti3+ is
(a) E° value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more coloured as it contains unpaired electrons to undergo
positive than that for Fe3+/Fe2+. d-d transition by absorbing light from visible region
(b) Iron has higher enthalpy of atomization than that and radiate complementary colour. [1]
of copper. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]


[Topper’s Answer 2018]
Q. 10. A mixed oxide of iron and chromium is fused with (c) M n can form multiple bonds with oxygen by using
sodium carbonate in free access of air to form a 2p orbital of oxygen and 3d orbital of Mn because
yellow coloured compound (A). On acidification of which it shows highest oxidation state of +7
the compound (A) forms an orange coloured with fluorine, Mn cannot form multiple bonds thus
compound (B), which is a strong oxidizing agent. shows an oxidation state of +4. [3]
Identify compound (A) and (B). Write chemical Q. 12. Give reasons for the following :
reactions involved. (i) Transition elements act as catalysts
A [CBSE Comptt. OD Set-1, 2, 3 2017] (ii) It is difficult to obtain oxidation state
Ans. A : Na2CrO4 B : Na2Cr2O7 ½+½ greater than two for Copper.
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 + (iii) Cr2O72– is a strong oxidising agent in acidic
2Fe2O3 + 8CO2 1 medium whereas WO3 and MoO3 are not.
+ + Ans. (i) Due to large surface area and ability to show
2Na2CrO4 + 2H → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na + H2O 1 variable oxidation states.[1]
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] (ii) Due to high value of third ionisation enthalpy.
[1]
Commonly Made Error (iii) Mo(VI) and W(VI) are more stable than Cr(VI).
 Most of the students write either incorrect or [1]
incomplete equations. In many cases, the equations Q. 13. Observed and calculated values for the standard
are unbalanced. electrode potentials of elements from Ti to Zn in
the first reactivity series are depicted in figure (1) :
Answering Tip
 Write complete and balanced chemical equations.
Q. 11. Give reasons for the following : [3]

(a) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
(b) E° value for (Zn2+ /Zn) is negative while that of
(Cu2+ /Cu) is positive.
(c) Higher oxidation state of Mn with fluorine is +4
whereas with oxygen is +7.
R & U [CBSE OD Set-2 2019]
Ans. (i) Because of comparable energies of (n – 1)d

and ns orbitals / Incomplete filling of d-orbital.
(ii) Because of stable 3d10 configuration of Zn2+
whereas due to low hydration enthalpy and
high enthalpy of atomization of Cu2+.
(iii) Due to the ability of oxygen to form multiple FIGURE 1
bonds with metal. Explain the following observations :
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [1 × 3 = 3] (i) T
he general trend towards less negative E°
values across the series
Detailed Answer :
(a) Because of availability of partially filled orbitals and (ii) The unique behaviour of Copper
comparable energies of ns and (n – 1)d orbitals. (iii) More negative E° values of Mn and Zn
(b) E° value for (Zn2+/Zn) is negative due to stable A&E [CBSE SQP 2021]
completely filled d10 configuration in Zn2+. The Ans. (i) The general trend towards less negative E° V
positive value of (Cu2+/Cu) accounts for its ability values across the series is related to the general
to liberate H2 from acids due to its high enthalpy of increase in the sum of the first and second ionisation
atomization and low hydration energy. enthalpies.[1]
(ii) The high energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu2+ (aq) is Ans. (i) Cr2+, because its configuration changes from d4
not balanced by its hydration enthalpy.[1] to d3 and having a half-filled t2g level.
(iii) The stability of the half-filled d sub-shell in Mn2+ (ii) Cu+ in an aqueous medium energy is required
and the completely filled d10 configuration in Zn2+ to remove one electron from Cu+ to Cu2+, high
are related to their more negative E° V values[1] hydration energy of Cu2+ compensates for it.
Q.14. Following ions are given : Therefore Cu+ ion in an aqueous solution is
Cr2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn3+ unstable.
Identify the ion which is 2Cu + 
→ Cu 2 + (aq) + Cu(s)
(i) a strong reducing agent.
(ii) unstable in aqueous solution. (iii) Mn3+, because its configuration changes from
(iii) a strong oxidising agent. Mn3+ to Mn2+ results in the half filled d5
Give suitable reason in each. configuration, which has extra stability.
A [CBSE OD Set-1 2020]
Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)
Q. 1. (i) Following are the transition metal ions of 3d (b) Transition metals form a large number of
series : complexes.
Ti4+, V2+, Mn3+, Cr3+ (c) The E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much
(Atomic number : Ti = 22, V = 23, Mn = 25,
more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ couple.
Cr = 24)
Answer the following : R + A&E [CBSE OD 2014]
(a) Which ion is most stable in an aqueous
Ans. (i) (a) Cr2O72– + 2OH– → 2 CrO2−
4 + H 2O [1]
solution and why?
(b) Which ion is a strong oxidizing agent and (b) MnO−4 + 4H+ + 3e– → MnO2 + 2H2O [1]
why?
(ii) (a) Because Zn/Zn2+ has fully filled d-orbitals. [1]
(c) Which ion is colourless and why? (b) This is due to smaller ionic sizes, higher ionic
(ii) Complete the following equations : charge and availability of d-orbitals.[1]
(a) 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5S2- ® (c) Because Mn2+ is more stable (3d5) than Mn3+(3d4),
heat while Cr+3 is more stable due to t2g3/d3
(b) KMnO4 
→
configuration. [1]
[CBSE OD Set-1, 2, 3 2017] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
3+ 3
Ans. (i) (a) Cr , half filled t 2g [½+½]
Q. 3. When chromite ore is fused with sodium carbonate
(b) Mn , due to stable d configuration in Mn2+
3+ 5
in free excess of air and the product is dissolved
[½+½] in water, a yellow solution of compound (A) is
(c) Ti4+, No unpaired electrons [½+½] obtained. On acidifying the yellow solution with
(ii) (a) 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5S2- → 5S sulphuric acid, compound (B) is crystallized out.
+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O [1] When compound (B) is treated with KCl, orange
∆
(b) 2KMnO4  → K2MnO4 + MnO2 +O2 [1] crystals of compound (C) crystallize out. Identify
(A), (B) and (C) and write the reactions involved.
A [CBSE Comptt. OD Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
Commonly Made Error
Ans. A : Na2CrO4 B : Na2Cr2O7 C : K2Cr2O7
 Students do not read and understand the question [½+½+1]
in a hurry. 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 +
 Many students write unbalanced equations. Some 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2[1]
students do not write the correct products. 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
[1]
Answering Tips Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl [1]
 Read the question carefully. Do not forget to answer [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
the sub-parts. Commonly Made Error
 Write complete and balanced chemical equation.
 Most of the students write either incorrect or
Q. 2. (i) Complete the following equations : incomplete equations. In many cases, the equations
are unbalanced.
(a) Cr2O72– + 2OH– ®
(b) MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– ® Answering Tip
(ii) Account for the following :  Write complete and balanced chemical equations.
(a) Zn is not considered as a transition element.
TOPIC-2
f-Block Elements : Lanthanoids and Actinoids
Revision Notes Scan to know

more about
this topic
 f-block elements : The elements in which filling of electrons takes place in (n–2) f-subshell
which belongs to anti-penultimate (third to the outermost) energy shell. This block consists of
two series of elements known as Lanthanoids and Actinoids. These elements are also known
as inner transition elements. The general electronic configuration of the f - block elements is
(n–2)f1–14 (n–1)d0–1 ns2 d and f Block
elements
For Lanthanoids, n is 6 while its value is 7 for Actinoids. There are many exceptions in the
electronic configuration.
 Lanthanoids : The series involving the filling of 4f-orbitals following lanthanum La (Z = 57) is called the lanthanoid
series. There are 14 elements in this series starting with Ce (Z = 58) to Lu (Z = 71).
l Electronic configuration : [Xe] 4f1-14 5d0-1 6s2
l Physical properties :
(i) Highly dense metals, soft, malleable and ductile.
(ii) High melting point.
(iii) Forms alloys easily with other metals.
(iv) Magnetic Properties : Among lanthanoids, La3+ and Lu3+ which have 4f 0 or 4f14 electronic configurations
are diamagnetic and all other trivalent lanthanoid ions are paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired
electrons.
(v) Atomic and ionic sizes : With increasing atomic number, the atomic and ionic radii decreases from one
element to the other but the decrease is very small.
A steady decrease in the size of lanthanoids with increase in atomic number is known as lanthanoid
contraction.
Consequences of Lanthanoid contraction :
(a) It leads to similar physical and chemical properties among lanthanoids.
(b) Zr and Hf have same properties, due to similar atomic radii.
(c) Chemical separation of lanthanoids become difficult.
(vi) Oxidation state : They mainly give +3 oxidation state. Some elements show +2 and +4 oxidation states.
(vii) Colour : Some of the trivalent ions are coloured. This happens due to the absorption in visible region of
the spectrum resulting in f-f transitions.
Chemical properties : All lanthanoids are highly electropositive metals and have almost similar chemical
reactivity.
+C, 2773 K Ln C, LnC , Ln C
3 2 2 3
+O2
Ln2O3
+S
Ln2S3
+N2
Ln LnN
+H2 O
Ln(OH)3 + HX
+X 2
LnX3
+ acid
H2
Uses :
(i) Misch metal is the alloy of cerium (about 55%) and various other Lanthanoid elements (40-43%). It also
contains iron upto 5% and traces of sulphur, carbon, silicon calcium and aluminium. It is a pyrophoric
material, hence it is used in lighter flints.
(ii) Lanthanoid oxides are used for polishing glass.
(iii) Cerium salts are used in dyeing cotton and also as catalysts.
(iv) Lanthanoid compounds are used as catalyst for hydrogenated dehydrogenation and petroleum cracking.
(v) Pyrophoric alloys are used for making tracer bullets and shells.
 Actinoids : The series involving the filling of 5f orbitals from actinium, Ac (Z = 89) upto lawrencium, Lr (Z = 103)
comprises of actinoids.
l Electronic configuration : [Rn] 5f1-14 6d0-1 7s2
l Physical properties :
(i) Highly dense metals and form alloys with other metals.
(ii) Silvery white metals.
(iii) Highly electropositive.
(iv) High melting point.
(v) Ionic and atomic radii : The atomic and ionic size decreases with an increase in atomic number due to
actinoid contraction. The electrons are added to 5f shell resulting in an increase in the nuclear charge
causing the shell to shrink inwards. This is known as actinoid contraction.
Scan to know more
(vi) Colour : Many actinoid ions are coloured. about this topic
(vii) Magnetic properties : Many actinoid ions are paramagnetic.
(viii) Oxidation State : The common oxidation state exhibited is +3. They also exhibit
oxidation state of +4, +5, +6 and +7.
(ix) Many elements are radioactive. Difference between
Lanthanoids and
l Chemical reactivity : Less reactive towards acids. Actinoids
l Uses :
(i) Thorium is used in the treatment of cancer and in incandescent gas mantles.
(ii) Uranium is used in the glass industry, in medicines and as nuclear fuel.
(iii) Plutonium is used in atomic reactors and in atomic bombs.
 Difference between Lanthanoids and Actinoids :
S. No. Lanthanoids Actinoids

(i) 4f orbital is progressively filled. 5f orbital is progressively filled.
(ii) +3 oxidation state is most common along with +3 oxidation state is most common, but exhibit
+2 and +4. higher oxidation state of +4, +5, +6, +7.
(iii) Except promethium, all are non-radioactive. All are radioactive.
(iv) Less tendency of complex formation. Strong tendency of complex formation.
(v) Chemically less reactive than actinoids. More reactive than lanthanoids.
Mnemonics
Lanthanides
• Concept Name: Lanthanides Series
• Mnemonic: Late CEO Promoted Nadia Palmer Smart to Europe so she said Goodbye to
Toby a Day before Hoarding Eroding Timber in Yard of Lu.
• Interpretation: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu
Actinides
• Concept Name: Actinide Series

• Mnemonic : Active Thor Paid Ur Nephew for Pumpkins.
• Amy Came Back from California.
• Einstein and Fermi Made No. of Laws.
• Interpretation: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr
Know the Terms

 Transuranic elements : All the elements beyond uranium are known as transuranic or man-made elements. These
elements do not occur in nature because their half-life periods are so short.
Q. (i) How would you account for the due to more effective shielding by in-
following : tervening 5f-electrons.
(a) Actinoid contraction is greater STEP - II : (b) Transition elements gen-
than lanthanoid contraction. erally forms coloured compounds on
(b) Transition metals form coloured account of d-d transition. When the
compounds. visible light falls on the compounds,
(ii) Complete the following equation : they absorb certain radiations and re-
– + –
2MnO4 + 6H + 5NO2 ® flect others. The colour observed cor-
Solution: responds to absorbed light.
STEP - I : (i) (a) Actinoid contraction (ii) 2MnO4– + 6H+ + 5NO2– ® 5NO3– +
is greater than lanthanoid contraction 2Mn2+ + 3H2O.
Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)
[A] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : (b) Actinoids

Q. 1. Which of the following statements is not correct? (c) Lanthanoids
(a) La is actually transition element. (d) Transition elements R
(b) In Lanthanide series, Ionic radii decrease from Ans. Correct option : (b)
La3+ to Lu3+. Explanation : Actinoids are 5f block elements so in
(c) La(OH)3 is less basic than Lu(OH)3 actinoids, 5f orbitals are progressively filled.
(d) Ionic radii of Zr and Hf are almost similar due [B] ASSERTION & REASON TYPE QUESTIONS :
to Lanthanoid contraction. U
In the following questions a statement of assertion
Ans. Correct option : (c) followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the
Explanation : La(OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3. correct answer out of the following choices.
It is because of the fact that
Due to lanthanoid contraction the size of lanthanoid (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements
ion decreases regularly with increase in atomic and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
size. Thus covalent character between lanthanoid (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements
ion and OH− increases from La3+ to Lu3+. Thus but reason is not the correct explanation for
the basic character of hydroxides decreases from assertion.
La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong
Q. 2. Lanthanoid contraction is caused due to statement.
(a) Atomic number (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct
(b) Size of 4f orbitals statement.
(c) Effective nuclear charge Q. 1. Assertion (A) : Chromium is an actinoid.
(d) Poor shielding effect of 4f electrons R Reason (R) : In chromium, 3d orbitals are filled.
Ans. Correct option : (d) U
Explanation : The lanthanoid contraction is due to
Ans. Correct option : (d)
poor shielding effect of 4f electrons.
Q. 3. In which of the following elements, 5f orbitals are Explanation : Chromium is a transition element
progressively filled? and it belongs to 3d series because in chromium,
(a) Alkaline earth metals 3d orbitals are filled.
Q. 2. Assertion (A) : Chemistry of Actinoids is more [C] VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
complicated than Lanthanoids. Q. 1. Why Lanthanoids cannot be easily separated? A
Reason (R) : Actinoid elements are radioactive in Ans. Due to lanthanoid contraction, the chnge in the
nature. U atomic or ionic radii of these elements is very small.
Ans. Correct option : (a) So, their chemical properties are similar. Hence,
Lanthanoids cannot be easily separated
Explanation : Chemistry of actinoids is more
Q.2. Why does Zr (Z=40) and Hf (Z=72) exhibit almost
complicated than Lanthanoids because actinoids
are radioactive elements having relatively short identical atomic radii? A&E
half-lives. Ans. Lanthanoid contraction is responsible for almost
Q. 3. Assertion (A) : Cerium (Ce) exhibits +4 oxidation same atomic radii of 4d and 5d transition series
state. elements.
Reason (R) : Ce4+ has 4f4 electronic configuration Q.3. Actinoid series members exhibit a large number of
which is less stable. U oxidation states compared to their corresponding
Ans. Correct option : (c) lanthanoids. Why? A&E
Ans. Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s levels
Explanation : Cerium exhibits +4 oxidation state
members of actinoid series exhibit a large number
because Ce4+ has 4f0 electronic configuration which
of oxidation states.
is most stable.
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q. 1. Write one similarity and one difference between Q. 2. Identify the following :
the chemistry of lanthanoids and actinoids ? (i) Oxo anion of chromium which is stable in acidic
U [CBSE OD 2015] medium.
Ans. Similarity : (i) Both show contraction in size.
(ii) The lanthanoid element that exhibits +4 oxidation
(ii) Both show irregularity in their electronic
state.
configuration. (iii) Both are stable in +3 oxidation
state. [1] U [CBSE SQP 2017]
2-
Difference : (i) Actinoids are mainly radioactive Ans. (i) Cr2O7 [1]
but lanthanoids are not. (ii) Actinoids show wide (ii) Cerium [1]
range of oxidation states but lanthanoids do not. Q. 3. Identify the following :
(iii) Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid
contraction. [1] (i) Transition metal of 3d series that exhibits the
(Write any one of these or any other one similarity maximum number of oxidation states.
and one difference) (ii) An alloy consisting of approximately 95%
Commonly Made Error lanthanoid metal used to produce bullet, shell and
lighter flint.
 Students lose time in description for 1 mark
questions. U [CBSE Comptt. Delhi/OD 2018]
Ans. (i) Mn [1]
Answering Tip
(ii) Mischmetal [1]
 Students write irrelevant content. Be specific. Read [CBSE Marking Scheme 2018]
question carefully and write only what is asked.
Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)
Q. 1. Account for the following : (ii) Dichromate ion changes to chromate ion/OH-
(i) Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent. [1]
Cr2O72- (orange) → CrO42- (yellow)
(ii) Orange colour of dichromate ion changes to yellow
(iii) Due to the irregular variation in ionisation
in alkaline medium.
enthalpies (sum of [1]st and 2nd ionisation
(iii) E°(M2+/M) values for transition metals show enthalpies), heat of sublimation and enthalpy
irregular variation. of hydration/due to irregular electronic
A&E [CBSE Foreign Set-2 2017] configurations from left to right in a period, which
changes the ionisation potential.
Ans. (i) Eu is a strong reducing agent because Eu3+
2+
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] [1]
is more stable than Eu2+.[1]
Detailed Answer : Detailed Answer :
(i) Electronic configuration of Eu2+ = 4f76s2. On (i) Transition metals have the ability to adsorb many
oxidation, the evolution of the electrons takes place. other substances on their surface and activate them
Hence, after the removal of 2 electrons it achieves as a result of chemisorption. Transition metals
stable half filled electronic configuration acting as a also exhibit a variety of oxidation states, and can
strong reducing agent. change oxidation states relatively easily. This
(ii) Cr2O72− + H 2O
2− + makes transition metals and their compounds good
2Cr2O4 + 2 H
catalysts.
(Orange) (yellow) (ii) Eo values are indicative of the stability of the
When an alkali is added to an orange solution of oxidized form of the element. The lower the
dichromate, a yellow solution is obtained due to the Eo value, more stable the oxidized form of the
formation of chromate ions.
element. Mn2+ with a half filled d-subshell (d5) is
Q. 2. Explain the following : stable, so Mn is easily oxidized to Mn2+, making
(a) Out of Sc3+, Co2+ and Cr3+ ions, only Sc3+ is the Eo value negative. Cu2+ with a partially filled
colourless in aqueous solutions. (Atomic no. d subshell (d9) is not stable, and is relatively easily
Co = 27; Sc = 21 and Cr = 24) reduced to element form. This makes its Eo value
2+
(b) The E°Cu /Cu for copper metal is positive positive.
(+0.34), unlike the remaining members of the first (iii) The electronic configurations of actinoids show
transition series. irregularities because the energies of their 5f, 6d,
(c) La(OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3. and 7s orbitals are close to each other. Electrons can
A&E [CBSE SQP 2018-2019] easily move between these subshells.
Ans. (a) Co2+ : [Ar]3d7 Sc3+ : [Ar]3d0 Cr3+ : [Ar]3d3 Q. 4. Give reasons for the following :
Co2+ and Cr3+ have unpaired electrons. Thus, (i) Transition metals form alloys.
they are coloured in aqueous solution. Sc3+ has no (ii) Mn2O3 is basic whereas Mn2O7 is acidic.
unpaired electron. Thus it is colourless. [1] (iii) Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent.
(b) Metal copper has high enthalpy of atomisation R [CBSE Delhi Set 2 2019]
and enthalpy of ionisation. Therefore the high
energy required to convert Cu(s) to Cu2+(aq) is not Ans. (i) Due to comparable radii / comparable size.[1]
balanced by its hydration enthalpy. [1] (ii) In Mn2O3, Mn is in +3 (lower) oxidation state
(c) Due to lanthanoid contraction the size of while in Mn2O7, Mn is in higher oxidation
lanthanoid ion decreases regularly with increase state (+7) [1]
in atomic size. Thus covalent character between (iii) Because its stable oxidation state is +3.
lanthanoid ion and OH– increases from La3+ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [1]
to Lu3+. Thus the basic character of hydroxides Detailed Answer :
decreases from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3. [1]
(i) Transition metals easily form alloys with other
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018] transition metals because they have almost similar
Q. 3. Give the reasons for following : size. So they can easily replace each other in the
crystal lattice.
(i) Transition elements and their compounds acts as
catalysts. (ii) The transition metal oxides in the lower oxidation
state of metals are basic in nature and in higher
(ii) E° value for (Mn+2|Mn) is negative whereas for
oxidation state they are acidic in nature. The
(Cu+2|Cu) is positive.
oxidation state of Mn in Mn2O3 is +3 and Mn2O7
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic
has +7. Therefore, Mn2O3 is basic and Mn2O7 is
configuration. R [CBSE Delhi Set 1 2019] acidic.
Ans. (i) Due to variable oxidation state. [1] (iii) The common oxidation state of lanthanide metals
(ii) Mn2+ is stable due to exactly half filled 3d5 is +3. Eu2+ is formed by losing the two s electrons
configuration/ Due to high ΔaH0 and low ΔhydH0 acquires half filled (4f7) configuration. But still, they
for Cu2+/Cu is positive. [1] oxidize to their common +3 state. So the Eu2+ loses
(iii) Due to comparable energies of 5f , 6d and 7s one electron and is oxidized to Eu3+. So, Eu2+ acts
orbitals. as a strong reducing agent.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [1]
OR

Q. 5. Give reasons for the following : delocalised, so are not available for bonding, as a
(a) Transition metals have high enthalpies of result interatomic forces becomes weaker. Hence
atomization. Mn has low melting point bounded half-filled a
(b) Manganese has lower melting point even though orbital electrons with nucleus results in strong
it has a higher number of unpaired electrons for interatomic interaction.
bonding. (c) T he formation of Ce4+ is promoted by its noble gas
(c) Ce4+ is a strong oxidizing agent. configuration reverting to the common +3 state. E°
value for Ce4+/Ce3+ is + 1.74 V thus readily gains
R [CBSE OD Set 3 2019]
an electron and acts as a strong oxidizing agent.
Ans. (i) Because of strong interatomic interactions / Q. 6. (a) When a chromite ore (A) is fused with an aqueous
Strong metallic bonding between atoms. [1] solution of sodium carbonate in free excess of air,
(ii) Due to stable 3d5 configuration, interatomic a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtained.
interaction is poor between unpaired This solution is filtered and acidified with
electrons. [1] sulphuric acid to form compound (C). Compound
(iii) Because Ce is more stable in +3 oxidation state. (C) on treatment with solution of KCl gives orange
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [1] crystals of compound (D). Write the chemical
Detailed Answer : formulae of compounds A to D.
(a) The transition elements have high enthalpies of (b) Describe the cause of the following variations
atomization because they have large number of with respect to lanthanoids and actinoids :
unpaired electrons in their atoms. This results (i) Greater range of oxidation states of actinoids
in stronger interatomic interaction and stronger as compared to lanthanoids.
bonding between atoms. (ii) Greater actinoid contraction as compared to
(b) Mn has low melting point because of 3d54s2 lanthanoid contraction.
configuration, which is highly stable and (iii) Lower ionisation enthalpy of early actinoids
as compared to the early lanthanoids.
Ans. (a) A = FeCr2O4 B=Na2CrO4 C=Na2Cr2O7 is required to transform Cu(s) to Cu2+(aq)
D=K2Cr2O7 [½ × 4] which is not balanced by hydration enthalpy,
(b) (i)
5f, 6d and 7s levels in actinoids are of therefore Eo(M2+ / M) value for copper is
comparable energies. [1] positive (+0.34 V). [1]
(ii) This is due to poorer shielding by 5f electrons (ii) Cr2+ is reducing as its configuration changes
in actinoids as compared to shielding by 4f from d4 to d3, the latter having more stable half
electrons in lanthanoids. [1] filled t2g level. On the other hand, the change
(iii) In actinoids, 5f electrons are more effectively from Mn3+ to Mn2+ results an extra stable d5
shielded from the nuclear charge than the 4f configuration. [1]
electrons of the corresponding lanthanoids. (iii) This is due to the increasing stability of the
Since the outer electrons are less firmly species of lower oxidation state to which they
held, they are available for bonding in the are reduced. [1]
actinoids.[1]
Q. 8. Give reasons for the following :
Q. 7. (a) What happens when
(a) Transition metals form complex compounds.
(i) Manganate ions (MnO2– 4 ) undergoes dispropor- (b) Eo values for (Zn2+/Zn) and (Mn2+/Mn) are more
tionation reaction in acidic medium?
negative than expected.
(ii) Lanthanum is heated with sulphur?
(b) Explain the following trends in the properties (c) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
of the members of the First series of transition R [CBSE OD Set 1 2019]
elements :
Ans. (i)
Due to small size, high ionic charge and
(i) E0 (M2+/M) value for copper is positive (+0.34 V)
availability of d-orbital. [1]
in contrast to the other members of the series.
(ii) Due to stable 3d10 configuration in Zn2+ and
(ii) Cr2+ is reducing while Mn3+ is oxidising, though
3d5 configuration in Mn2+. [1]
both have d4 configuration.
(iii) D
ue to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s
(iii) The oxidising power in the series increases in the orbitals / levels. [1]
2−
order VO+ −
2 < Cr2O7 < MnO 4 . [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
A [CBSE SQP 2020] Detailed Answer :
2−
Ans. (a) (i) MnO ions disproportionate in acidic medium (a) Transition metals are able to form complex
4
to give permanganate ions and manganese(IV) compounds due to the small size of metal,
oxide. [½] high ionic charge and availability of vacant
d-orbital.
3MnO24 − + 4H + → 2MnO−4 + MnO2 + 2H 2 O [½]
(b) E° values of (Mn2+/Mn) and (Zn2+/Zn) are more
(ii) Lanthanum sulphide if formed. [½]
negative than expected due to the greater stability
2La + 3S 
heat
→ La 2 S 3 [½] of half filled d-subshell of Mn2+(3d5) and completely
filled d-subshell of Zn2+(3d10).
(Deduct overall ½ mark if equation not balanced/
(c) Due to a very small energy gap between 5f, 6d and
statements not written)
7s subshells resulting in easier excitation of the
(b) (i) Copper has high enthalpy of atomisation and
outermost electrons to higher energy levels.
low enthalpy of hydration, thus the high energy
Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)
Q. 1. (i) Account for the following : (c) Transition metals act as a catalysts. (Atomic nos. :
(a) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with Mn = 25, Cr = 24)
oxygen but with fluorine it shows the highest (ii) Complete the following equations :
oxidation state of +4. (a) 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 ∆ →
(b) Zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties.
(b) Cr2O72− + 14H+ + 6I− 
→

Ans.

Q. 2. The elements of 3d transition series are given as :

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Commonly Made Error
Answer the following :  Students miss out on sub questions. Read and
(i) Write the element which is not regarded as a answer all sub questions carefully.
transition element. Give reason.
Answering Tips
(ii) Which element has the highest m.p?
(iii) Write the element which can show an oxidation  Comprehend what is being asked before answering
by reading the question carefully.
state of +1.
 Don’t forget to answer further sub-parts of the
(iv) Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in
questions.
+3 oxidation state and why?
A [CBSE OD Set-2 2016] Q. 3. (i) Account for the following :
Ans. (i) Zn , because it does not have partially filled (a)
Transition metals form large number of
d-orbital in its ground state or ionic state. [1½] complex compounds.
(ii) Cr has the highest melting point. As the number of (b) The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic
unpaired electrons increases upto d5 configuration, whereas the highest oxide is amphoteric or
it results in the increase in the strength of metallic acidic.
bonds. To break the metallic bond, significant (c) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly
energy is required thus Cr with highest number of positive (+1.57 V) as compared to Cr3+/Cr2+.
unpaired electrons i.e., 6 has the highest melting (ii) Write one similarity and one difference between
the chemistry of lanthanoid and actinoid elements.
point. [1]
U + A&E
(iii) Cu can show +1 oxidation state as it can loose one
electron present in 4s orbital. [1] Ans. (i) (a) Due to small size and high ionic charge/
(iv) Mn is a strong oxidising agent in +3 oxidation state availability of d orbitals. [1]
because change of Mn3+ to Mn2+ give stable half (b) Higher is the oxidation state higher is the
filled (d5) configuration. [1½] acidic character/as the oxidation state of a
metal increases, ionic character decreases [1]
(c) Because Mn2+ has d5 as a stable, configuration Ans. (i) (a) In p-block elements the difference in
whereas Cr3+ is more stable due to stable t32g oxidation state is 2 and in transition metals
[1] the difference is 1. [1]
(ii) Similarity-both are stable in +3 oxidation state/ (b) Cu+, due to disproportionation reaction and
both show contradiction/irregular electronic low hydration enthalpy [½+½]
configuration (or any other suitable similarity) (c) Due to formation of chromate ion/CrO42- ion,
[1] which is yellow in colour [1]
Difference–actinoids are radioactive and
(ii) Actinoids are radioactive, actinoids show wide
lanthanoids are not/actinoids show wide range
range of oxidation states [1+1]
of oxidation states but lanthanoids don’t (or any
other correct difference) [1] [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017]
Q. 4. (i) (a) How is the variability in oxidation states of Q. 3. (i) Account for the following :
transition metals different from that of the (a)
Transition metals show variable oxidation
p-block elements? states.
(b) Out of Cu+ and Cu2+, which ion is unstable in (b) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.
aqueous solution and why? (c) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is highly
Orange colour of Cr2O72- ion changes to
(c) positive (+1.57 V) as compare to Cr3+/Cr2+.
yellow when treated with an alkali. Why? (ii) Write one similarity and one difference between
(ii) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as compared the chemistry of lanthanoid and actinoid
to lanthanoids. Give two reasons.
elements. [CBSE OD Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
A&E [CBSE Delhi Set-1, 2, 3 2017]
Ans.


Detailed Answer : (iii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft and have low
(i) (a) The valence electrons of transition metals are melting point.
in (n-1)d and ns orbitals. As there is almost little (b) Write the preparation of the following :
energy difference between these orbitals, both the (i) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4
energy levels can be used for bond formation. Thus, (ii) K2MnO4 from MnO2
they exhibit variable oxidation states. Ans. (a) (i) The catalytic activities of transition metals
(b) Because they contain fully filled d-orbitals, no and their compounds is due to the ability
unpaired d electrons are present resulting in weak of adopt variable oxidation states and to
metallic bonding. form complexes. It can also provide a large
Q. 6. (i) (a) Which transition element in 3d series has surface area for the reactants to be adsorbed.
0
positive E M 2+ value and why? (Any one)
/M
(ii) Separation of lanthanoid elements is
(b) Name a member of lanthanoid series which is
difficult because all lanthanoid elements
well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state and
why? have almost similar physical as well as
(ii) Account for the following chemical properties. Due to the lanthanoid
(a) The highest oxidation state is exhibited in contraction the change in the atomic or
oxoanions of transition metals. ionic radii is very small.
(b) HCl is not used to acidify KMnO4 solution. (iii) Zn, Cd and Mg are soft and have low
(c)
Transition metals have high enthalpy of melting point because no d-orbitals are
atomisation. available for metallic bond formation and
A&E [CBSE Comptt. Delhi Set-1, 2, 3 2017] bonds formed are very weak.
Ans. (i) (a) Copper; Due to high DgH– and low DhydH– (b) (i) 2Na2CrO4 + H 2SO4 
→ Na2Cr2O7 +

[½+½]
Na 2SO4 + H 2O
(b) Cerium; Due to stable 4f 0 configuration/Tb;
Due to stable 4f 7 configuration [½+½] (ii) 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 
→ 2K 2 MnO4 + 2H 2O
(ii) (a) Due to ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds Q. 8. (a) Account for the following :
to metal [1]
(i) Ti3+ is coloured whereas Sc3+ is colourless
(b) HCl is oxidized to chlorine [1] in aqueous solution.
(c) Due to strong interatomic bonding [1] (ii) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] (b) Write two similarities between chemistry of
lanthanoids and actinoids.
Detailed Answer : (c) Complete the following ionic equation :
(ii) (a) Due to high electronegativity and small size,
3MnO42 + 4H+ →
oxygen acts as a strong oxidising agent. This results
in oxygen’s ability to oxidise the metal to attain U [CBSE Delhi Set-1 2020]
highest oxidation state. Ans. (a) (i) Ti3+ has incomplete d (3d1) orbital whereas
(b) As KMnO4 is a very strong oxidising agent, it Sc3+ has empty (3d°) d-orbital.
oxidizes HCl resulting in evolution of chlorine (ii) Cr2+ ion can lose electron to form Cr3+, so
gas. Therefore, HCl is not used to acidify KMnO4 acts as a strong reducing agent.
solution.
(b) Similarities between chemistry of lanthanoids
Q. 7. (a) Give reasons :
(i) Transition metals and their compounds and actinoids :
show catalytic activities. (i) Both show +3 oxidation state.
(ii) Separation of a mixture of Lanthanoid (ii) Both are strong reducing agents.
elements is difficult. (c) 3MnO24 − + 4H + 
→ 2MnO4− + MnO2 + 2H 2O
Visual Case based Questions (4 marks each)
Q.1. Read the passage given below and answer the Reason: Oxygen is highly electronegative and has a
following questions : tendency to form multiple bonds.
Within the 3d series, manganese exhibits (v) Assertion: The highest oxidation states of the
oxidation states in aqueous solution from +2 3d metals depends only on electronic configuration
to +7, ranging from Mn2+(aq) to MnO−4 (aq). of the metal.
Likewise, iron forms both Fe 2+(aq) and Fe 3+(aq) Reason: The number of electrons in the (n-1)d
as well as the FeO 2−4 ion. Cr and Mn form oxyions and ns subshells determine the oxidation states
CrO2−4, MnO −4, owing to their willingness to exhibited by the metal.
form multiple bonds. The pattern with the early Ans. (i) Correct option : (c)
transition metals—in the 3d series up to Mn, and (ii) Correct option : (a)
for the 4d, 5d metals up to Ru and Os—is that (iii) Correct option : (a)
the maximum oxidation state corresponds to the (iv) Correct option : (b)
number of ‘‘outer shell’’ electrons. The highest (v) Correct option : (d)
oxidation states of the 3d metals may depend Q.2. Read the passage given below and answer the
upon complex formation (e.g., the stabilization following questions :
of Co 3+ by ammonia) or upon the pH (thus The transition metals when exposed to oxygen
MnO42− (aq) is prone to disproportionation in at low and intermediate temperatures form thin,
acidic solution). Within the 3d series, there is protective oxide films of up to some thousands of
considerable variation in relative stability of Angstroms in thickness. Transition metal oxides
oxidation states, sometimes on moving from lie between the extremes of ionic and covalent
one metal to a neighbour; thus, for iron, Fe3+ binary compounds formed by elements from the
is more stable than Fe2+, especially in alkaline left or right side of the periodic table. They range
conditions, while the reverse is true for cobalt. from metallic to semiconducting and deviate by
The ability of transition metals to exhibit a both large and small degrees from stoichiometry.
wide range of oxidation states is marked with Since d-electron bonding levels are involved, the
metals such as vanadium, where the standard cations-exist in various valence states and hence
potentials can be rather small, making a switch give rise to a large number of oxides. The crystal
between states relatively easy. structures are often classified by considering a cubic
(CBSE QB 2021) or hexagonal close-packed lattice of one set of ions
(Cotton, S. A. (2011). Lanthanides: Comparison with the other set of ions filling the octahedral or
to 3d metals. Encyclopedia of inorganic and Bio tetrahedral interstices. The actual oxide structures,
inorganic Chemistry.) however, generally show departures from such
regular arrays due in part to distortions caused
In the following questions, a statement of assertion
by packing of ions of different size and to ligand
followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose
field effects. These distortions depend not only on
the correct answer out of the following choices on the number of d-electrons but also on the valence
the basis of the above passage. and the position of the transition metal in a period
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct or group. (source: Smeltzer, W. W., & Young, D. J.
statements and reason is correct explanation (1975). Oxidation properties of transition metals.
for assertion. Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 10, 17-54.)
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct (CBSE QB 2021)
statements but reason is not correct explanation In the following questions, a statement of assertion
for assertion. followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose
(c)
Assertion is correct statement but reason is the correct answer out of the following choices on
wrong statement. the basis of the above passage.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is (a) Assertion and reason both are correct
correct statement. statements and reason is correct explanation
(i) Assertion: Highest oxidation state is exhibited by for assertion.
transition metal lying in the middle of the series. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct
Reason: The highest oxidation state exhibited statements but reason is not correct explanation
corresponds to number of (n−1)d electrons. for assertion.
(ii) Assertion: Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+ (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is
Reason: Fe3+ has 3d5 configuration while Fe2+ has wrong statement.
3d6 configuration. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
(iii) Assertion: Vanadium had the ability to exhibit a correct statement.
wide range of oxidation states. (i) Assertion: Cations of transition elements occur in
Reason: The standard potentials Vanadium are various valence states
rather small, making a switch between oxidation Reason: Large number of oxides of transition
states relatively easy. elements are possible.
(iv) Assertion: Transition metals like Fe, Cr and Mn (ii) Assertion: Crystal structure of oxides of transition
form oxyions metals often show defects.
Reason: Ligand field effect cause distortions in (ii) Assertion: All d block elements are metallic in
crystal structures. nature.
(iii) Assertion : Transition metals form protective oxide Reason: The d –block elements belong to Group3
films. -12 of the periodic table.
Reason: Oxides of transition metals are always (iii) Assertion : Group VII elements of Mendeleev
stoichiometric. periodic table are transition elements.
(iv) Assertion: CrO crystallises in a hexagonal close- Reason: Group I –VIII in Mendeleev periodic table
packed array of oxide ions with two out of every is divided into two subgroups, A and B.
three octahedral holes occupied by chromium ions. (iv) Assertion: Nickel is a transition element that
Reason: Transition metal oxide may be hexagonal belongs to group 10 and period 4 of the modern
close-packed lattice of oxide ions with metal ions periodic table.
filling the octahedral voids. Reason: Electronic configuration of Nickel is
Ans. (i) Correct option : (b) [Ar]183d84s2
(ii) Correct option : (a) Ans. (i) Correct option : (a)
(iii) Correct option : (c) (ii) Correct option : (b)
(iv) Correct option : (d) (iii) Correct option : (d)
Q.3. Read the passage given below and answer the (iv) Correct option : (a)
following questions : Q.4. Read the passage given below and answer the
following questions : (1 × 4 = 4)
The d block elements are the 40 elements contained
in the four rows of ten columns (3-12) in the periodic In transition elements, generally, ions of the same
table. As all the d block elements are metallic, the term charge in a given series show progressive decrease
in radius with increasing atomic number. This is
d-block metals is synonymous. This set of d-block
because the new electron enters a d orbital each
elements is also often identified as the transition metals,
time the nuclear charge increases by unity. But the
but sometimes the group 12 elements (zinc, cadmium,
radii of the third (5d) series are virtually the same as
mercury) are excluded from the transition metals
those of the corresponding members of the second
as the transition elements are defined as those with series. This phenomenon is associated with the
partly filled d or f shells in their compounds. Inclusion intervention of the 4f orbitals which must be filled
of the elements zinc, cadmium and mercury is before the 5d series of elements begin. The filling of
necessary as some properties of the group 12 elements 4f before 5d orbital results in a regular decrease in
are appropriate logically to include with a discussion atomic radii called Lanthanoid contraction.
of transition metal chemistry. The term transition In these questions, a statement of assertion
element or transition metal appeared to derive from followed by a statement of reason is given.
early studies of periodicity such as the Mendeleev Choose the correct answer out of the following
periodic table of the elements. His horizontal table of choices.
the elements was an attempt to group the elements (a) Assertion and reason both are correct
together so that the chemistry of elements might be statements and reason is correct explanation
explained and predicted. In this table there are eight for assertion.
groups labeled I-VIII with each subdivided into A (b) Assertion and reason both are correct
and B subgroups. Mendeleev recognized that certain statements but reason is not correct explanation
properties of elements in Group VIII are related to for assertion.
those of some of the elements in Group VII and those (c)
Assertion is correct statement but reason is
at the start of the next row Group I. In that sense, these wrong statement.
elements might be described as possessing properties (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
transitional from one row of the table to the next. correct statement.
(source: Winter, M. J. (2015). D-block Chemistry (Vol. 27). Following are the transition metal ions of 3d series :
Oxford University Press, USA.) Ti4+, V2+, Mn3+, Cr3+
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (Atomic number : Ti = 22, V = 23, Mn = 25,
followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose Cr = 24)
the correct answer out of the following choices on (i) Assertion : Among the given ions, Cr3+ is the
the basis of the above passage. most stable in an aqueous environment.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct Reason : Cr3+ has half filled t32g.
statements and reason is correct explanation (ii) Assertion : Among the given ions, Mn3+ is the
for assertion. most strong oxidizing agent.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct Reason : Mn3+ has an unstable configuration.
statements but reason is not correct explanation (iii) Assertion : Ti4+ ion is colourless.
for assertion. Reason : All valence electrons are unpaired in
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is Ti4+ ion.
wrong statement. (iv) Assertion : Atomic radii of third series of transition
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is elements is similar to that of the second series.
correct statement. (CBSE QB 2021) Reason : According to Aufbau’s principle, 4f
(i) Assertion: Group 12 elements are not considered as orbitals needs to be filled before the 5d series
transition metals. begin.
Reason: Transition metals are those which have Ans. (i) Correct option : (d)
incompletely filled d shell in their compounds. Cr3+, half filled t32g[½+½]
(ii) Correct option : (c) permanganate and sodium or potassium
Mn3+ is the strong oxidising agent because it has dichromate are used to remove completely
4 electrons in its valence shell and when it gains traces of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases.
one electron than it forms Mn2+, it results in the Processes employing such solutions are non-
half-filled (d5) configuration that provides extra regenerative and, because of the high cost of
stability. [½+½] the chemicals used, are only economical when
(iii) Correct option : (a) very small amounts of hydrogen sulfide are
Ti4+, No unpaired electrons [½+½] present in the gas. Permanganate solutions are
(iv) Correct option : (b) used quite extensively for the final purification
Lanthanoid contraction [1] of carbon dioxide in the manufacture of dry
Q.5. Read the passage given below and answer the ice. The solution, which in the case of the
following questions : (1 × 4 = 4) permanganate process contains about 4.0%
potassium permanganate and 1.0% sodium
Although actinoids are similar to lanthanoids
carbonate, is circulated until approximately 75%
in that their electrons fill the 5f orbitals in order,
of the permanganate in either tower is converted
their chemical properties are not uniform and each
to manganese dioxide.
element has characteristic properties. Promotion
of 5f - 6d electrons does not require a large amount The following questions are multiple choice
of energy and examples of compounds with ππ- questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
acid ligands are known in which all the 5f, 6d, 7s, (i) KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in the acidic
and 7p orbitals participate in bonding. Trivalent medium. The number of moles of KMnO4
compounds are the most common, but other that will be needed to react with one mole of
oxidation states are not uncommon. Especially sulphide ion in acidic solution is :
thorium, protactinium, uranium, and neptunium (a) 2/5 (b) 3/5
tend to assume the +4 or higher oxidation state. (c) 4/5 (d) 1/5
The following questions are multiple choice (ii) KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent in alkaline
questions. Choose the most appropriate answer : medium. When alkaline KMnO4 is treated with
(i) Which of the following oxidation state is KI, iodide ion is oxidised to :
common for all lanthanoids? (a) I2 (b) IO–
–
(a) +2 (b) +3 (c) IO3 (d) IO4–
(c) +4 (d) +5 (iii) Generally, transition elements and their salts
(ii) There are 14 elements in actinoid series. Which are coloured due to the presence of unpaired
of the following element does not belong to this electrons in metal ions. Which of the following
series? compounds are coloured?
(a) U (b) Np (a) KMnO4 (b) TiCl4
(c) Tm (d) Fm (c) Cu2Cl2 (d) All of the above
(iii) General electronic configuration of actinoids is (iv) Why is HCl not used to make the medium
(n – 2)f1–14 (n – 1)d0–2 ns2. Which of the following acidic in oxidation reactions of KMnO4 in acidic
actinoids have one electron in 6d orbital? medium?
(a) U (Atomic no. 92) (b) Np (Atomic no.93) (a) Both HCl and KMnO4 act as oxidising agents.
(c) Pu (Atomic no. 94) (d) Bk (Atomic no. 97) (b) KMnO4 oxidises HCl into Cl2 which is also an
(iv) Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its atomic oxidising agent.
number is 64. Which of the following is the (c) KMnO4 is a weaker oxidising agent than HCl.
correct electronic configuration of gadolinium? (d) KMnO4 acts as a reducing agent in the
(a) [Xe] 4f 75d16s2 (b) [Xe] 4f 65d26s2 presence of HCl.
8 2
(c) [Xe] 4f 6d (d) [Xe] 4f 95s1 Ans. (i) Correct option : (a)
Ans. (i) Correct option : (b) Explanation : 2MnO–4 + 5S2– + 16H+ → 2Mn2+
Explanation : All of the lanthanide elements + 5S + 8H2O
are commonly known to have the +3 oxidation For 5 moles of S the number of moles of

state. [1] KMnO4 = 2
(ii) Correct option : (c) For 1 mole of S the number of moles of

Explanation : Tm is Thulium which belongs to KMnO4 = 2/5 [1]
Lanthanoids. Uranium(U), Neptunium(Np), (ii) Correct option : (c)
Fermium(Fm) belong to Actinoid series. [1] Explanation :
(iii) Correct option : (a) 2KMnO4 + KI + H2O → 2KOH + 2MnO2 + KIO3
Explanation : Uranium has an electronic configu- [1]
ration of 5f3 6d1 7s2. [1] (iii) Correct option : (a)
(iv) Correct option : (a) Explanation : KMnO4 is dark purple crystalline
Explanation : Gadolinium has an electronic compound. [1]
configuration of [Xe] 4f 75d16s2 [1] (iv) Correct option : (a)
Q.6. Read the passage given below and answer the Explanation : KMnO4 oxidises HCl into Cl2 which
following questions : (1 × 4 = 4) is also an oxidising agent. Hence HCl is not used
Buffered aqueous solutions of potassium in the oxidation reactions of KMnO4 to make
medium acidic. [1]

Self Assessment Test - 8

Time : 1 Hour Max. Marks : 25
1. Read the passage given below and answer the (b) In its higher oxidation states, manganese
following questions : (1 × 4 = 4) forms stable compounds with oxygen and
Trends in atomic radii of transition metals. fluorine.
(c) Mn3+ and Co3+ are oxidising agents in
aqueous solution.
(d) Ti2+ and Cr2+ are reducing agents in aqueous
solution.
2. Read the passage given below and answer the
following questions : (1 × 4 = 4)
The Lanthanide ions that have unpaired electrons are
coloured and are paramagnetic. In several aspects,
the magnetic and spectral behaviour of lanthanides
is fundamentally different from that of the difference
lies in the fact that the electrons responsible for the
magnetic and spectral properties of lanthanide
ions are 4f electrons , and the 4f orbitals are very
The following questions are multiple choice questions. effectively shielded from interaction with external
Choose the most appropriate answer. forces by the over lying 6s2 and 6p6 shells. Hence,
there are essentially only very weak effects of ligand
(i) Metallic radii of some transition elements are
fields. Hence the states arising from the various
given below. Which of these elements will have
4fn configurations are only slightly affected by the
highest density?
surroundings of the ions and remain practically
Element Fe Co Ni Cu invariant for a given ion in all of its compounds.
Metallic radii/pm 126 125 125 128 Choose the correct answer out of the following
(a) Fe (b) Ni choices.
(c) Co (d) Cu (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements
(ii) Although Zirconium belongs to 4d transition and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
series and Hafnium to 5d transition series even (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements
then they show similar physical and chemical but reason is not the correct explanation for
properties because : assertion.
(a) both belong to d-block. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong
(b) both have same number of electrons. statement.
(c) both have similar atomic radius. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct
statement.
(d) both belong to the same group of the periodic
(i) Assertion : Cerium also shows +4 oxidation
table.
state.
(iii)
The second and third rows of transition
Reason : Characteristic oxidation state of
elements resemble each other much more than lanthanoids is +3.
they resemble the first row. (ii) Assertion : The lanthanoid contraction leads to
(a) The statement is true. overall decrease of atomic and ionic radii from
(b) Initial elements of second and third rows lanthanum to lutetium.
resemble each other. Reason : The filling of 4f before 5d orbitals result
(c) Initial elements of first and second rows in decrease of atomic radii.
(iii) Assertion : The magnetic moment of Cr3+ is
resemble each other.
3.87 B.M. and that of Co2+ is 4.87 B.M.
(d) The statement is false.
Reason : Cr3+ and Co2+ ions have same number
(iv)
Which of the following statements is not of unpaired electrons.
correct? (iv) Assertion : Ionisation enthalpies of Ce, Pr and
(a) Copper liberates hydrogen from acids. Nd are higher than Th, Pa and U.
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST [ 245
Reason : Outer electrons are tightly held in Q.7. Give reason for the following :
actinoids as compared to lanthanoids. (a) Compounds of transition elements are
Q.3. T
ransition elements form binary compounds with generally coloured.
halogens. Which of the following elements will (b) MnO is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic.
form MF3 type compounds? (c) Many of the transition elements are known to
(i) Co (ii) Cu (iii) Ni form interstitial compounds.
In the following question (Q. No. 4) a statement of Q.8. The sum of first and second ionization energies
assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. and sum of third and fourth ionization energies
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. of Nickel and Platinum are given as below:
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements
and reason is correct explanation for assertion. IE1 + IE2 (kJ mol−1) IE3 + IE4 (kJ mol−1)
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements Ni 2.49 8.80
but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. Pt 2.66 6.70
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong
statement. By considering these values, state the following :
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct (i) Most stable oxidation states of Ni and Pt and
statement. its cause.
Q.4. Assertion : Actinoids form relatively less stable (ii)
Name the metal which easily forms com
complexes as compared to lanthanoids. pounds in +4 oxidation state and why?
Reason : Actinoids can utilise their 5f orbitals along
(iii) Cr3+ is a stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.
with 6d orbitals in bonding but lanthanoids do not
Q.9. (i) Account for the following :
use their 4f orbitals for bonding.
(a) T
ransition metals show variable oxidation
Q.5. Give reasons for the following :
states.
(i)
Transition metals have high enthalpies of
atomization. (b) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.
(ii)
Manganese has lower melting point even (c) E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is
though it has a higher number of unpaired highly positive (+1.57 V) as compared to
electrons for bonding. Cr3+/Cr2+.
Q.6. Complete and balance the following chemical (ii) (a) Complete the following equation :
equations : MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– →
(a) SO32– + MnO4– + H+ → Mn2+ + H2O + SO2– (b) Out of Mn3+ and Cr3+, which is more
4
paramagnetic and why ?
(b) MnO4– + H2O + I– ®
(Atomic nos. : Mn = 25, Cr = 24)
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8

(ii) It oxidises stannous to stannic.

(iii) Oxalate to carbon dioxide :

• Concept: Third Row Transition Elements-5-d series

Know the Terms

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

[A] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : (a) 25 (b) 26

Explanation : It is formed by the loss of 3 electrons, Ans. Correct option : (a) 0

(a) CO2 is formed as the product. (a) V2+ (b) Sc3+

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 5. Explain the following observations :

Q. 17. Write the balanced ionic equations showing the

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 11. Give reasons for the following : [3]

Ans. (i) Because of comparable energies of (n – 1)d

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Revision Notes Scan to know

S. No. Lanthanoids Actinoids

• Concept Name: Actinide Series

Know the Terms

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

[A] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS : (b) Actinoids

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

[Topper’s Answer 2019] [3]

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

[Topper’s Answer 2016] [5]

Q. 2. The elements of 3d transition series are given as :

Visual Case based Questions (4 marks each)

Self Assessment Test - 8

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Q. 11. Give reasons for the following : [3]

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