Managing The Risk of Falls at Workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at
workplaces
Code of Practice
June 2020
This code is based on a national model code of practice developed by Safe Work Australia
under the national harmonisation of work health and safety legislation and has been
approved under section 274 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2012 (SA), following the
legislated consultation.
This code of practice commenced in South Australia on the date it was published in the
Government Gazette, 4 June 2020.
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Contact information
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Contents
Contents ............................................................................................................................... 3
Foreword .............................................................................................................................. 5
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Who has health and safety duties in relation to falls? ........................................... 6
1.2. What is involved in managing the risk of falls? ..................................................... 9
1.3. Information, training, instruction and supervision ................................................ 10
2. The role of designers of plant and structures ............................................................ 12
2.1. Eliminating or minimising the risk of falls at the design stage.............................. 12
2.2. Plant ................................................................................................................... 13
2.3. Buildings and structures ..................................................................................... 13
3. The risk management process .................................................................................... 15
3.1. Identifying the hazards ....................................................................................... 15
3.2. Assessing the risks............................................................................................. 16
3.3. Controlling the risks ............................................................................................ 17
4. Work on the ground or on a solid construction ......................................................... 20
4.1. Work on the ground ............................................................................................ 20
4.2. Work on a solid construction............................................................................... 21
5. Fall prevention devices ................................................................................................ 27
5.1. Temporary work platforms .................................................................................. 27
5.2. Perimeter guard rails .......................................................................................... 40
5.3. Safety mesh ....................................................................................................... 41
6. Work positioning systems ........................................................................................... 42
6.1. Restraint technique ............................................................................................ 42
6.2. Industrial rope access systems........................................................................... 43
7. Fall arrest systems ....................................................................................................... 46
7.1. Catch platforms .................................................................................................. 46
7.2. Safety nets ......................................................................................................... 47
7.3. Individual fall arrest systems............................................................................... 47
7.4. Vertical anchorage lines or rails .......................................................................... 52
7.5. Double lanyards ................................................................................................. 54
8. Administrative controls ............................................................................................... 55
8.1. No go areas........................................................................................................ 55
8.2. Permit systems ................................................................................................... 56
8.3. Organising and sequencing of work.................................................................... 56
9. Ladders ......................................................................................................................... 57
9.1. Portable ladders ................................................................................................. 57
9.2. Fixed ladders ...................................................................................................... 61
9.3. Ladder maintenance ........................................................................................... 62
10. Emergency procedures for falls .................................................................................. 63
Appendix A – Glossary ...................................................................................................... 66
Appendix B – Referenced documents and further reading............................................. 70
Appendix B – References and other information sources .............................................. 72
List of amendments ........................................................................................................... 74
Foreword
This Code of Practice on how to manage the risk of falls at workplaces is an approved code
of practice under section 274 of the Work Health and Safety Act (the WHS Act).
An approved code of practice provides practical guidance on how to achieve the standards
of work health and safety required under the WHS Act and the Work Health and Safety
Regulations (WHS Regulations) and effective ways to identify and manage risks.
A code of practice can assist anyone who has a duty of care in the circumstances described
in the code of practice. Following an approved code of practice will assist the duty holder to
achieve compliance with the health and safety duties in the WHS Act and WHS Regulations,
in relation to the subject matter of the code of practice. Like regulations, codes of practice
deal with particular issues and may not cover all relevant hazards or risks. The health and
safety duties require duty holders to consider all risks associated with work, not only those
for which regulations and codes of practice exist.
Codes of practice are admissible in court proceedings under the WHS Act and WHS
Regulations. Courts may regard a code of practice as evidence of what is known about a
hazard, risk, risk assessment or risk control and may rely on the code in determining what is
reasonably practicable in the circumstances to which the code of practice relates. For further
information see the Interpretive Guideline: The meaning of reasonably practicable.
Compliance with the WHS Act and WHS Regulations may be achieved by following another
method, if it provides an equivalent or higher standard of work health and safety than
the code.
An inspector may refer to an approved code of practice when issuing an improvement or
prohibition notice.
Scope and application
This Code is intended to be read by a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU).
It provides practical guidance for PCBUs, including those persons who design, construct,
import, supply or install plant or structures, on how to eliminate, or if that is not possible,
minimise the risk of falls from height in workplaces.
This Code applies to all types of work and all workplaces covered by the WHS Act and WHS
Regulations where there is a risk of a fall by a person from one level to another that is
reasonably likely to cause injury.
This Code may be a useful reference for other persons interested in the duties under the
WHS Act and WHS Regulations.
How to use this code of practice
This Code includes references to the legal requirements under the WHS Act and WHS
Regulations. These are included for convenience only and should not be relied on in place of
the full text of the WHS Act or WHS Regulations. The words ‘must’, ‘requires’ or ‘mandatory’
indicate a legal requirement exists that must be complied with.
The word ‘should’ is used in this Code to indicate a recommended course of action, while
‘may’ is used to indicate an optional course of action.
Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Code of Practice Page 5 of 74
1. Introduction
Falls are a major cause of death and serious injury in Australian workplaces. Fall hazards
are found in many workplaces where work is carried out at height, for example stacking
shelves in warehouses and retail outlets, working on a roof, unloading a large truck or
accessing silos. Falls can also occur at ground level into holes, for example trenches or
service pits.
1.1. Who has health and safety duties in relation

to falls?
There are a number of duty holders who have a role in managing the risk of falls in the
workplace. These include:
− persons conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU)
− designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers of plant, substances or structures
− officers
− workers, and
− other persons at the workplace.
Early consultation and identification of risks can allow for more options to eliminate risks and
reduce the associated costs.
A person conducting a business or undertaking

WHS Act section 19
Primary duty of care
A PCBU has the primary duty under the WHS Act to ensure, as far as reasonably
practicable, that workers and other persons are not exposed to health and safety risks
arising from the business or undertaking.
This duty requires the person to manage risks by eliminating health and safety risks so far as
is reasonably practicable, and if it is not reasonably practicable to do so, by minimising those
risks so far as is reasonably practicable.
A PCBU has more specific obligations under the WHS Regulations to manage the risk of a
fall by a person from one level to another, including requirements to:
− ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that any work involving the risk of a fall by a
person from one level to another is carried out on the ground or on a solid construction
− provide safe means of access to and exit from the workplace and an area from which a
person could fall, such as a platform or scaffolding, and
− if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk of a fall, minimise the risk of falls so
far as is reasonably practicable by providing adequate protection against the risk,
including by providing a fall prevention device if it reasonably practicable to do so, or if
not, a work positioning system if it is reasonably practicable to do so, or if not, a fall
arrest system.
A combination of the controls that are reasonably practicable to provide adequate protection
against the risk may be used if a single control is not sufficient for the purpose.
The WHS Regulations classify a number of activities as ‘high risk construction work’ for
which a Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) must be prepared before the work starts.
High risk construction work includes work that involves a risk of a person falling more than
2 metres. Further information on developing a SWMS can be found in the Code of Practice:
Construction work.
Designers, manufacturers, suppliers and importers

WHS Act section 22
Duties of persons conducting businesses or undertakings that design plant, substances
or structures
WHS Act section 23
Duties of persons conducting businesses or undertakings that manufacture plant,
substances or structures
WHS Act section 24
Duties of persons conducting businesses or undertakings that import plant, substances
or structures
WHS Act section 25
Duties of persons conducting businesses or undertakings that supply plant, substances
or structures
WHS Act section 26
Duties of persons conducting businesses or undertakings that install, construct or
commission plant, or structures
Designers, manufacturers, suppliers, importers and installers of plant or structures that are
to be used or could reasonably be expected to be used for work must ensure, so far as is
reasonably practicable, that the plant or structure is without risks to health and safety.
This duty includes carrying out any calculations, analysis, testing or examination that may be
necessary and providing adequate information about the plant or structures, including:
− each purpose for which the plant or structure was designed or manufactured
− the result of any calculations, analysis, testing or examination, and
− any conditions necessary to ensure the plant or structure is without risks to health
and safety when used.
Information must, so far as is reasonably practicable, be passed on from the designer
through to the manufacturer, or from an importer, through to a supplier and finally to a
PCBU.
Designers of plant or structures have an important role in eliminating and minimising the
risks of falls in the design stage—see Chapter 2.

Officers
WHS Act section 27
Duty of officers
Officers, such as company directors, have a duty to exercise due diligence to ensure that the
business or undertaking complies with the WHS Act and WHS Regulations. This includes
taking reasonable steps to:
− gain an understanding of the hazards and risks associated with the operations of the
business or undertaking, and
− ensure the business or undertaking has and uses appropriate resources and processes
to eliminate or minimise risks of falls from one level to another that are likely to cause
injury.
Further information on who is an officer and their duties is available in the Interpretive
Guideline: The health and safety duty of an officer under section 27.
Workers
WHS Act section 28
Duties of workers
Workers have a duty to take reasonable care for their own

health and safety and to not adversely affect the health and
safety of other persons. Workers must comply with reasonable
instructions, as far as they are reasonably able, and co-operate
with reasonable health and safety policies or procedures that
have been notified to workers.Other persons at the workplace
WHS Act section 29
Duties of other persons at the workplace
Other persons at the workplace, like visitors, must take reasonable care for their own health
and safety and must take care not to adversely affect other people’s health and safety. They
must comply, so far as they are reasonably able, with reasonable instructions given by the
PCBU to allow the PCBU to comply with the WHS Act.

1.2. What is involved in managing the risk of falls?
WHS Regulation 34
Duty to identify hazards
WHS Regulation 35
Managing risks to health and safety
WHS Regulation 36
Hierarchy of control measures
WHS Regulation 37
Maintenance of control measures
WHS Regulation 38
Review of control measures
This Code provides guidance on how to manage the risks of falls in the workplace using the
following systematic process:
− Identify hazards – find out what could cause harm.
− Assess risks, if necessary – understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by
the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it happening. This step
may not be necessary if you are dealing with a known risk with known controls.
− Eliminate risks so far as is reasonable practicable.
− Control risks – if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, implement the most
effective control measures that are reasonably practicable in the circumstances in
accordance with the hierarchy of control measures, and ensure they remain effective
over time.
− Review control measures to ensure they are working as planned.
Further guidance on the risk management process is available in the Code of Practice: How
to manage work health and safety risks.
Guidance on the preparation of a SWMS is available in the Safe work method statement for
high risk construction work – Information sheet on the Safe Work Australia website.
Consulting workers
Consultation involves sharing information, giving workers a reasonable opportunity to
express views and taking those views into account before making decisions on health and
safety matters.
WHS Act section 47

Duty to consult workers
WHS Act section 48
Nature of consultation
A PCBU must consult, so far as is reasonably practicable, with workers who carry out work
for the business or undertaking and who are (or are likely to be) directly affected by a health
and safety matter.

This duty to consult is based on the recognition that worker input and participation improves
decision-making about health and safety matters and assists in reducing work-related
injuries and disease.
The broad definition of a ‘worker’ under the WHS Act means a PCBU must consult, so far as
is reasonably practicable, with employees, contractors and sub-contractors and their
employees, on-hire workers, outworkers, apprentices, trainees, work experience students,
volunteers and other people who are working for the PCBU and who are, or are likely to be,
directly affected by a health and safety matter.
Workers are entitled to take part in consultations and to be represented in consultations by a
health and safety representative who has been elected to represent their work group.
By drawing on the experience, knowledge and ideas of workers, fall hazards are more likely
to be identified and effective control measures implemented.
Consulting, co-operating and co-ordinating activities with

other duty holders
WHS Act section 46
Duty to consult with other duty holders
The WHS Act requires a PCBU to consult, co-operate and co-ordinate activities with all other
persons who have a work health or safety duty in relation to the same matter, so far as is
reasonably practicable.
There is often more than one business or undertaking at a workplace, who may each have
responsibility for the same health and safety matters, either because they are involved in the
same activities or share the same workplace.
In these situations, each duty holder should exchange information to find out who is doing
what and work together in a co-operative and co-ordinated way so risks are eliminated or
minimised so far as is reasonably practicable.
For example, the owner of a transport company with large trucks should consult the goods
suppliers as well as the businesses having the goods delivered about how the risk of falls
will be controlled during loading and unloading. This may include checking whether
equipment is available at each site so that workers do not have to climb on top of loads on
the truck and be at risk of falling.
Further information is in the Code of Practice: Work health and safety consultation, co-
operation and co-ordination.
1.3. Information, training, instruction and

supervision
WHS Act section 19
Primary duty of care
WHS Regulation 39
Provision of information, training and instruction

The WHS Act requires PCBU’s to ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, the provision of
any information, instruction, training or supervision necessary to protect all persons from
risks to their health and safety arising from work carried out as part of that business or
undertaking.
Regulation 39 of the WHS Regulations also requires the PCBU to ensure that information,
training and instruction provided to a worker is suitable and adequate having regard to:
(a) the nature of the work carried out by the worker
(b) the nature of the risks associated with the work
(c) the control measures implemented.
In the context of workers exposed to potential falls from working at any height, to comply
with these requirements, the information, instruction and training should explain:
− the hazards and risks associated with work performed at these heights
− how to follow health and safety procedures associated with this work, including the
contents of any SWMS, and
− the reasons fall protection measures have been put in place and how to use
them properly.
Those supervising the work should also receive training. The amount and type of
information, training and instruction required will depend on the nature of the work and the
risk involved, as well as the type of fall protection measures used.
The information, training and instruction provided to workers should also include:
− procedures for emergency and rescue
− procedures for reporting fall hazards and incidents
− the correct selection, fitting, use, care, inspection, maintenance and storage of fall arrest
and restraint equipment, if this equipment is to be used
− the correct use of tools and equipment used in the work, for example using a tool belt
instead of carrying tools, and
− control measures for other potential hazards, for example electrical hazards and
crushing or entanglement from the use of plant like EWPs.
Workers exposed to a risk of a fall also should be adequately supervised by a competent
person, especially if they are undergoing training or are unfamiliar with the working
environment. You should check that:
− only workers who have received training and instruction in relation to the system of work
are authorised to carry out the work, and
− workers use the fall control measure in the correct manner.
WHS Regulation 317

Duty to ensure worker has been trained
You must not direct or allow a worker to carry out construction work unless the worker has
successfully completed general construction induction training. You must also ensure the
worker holds a general construction induction training card or a general construction
induction training certification.
Further information on construction induction training is available in the Workplace induction
for construction workplaces: Information sheet on the Safe Work Australia website.

2. The role of designers of plant
and structures
2.1. Eliminating or minimising the risk of falls at
the design stage
The design, manufacture or modification of any plant or structure can significantly affect the
risk of falls. Thoughtful design and the early consideration of the potential risk of falls can
result in the elimination of such risks. The design stage should consider the whole life cycle
of the plant or structure, from manufacture and use through to demolition and disposal.
Safety considerations that may eliminate or minimise risks at the design stage should
include:
− safer building design including:
 low-level mounting of roof vents
 locating air conditioning and similar plant at ground level
 locating air conditioning units and other roof-mounted plant like satellite dishes away
from edges
 specifying non-fragile material for the roof
 using permanent safety mesh
 having safer gutters, for example by installing large volume gutters and down pipes to
minimise the need to access the roof for cleaning, locating the gutters at ground level
or away from edges, or the removal of gutters altogether, with a smooth transition
from the roof to the walls with the gutters at ground level
− safe entry to and exit from work areas, including scaffolding
− designing permanent guard rails or other forms of edge protection, like parapet walls
for permanent fall prevention on roofs
− future maintenance requirements, for example in relation to air-conditioning units, sloping
building exteriors and windows, to ensure maintenance can be carried out safely
− specifying the strength of roof members and other points to which guard rails or anchor
points for work positioning systems will be fixed
− designing the pre-fabrication of structures on the ground before they are lifted into
position, and
− specific safety requirements for particular workers doing subsequent installation,
maintenance or repair work. These groups include:
 people installing and maintaining antennae and satellite dishes
 contractors servicing air conditioning equipment on the roof
 window and gutter cleaners and repairers.

2.2. Plant
Safety considerations that may eliminate or minimise risks at the plant design stage could
include:
− providing steps and handrails on vehicles (see Figure 1)
− incorporating one or more systems designed to prevent falls in silos and overhead
conveyors
− ensuring workers who will be maintaining, repairing or cleaning the plant are able to do
so safely, including safe access to and exit from the plant, and
− considering the safety of passengers.
Figure 1 Steps and handrails on dump trucks
2.3. Buildings and structures

Designers or constructors of buildings or structures must ensure, so far as is reasonably
practicable, that workers involved with the construction, use or subsequent maintenance are
not exposed to the risks associated with work at height. Therefore, at the design and
planning stage, it is important to consider providing one or more systems designed to
prevent falls as part of the building or structure.
As it is unlikely that all design work on larger projects will be carried out by one designer,
consultation, co-operation and co-ordination should occur between the builder and other
designers to ensure the safe interaction of the different design aspects.

When risks remain in the design work, information must be included with the design to alert
others to the risks. Providing information about safety issues is a key component to ensure
proper, adequate and suitable design and installation.
Safety considerations that may eliminate or minimise risks at the construction stage should
include:
− reducing the risk for those working at heights, for example installing guard rails to
perimeter structural members before erection
− reducing the time spent working at heights by pre-fabricating modules on the ground,
before lifting them into position
− sequencing of the work to be carried out at heights
− locating access roads to enable a crane to place building materials in the most
accessible location rather than the materials being moved manually
− preparing the ground or floor below the work area—it should be compacted and level to
support plant or equipment like cranes and elevating work platforms (EWPs)
− identifying underground services including drainage, for example for the safe setting up
of cranes, and
− providing permanent safety mesh.
Planning for building maintenance
During the planning stage, consideration should also be given to the methods by which
maintenance, repairs or cleaning will be carried out on a building or structure, for example:
− designing window cleaning bays or gangways integrated into the structural frame
− designing permanent anchorage and hoisting points into structures where maintenance
needs to be carried out at height.
Planning the site layout
Factors to be considered when planning the site layout include:
− Preparing firm, level surfaces below work areas for the support of plant and equipment
like EWPs or mobile scaffolds.
− The site and condition of access roads to enable plant to place material in and pick it up
from the most favourable positions, reducing the need for manual handling at height.
− The safe access to and exit from work areas and amenities including the provision and
placement of stairways, ladders, catwalks, guard rails and barriers.
− The need for a direct and unobstructed means of escape and rescue in the event of
an emergency.

3. The risk management process
3.1. Identifying the hazards
The first step in the risk management process is to identify all fall hazards in the workplace.
You must identify all locations and work tasks that are reasonably likely to cause injury due
to a fall. This includes access to the areas where work is to be carried out. This includes
access to and exit from the areas where work is to be carried out.
Inspect the workplaceHazards may be identified by looking at the workplace and how work is
carried out. Walk around the workplace and talk to your workers to find out where work is
carried out that could result in falls. A checklist may be useful in this process. Key things to
look for include:
− edges—protection for open edges of floors, working platforms, walkways, walls or roofs
− holes, openings or excavations—which will require guarding
− surfaces including:
 their stability, fragility or brittleness
 their strength or capability to support loads
 the potential to slip, for example where surfaces are wet, polished or glazed
 the safe movement of workers where surfaces change
 the slope of work surfaces
− levels—where levels change and workers may be exposed to a fall from one level to
another
− structures—the stability of temporary or permanent structures
− the ground—the evenness and stability of the ground for safe support of a scaffold or
work platform
− the working area—whether it is crowded or cluttered
− safe means of access to and exit from the workplace and working area, and
− hand grip—places where hand grip may be lost.
Particular attention should also be given to work tasks that are carried out:
− near an unprotected open edge, for example near incomplete stairwells or leading
formwork edges
− using equipment to work at the elevated level, for example when using EWPs or portable
ladders
− on any structure or plant being constructed or installed, demolished or dismantled,
inspected, tested, repaired or cleaned
− on or alongside a fragile surface, for example cement sheeting roofs, rusty metal roofs,
fibreglass sheeting roofs and skylights
− on a potentially unstable surface, for example areas where there is potential for ground
collapse
− on a sloping or slippery surface where it is difficult for people to maintain their balance,
such as on glazed tiles or wet surfaces, and
− near a hole, shaft or pit into which a worker could fall such as trenches, lift shafts, service
pits or floor and column penetrations.
You may also need to talk to manufacturers, suppliers and health and safety specialists. In
some situations, you may need to seek advice from technical specialists like structural
engineers to check the stability or load bearing capacity of structures.

Review available information including incident records
Records of previous workplace incidents (injuries and near misses) and worker complaints
related to falls should be checked.
Information and advice about fall hazards and risks relevant to particular industries and work
activities is also available from regulators, industry associations, unions, technical specialists
and safety consultants.
Manufacturers and suppliers can also provide information about hazards and safety
precautions for specific plant or processes (information manuals).
3.2. Assessing the risks

Assessing the risks of a hazard involves understanding the nature of the harm that could be
caused by the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it happening. A
risk assessment can help you determine:
− what could happen if a fall did occur and how likely it is to happen
− how severe a risk is
− whether any existing control measures are effective
− what action you should take to control the risk, and
− how urgently the action needs to be taken.
Many hazards and their associated risks are well known and have well established and
accepted effective control measures that are used in a particular industry and are suited to
the circumstances in your workplace. In these situations, the second step to formally assess
the risk is not required. If after identifying a hazard you already know the risk and how to
control it effectively, you can implement the controls without undertaking a risk assessment.
A risk assessment may be appropriate to reuse in situations where all the hazards, tasks,
things or circumstances are the same and no worker or other person will be exposed to
greater, additional or different risks.
When assessing the risks of each fall hazard the following should be considered:
− The design and layout of elevated work areas including the distance of a potential fall.
− The number and movement of people at the workplace.
− The proximity of workers to unsafe areas where loads are placed on elevated working
areas, for example loading docks, and where work is to be carried out above people and
there is a risk of falling objects.
− The adequacy of inspection and maintenance of plant and equipment, for example
scaffolds.
− The adequacy of lighting for clear vision.
− Weather conditions including the presence of rain, wind, extreme heat or cold which can
cause slippery or unstable conditions.
− The suitability of footwear and clothing for the conditions.
− The suitability and condition of ladders including where and how they are being used.
− The adequacy of current knowledge and training to carry out work safely, for example
young, new or inexperienced workers may be unfamiliar with the work.
− The adequacy of procedures for potential emergency situations – including effective
procedures for response and evacuation, the provision of medical treatment and
assistance, (for example ensuring appropriate first aid is provided immediately and
ambulances are called for when necessary), and effective communication.
− The adequacy of current testing and training of the emergency procedures.

Generic risk assessment
If you are responsible for a number of different work areas or workplaces and the fall
hazards are the same, you may complete a single—or generic—risk assessment.
However, a generic risk assessment must be reviewed if there is any likelihood a person
may be exposed to greater, additional or different risks at the specific work area or
workplace.
3.3. Controlling the risks

Hierarchy of control
The WHS Regulations require duty holders to work through the hierarchy of control
measures when managing certain risks; however, it can be applied to any risk. The hierarchy
ranks control measures from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest. In
managing the risks of falls, the WHS Regulations require specific control measures to be
implemented, where it is reasonably practicable to do so.
Further guidance on the risk management process and the hierarchy of control measures is
available in the Code of Practice: How to manage work health and safety risks.
WHS Regulation 78
Management of risk of fall
As a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU), you must manage risks to health
and safety associated with a fall by a person from one level to another that is reasonably
likely to cause injury to the person or any other person.
You must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that any work involving a risk of a fall
is carried out on the ground or on a solid construction (see Chapter 4).
You must also provide safe means of access to and exit from the workplace or any area
within the workplace from or through which a person could fall, such as a platform or
scaffolding.
Carrying out work on the ground or on a solid construction and providing a safe means of
access to and exit from a workplace are intended to, as far as reasonably practicable,
eliminate the fall hazard and associated risk of a fall.

WHS Regulation 79
Specific requirements to minimise risk of fall
If it is not reasonably practicable for you to eliminate the risk of a fall by working on the
ground or on a solid construction, you must minimise the risk of a fall by providing adequate
protection against the risk.
Adequate protection against the risk is provided if you provide and maintain a safe system of
work, including by:
a. providing a fall prevention device if it is reasonably practicable to do so (see
Chapter 5), or
b. if it is not reasonably practicable to provide a fall prevention device, providing a work
positioning system (see Chapter 6), or
c. if it not reasonably practicable to provide a fall prevention device or work positioning
system, providing a fall arrest system, so far as is reasonably practicable (see
Chapter 7).
If a risk remains after considering all of the control measures mentioned above, you must
minimise the remaining risk, so far as is reasonably practicable, by implementing
administrative controls (see Chapter 8).
Administrative controls may also be used to support other control measures, however the
exclusive use of administrative controls to minimise the risk of falls is only appropriate when
it is not reasonably practicable to use a higher order control.
Combining control measures

A combination of control measures may be used to minimise risks, so far as is reasonably
practicable, if a single control is not sufficient for the purpose. In most cases, a combination
of the control measures will provide the best solution to minimise the risk to the lowest level
You should also ensure that the control measures you select do not create new hazards, for
example electrical risks from contact with overhead power lines or crushing and
entanglement from plant like EWPs. If any new hazards are created they must also
be controlled.
Maintaining and reviewing control measures

WHS Regulation 37
Maintenance of control measures
You must ensure that the control measures you implement are effective, and are maintained
so that they remain effective. This includes checking that the control measures are fit for
purpose; suitable for the nature and duration of the work, and are installed, set up and
used correctly.
To allow the chosen control measures to operate effectively, you should develop work
procedures on how to correctly install, use and maintain the control measures.
The procedures should include a planned program of inspections and maintenance for the
control measures. The inspection regime should include details of:
− the equipment to be inspected including its unique identification
− the frequency and type of inspection, for example pre-use checks, detailed inspections

− action to be taken on finding defective equipment
− means of recording the inspections
− training of users, and
− the system of monitoring the inspection regime to verify inspections are carried
out appropriately.
The manufacturer or supplier of the equipment should be consulted for product specific
requirements. If signs of excessive wear or other defects are found during the inspection the
defective equipment must be withdrawn from use.
WHS Regulation 38
Review of control measures
You must review and as necessary revise fall control measures in the following
circumstances:
− the control measure does not control the risk it was implemented to control so far as is
reasonably practicable
− before a change at the workplace that is likely to give rise to new or different risks that
the control measure may not effectively control
− a new relevant hazard or risk is identified
− the results of consultation indicate that a review is necessary
− a health and safety representative requests a review if that person reasonably believes
that:
 a circumstance in any of the above points affects or may affect the health and safety
of a member of the work group represented by the health and safety representative
 the control measure has not been adequately reviewed in response to the
circumstance.
−

4. Work on the ground or on a
solid construction
The most effective control measure is to eliminate the risk of a fall, so far as is reasonably
practicable. This can be achieved by working on the ground or from a solid construction. A
person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) can only take steps to minimise the
risk of a fall if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate that risk. This can be achieved by
working on the ground or from a solid construction.
4.1. Work on the ground

Eliminating work at height is the most effective way of protecting workers from the risk of
falls. Examples of tasks that may be carried out on the ground to eliminate the risk of falls
are:
− prefabricating roofs at ground level
− prefabricating wall frames horizontally then standing them up
− installing air-conditioning units at ground level
− using mechanical tarp spreaders to cover loads on trucks from the ground
− reducing shelving heights so workers can access items from ground level
− using tools with extendable handles, for example paint rollers—however the risk of
musculoskeletal disorders will need to be considered when deciding whether to use
such tools
− lowering a concert hall chandelier to repair it, and
− fitting outlets, inlets and controls of large tanks and silos near the ground—see Figure 2.

Figure 2 Silo with sight glass and ground delivery tube
4.2. Work on a solid construction

Working on a solid construction provides an environment where the likelihood of a fall may
be eliminated. Solid construction means an area:
− with a surface that is structurally capable of supporting workers, material and any other
loads applied to it
− provided with barriers around its perimeter and around any openings from or through
which a person could fall
− with an even and readily negotiable surface and gradient, and
− with a safe means of entry and exit.
Structural strength
Different types of work involve different loads on the supporting surface. The surface and its
supports must be able to safely carry the expected loads, including workers, materials, tools
and equipment. When in doubt, have a structural engineer determine the safe load capacity
before use.

Barriers
Barriers to prevent a person falling over edges and into holes must be provided on relevant
parts of a solid construction. These include:
− the perimeters of buildings or other structures
− floors, including mezzanine floors—see Figure 3
− openings in floors, and
− the open edge of a stair, landing, platform or shaft opening—see Figure 4.
Figure 3 Mezzanine floor barrier

Figure 4 Silos with platform and guard rails
The barrier must be designed and constructed to withstand the force of someone falling
against it.
Barriers should consist of guard rails, solid balustrades or other structural components, for
example wire mesh supported by posts and provided with a reinforced top edge. The top of
the guard rail or component should be between 900 mm and 1100 mm above the working
surface. If a guard rail system is used, it should also have mid rails and toeboards or wire
mesh infill panels.
If access is required to equipment, for example a hoist, it should be protected with gates or
other means to prevent a person falling.
Protection around holes, penetrations and openings

A fall prevention device (for example a secure fence, edge protection, work platform or
cover) must be used to provide and maintain a safe system of work if it reasonably
practicable to do so, where persons are working near and around holes, penetrations and
openings through which a person could fall.
Holes, penetrations and openings must be made safe immediately after being formed, for
example with covers, barricading or by embedded mesh—see Figure 5. When mesh is used,
an additional cover should be used to prevent things falling through the mesh.

Figure 5 Mesh embedded in a concrete floor
If a cover is used as a control measure it must be made of a material strong enough to

prevent people or objects falling through the hole, penetration or opening and should be
securely fixed to prevent dislodgement or accidental removal.
Covers over penetrations should be designed to safely withstand a point load of at least 2
kilonewtons – that is, 200 kilograms.
Plywood covers on their own are not preferred because:
− the cover may be indistinguishable from other pieces of plywood
− it may be difficult to determine if the plywood is properly secured, and
− secured plywood covers can be unsecured to gain access and not re-secured.
The cover should also include signage indicating its purpose as a cover, for example,
DANGER HOLE BENEATH—see Figure 6.

Figure 6 Cover danger sign
Surface and gradient

Surfaces of a solid construction must be non-slip, free from trip hazards and should
generally not exceed 7 degrees—1 in 8 gradient. Cleated surfaces, which provide greater
slip-resistance, should not be steeper than 20 degrees—1 in 3 gradient.
If grid mesh or checker plate flooring is used for walkways and working platforms you
should, ensure:
− flooring panels are securely fixed and assembled in accordance with manufacturer’s
specifications
− where possible, the flooring is fitted to the structure before it being lifted into
permanent position
− each panel is fixed securely before the next panel is placed in position
− during installation, this type of flooring is secured by tack welding, panel grips or other
means to prevent movement before being fixed permanently, and
− if panels of grid mesh or checker plate flooring are removed, edge protection is provided
and the gaps left due to removed panels are protected.
Entry and exit

The solid construction must have a safe means for people to enter and exit from and to
move around the work area, for example permanently installed platforms, ramps, stairways
or fixed ladders.
Further information on fixed walkways, stairways and ladders is in AS 1657-2013: Fixed
platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders – Design, construction and installation. Other
safety considerations for entry and exit to a solid construction include:

− exposure of access systems to the weather, for example rain can make surfaces slippery
and strong winds can cause loss of hand grip
− the provision of natural or artificial lighting to access ways, and
− the clearance of obstructions so people are able to move easily to and from
the workplace.
Portable stepladders and trestle ladders should not be used for entry or exit and single or
extension ladders should only be used where the use of safer systems is not

5. Fall prevention devices
Fall prevention devices include secure fencing, edge protection, working platforms and
covers.
They can include material or equipment—or a combination of both—designed to prevent a
fall for temporary work at heights, and once in place after initial installation do not require
any ongoing adjustment, alteration or operation by any person to ensure the device’s
integrity.
5.1. Temporary work platforms

A temporary work platform is a working platform, other than a permanently installed fixed
platform, used to provide a working area for the duration of the work. The design of the
platform prevents workers from falling. Temporary work platforms include scaffolds, EWPs,
mast climbers, workboxes, building maintenance units, portable or mobile fabricated
platforms or any other platform that provides a working area designed to prevent a fall.
Scaffolds
Scaffolds can be very effective protection in preventing falls. Specific requirements apply to
some types of scaffold under the WHS Regulations.
WHS Regulation 225

Scaffolds
A person with management or control of a scaffold must not allow the use of a scaffold from
which a person or object could fall more than 4 metres unless a competent person, who has
inspected the scaffold, provides written confirmation that the scaffold has been completed.
The person with management or control of a scaffold must also ensure that:
− the scaffold and its supporting structure are inspected by a competent person:
 before use of the scaffold is resumed after an incident occurs that may reasonably be
expected to affect the stability of the scaffold (such as a severe storm or impact by
mobile plant)
 before use of the scaffold is resumed after any repairs, and
 at least every 30 days
− if an inspection indicates that a scaffold or its supporting structure creates a risk to health
or safety, that any repairs, alterations and additions are made or carried out and the
scaffold and its supporting structure are inspected again by a competent person before
use is resumed, and
− unauthorised access is prevented on scaffolding that is incomplete and left unattended,
for example by attaching danger tags and warning signs at appropriate locations.
The WHS Regulations also require that the design of certain types of plant, such as
prefabricated scaffolding must be registered before it is used in the workplace. Further
information on design registration is available in the Code of Practice: Managing risks of
plant in the workplace.

Scaffolding work platforms are generally rated as light, medium or heavy duty. Safety
considerations when using scaffolds should include:
− Scaffolding conforms to AS/NZS 4576:1995: Guidelines for scaffolding and the AS/NZS
1576 Scaffolding (Set) 1.
− Scaffolding is erected, altered and dismantled by competent people. Scaffolds from
which a person or object could fall more than 4 metres must be erected, altered and
dismantled by the holder of a scaffolding high risk work licence, or be enrolled in a
training course to obtain a scaffolding high risk work licence and be under the direct
supervision of a licensed scaffolder.
− Prefabricated scaffolds are of the same type and not mixed components, unless the
mixing of components has been approved by the manufacturer.
− Safe access to and exit from the scaffold is provided.
− Edge protection like handrails, mid rails and toeboards is provided at every open edge of
a work platform—see Figure 7.
Where work is carried out from a scaffold, workers must be provided with information,
training and instruction on the nature of the scaffolding work, the risks associated with
scaffolding and the control measures implemented to reduce that risk. This may include
information, training and instruction on:
− emergency response procedures
− what loads the scaffold can safely take [Safe Working Load (SWL)]
− not to make unauthorised alterations to the scaffold like removing guard rails, planks,
ties, toeboards and braces
− keeping working platforms clear of debris and obstructions along their length
− never accessing incomplete or defective scaffolds
− immediately reporting defects, if they occur
− isolating electrical leads from the metal frame of the scaffold with plastic lead hooks or
an insulated rubber material where reasonably practicable (to prevent damage to the
leads or electrifying the scaffold)
− the requirement for a written SWMS to be developed for any work carried out at or above
2 metres, and
− complying with any electrical ‘permit to work’ requirements issued by the electricity
supply authority for work conducted from a scaffold that has been erected within the
powerline ‘no go’ zone.
Where mobile scaffolds are used, workers should be trained in their use, including on how to
ensure the scaffold:
− remains level and plumb
− is kept well clear of powerlines, open floor edges and penetrations
− is not accessed until the castors are locked to prevent movement
− is not moved while anyone is on it, and
− is accessed using an internal ladder (see Figure 8), except for low height platforms
where this is not reasonably practicable.
1
AS/NZS 1576 (Set): Scaffolding includes AS/NZS 1576.1:2010: Scaffolding - General requirements; AS/NZS 1576.2:2009:
Scaffolding - Couplers and accessories; AS 1576.3:1995: Prefabricated and tube-and-coupler scaffolding; AS/NZS
1576.4:1991: Scaffolding – Suspended scaffolding; AS/NZS 1576.5:1995: Scaffolding – Prefabricated splitheads and trestles;
AS/NZS 1576.6:2000: Scaffolding – Metal tube-and- coupler scaffolding.

Figure 7 Perimeter scaffold with fully decked working platform, guard rails, midrails and
toeboards

Figure 8 Mobile scaffold with access ladder and trapdoor
Suspended (swing stage) scaffold

A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended platform capable of being raised or lowered
when in use. Other terms often used are suspended cradle and swing stage scaffold. They
are typically prefabricated modular units—(see Figure 9) — or permanently fabricated units
although they can be assembled from scaffolding. Common types of suspended
scaffolds include:
− swing stages with cradles supported by a single row of suspension ropes
− double rope scaffolds with cradles supported by two rows of suspension ropes
− work cages which are small cradles supported by one suspension rope only, and
− false cars which are specialised forms of suspended scaffold and are often used in the
construction of lifts before lift cars are installed.
In managing the risks of using swing stage scaffolds, you should ensure that:
− the working load and specifications are in accordance with AS 1576.4-1991: Scaffolding
– Suspended scaffolding
− workers operating suspended scaffolds are trained in their safe operation
− workers installing or servicing a suspended scaffold must either:
 hold an advanced rigging or advanced scaffolding high risk work licence, or
 be enrolled in a training course to obtain an advanced rigging or advanced
scaffolding high risk work licence and be supervised by the holder of an advanced
rigging or advanced scaffolding high risk work licence
− all occupants of the swing stage should wear a fall arrest harness attached to a suitable
anchorage point in the swing stage, and
− the platform remains horizontal when it moves up or down.

Further information on the safe design, erection and use of scaffolding, including suspended
scaffolds, is available in the Guide: Scaffolds and scaffolding.
Figure 9 Suspended (swing-stage) scaffold – cradle (suspended) end
Elevating work platforms

EWPs include boom-type EWPs (see Figure 10) and scissor lifts (see Figure 11). Some are
designed for hard flat surfaces only while others are designed to be operated on rough
terrain. Similarly, some types are designed for indoor use and are not suitable for windy
conditions outdoors.
If using an EWP at the workplace, you must identify the hazards associated with the use of
the EWP and implement control measures to eliminate or minimise those risks so far as is
reasonably practicable. The main hazards related to the use of EWPs are contact with
electric lines, overturning the machine, falling from the work platform and potential crushing
hazards when elevating the platform or moving laterally.
Relevant risk control measures when using EWPs should include:
− training and instructing workers in the safe operating procedures for the particular brand
and type of EWP, as well as safe work procedures to avoid crushing and electrical
hazards
− training and instructing workers in the safe use of fall arrest equipment and emergency
rescue procedures

− ensuring the EWP is only used as a working platform and not as a means of entering
and exiting a work area unless the conditions set out in AS 2550.10-2006: Cranes, hoists
and winches – Safe use – Mobile elevating work platforms are met
− ensuring the EWP is only used on a solid level surface, unless it is designed for use on
rough terrain, and
− checking the surface area to make sure there are no penetrations or obstructions that
could cause uncontrolled movement or overturning of the EWP.
In addition to the above, you must ensure:
− where it is not reasonably practicable to use a fall prevention device or a work
positioning system to adequately protect against the risk of a fall, workers working in
travel towers, boom lifts or cherry pickers wear a properly anchored fall arrest harness.
The lanyard should be as short as possible and should be attached directly to the
designated anchor point on the EWP, not to the handrail (unless the handrail is the
manufacturer’s specified anchor point), and
− workers operating boom-type EWPs with a boom length of 11 metres or more either:
 hold a boom-type EWP high risk work licence, or
 are enrolled in a training course to obtain a boom-type EWP high risk work licence
and are supervised by the holder of a boom-type EWP high risk work licence.
Figure 10 Boom-type elevating work platform

Figure 11 Scissor-lift elevating work platform
Mast climbing work platforms

Mast climbing work platforms are hoists with a working platform that is used to raise workers
and material to a temporary working position. They use a drive system mounted on an
extendable mast which may need to be tied to a building under circumstances prescribed by
the manufacturer.
Mast climbing work platforms can be set up in either single-mast or multi-mast
configurations. They are generally not suitable for use if the profile of a structure changes at
different elevations, for example if the upper floors of a building step back or balconies
protrude from the building.
The erection and dismantling of mast climbing work platforms must be carried out by
workers who:
− hold a basic rigging or intermediate scaffolding high risk work licence, or
− are enrolled in a training course to obtain a basic rigging or intermediate scaffolding high
risk work licence and are being supervised by the holder of a basic rigging or
intermediate scaffolding high risk work licence.
Further information on mast climbing work platforms is in AS 2550.16-1997: Cranes—Safe
Use—Mast climbing work platforms.

Figure 12 An example of a typical mast climbing work platform
Workboxes and Work platforms

General
Workboxes and work platforms consist of a platform surrounded by edge protection,
designed to provide an elevated work area for people working from the box.Workboxes are
designed to be supported from above by a crane, hoist, or other mechanical device whereas
work platforms are designed to be supported from underneath or the side by forklifts or other
mechanical devices.
Where reasonably practicable, other working platforms like EWPs or scaffolds should be
used as an alternative to a workbox or work platform.
Certain safety precautions should be observed when using a work box or work platform to
provide an elevated work area. These include ensuring the work box or work platform:
− is designed for the task and securely attached to the crane, hoist, forklift truck or other
mechanical device, and
− is not suspended over people.
You should also ensure:
− there is an effective means of communication between any person in the work box or
work platform and the operator
− the operator remains at the controls of the crane, hoist, forklift truck or other mechanical
device at all times, and
− lifting attachments and records are checked by a competent person before use.

Workboxes designed to be suspended from cranes
The WHS Regulations require workboxes designed to be suspended from cranes to be
‘design registered’ before they are used in the workplace.
When using crane work boxes as an elevated work area, you should ensure that:
− the workbox is designed in accordance with AS 1418.17 – 1996: Cranes (including hoists
and winches) – Design and construction of workboxes
− the workbox is fitted with an anchorage capable of withstanding the fall forces specified
in AS/NZS 1891.4:2009: Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices—Selection, use and
maintenance
− where there is a risk of a person falling from height, the person must be attached to the
anchorage by a lanyard and harness unless the workbox is fully enclosed
− workers remain within the workbox while they are being lifted or suspended
− except in an emergency, workers do not enter or leave the work box when it is elevated
unless the conditions set out in section 6.19.3 of AS 2550.1 – 2011: Cranes, hoists and
winches – Safe use Part 1: General requirements are met, and
− directions to the crane operator should only be provided from the work box by a person
holding a dogging or rigging licence.
A crane used to elevate a work box should:
− be fitted with the means to safely lower the work box in an emergency or a power
supply failure
− be suitably stabilised while the work box is used, and
− have ‘drive up’ and ‘drive-down’ controls on both the hoisting and luffing motions and
those controls should be used. No declutching allowing free fall is to be used while a
work box is in use.
Further specifications for cranes used to lift work boxes and requirements relating to the use
of crane work boxes is in AS 2550.1 – 2011: Cranes, hoists and winches – Safe use Part 1:
General requirements.
Work platforms supported by forklifts

Work platforms used on forklifts to elevate people to work at height should be engineer-
designed and constructed in accordance with AS 2359.1-2015: Powered Industrial Trucks
(see Figure 13).
The work platform should be securely attached to the forklift carriage to prevent it from
sliding off the forks.
In managing the risks of using a work platform to provide an elevated work area you should
ensure that:
− workers are only raised by a forklift when in a compliant work platform
− workers remain within the work platform when it is elevated or being raised or lowered
− no other device such as a ladder or pallet is used to gain additional height (see Figure 14
and Figure 15), and
− the safety gate is self-closing and kept shut when in the elevated position.
Further information on the use of work platforms with forklifts is in AS 2359.2 – 2013:
Powered industrial trucks – Part 2: Operations.
Forklifts used to elevate persons in a work platform should comply with the requirements of
AS 2359.1 – 2015: Powered industrial trucks – Part 1: General requirements.

Figure 13 An engineer-designed work platform correctly positioned on tynes
Figure 14 Using a forklift as a working platform or to gain extra height by standing on the
tynes or a pallet is an unacceptable practice

Figure 15 Unacceptable practice with ladder on forklift

Building maintenance units
A building maintenance unit is a power-operated suspended working platform that is fixed
permanently to a building or structure. It is used for access for building maintenance or
window cleaning (see Figure 16).
Figure 16 Building maintenance unit with harness and anchor rail
When using a building maintenance unit you should ensure that:

− the unit is designed in accordance with AS 1418.13-1996: Cranes (including hoists and
winches) —Building maintenance units
− the unit has clearly designated fall arrest harness anchorage points designed to
withstand the forces caused by a fall of a person located anywhere on the platform
− the unit is operated by competent people in accordance with AS 2550.13-1997:
Cranes—Safe Use—Building Maintenance Units, and
− operators possess a suitable attitude for working at height, including a responsible
attitude to safety.

Platforms supported by trestle ladders
Trestle scaffolds are generally not suitable for working at heights of 2 metres or above. If
they are used at heights greater than 2 metres, guard railing and toeboards should be used
to prevent people and material from falling off the open side or end of the work platform.
Working platforms on trestle scaffolds should have a width of at least 450 mm (two planks).
The use of plank locking devices will extend plank spans and reduce plank whip when
walking along the platform. The system (including planks) should be assembled according to
the manufacturer’s specifications using only compatible components.
Except where the working platform is at or below 2 metres in height, if there is no guard rail
or mid-rail provided adjacent to the working face of the structure, the distance between the
platform edge and the working face of the structure should not be greater than one plank
width (225 mm).
When adjusting the height of a brick layer’s trestle scaffold, make sure that only the purpose-
designed pins are used. Do not use nails or pieces of reinforcing bar. Pins should be
attached to the trestle by a chain to prevent loss.
Some trestle ladder scaffolds include outriggers to increase stability (see Figure 17).
Most trestle ladder scaffolds are only suited to light duty work like painting and rendering.
Work should only be carried out between the trestles.
As a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) you must always consider what is
reasonably practicable to maintain a safe system of work in the circumstances. It may be
that a trestle scaffold is not the most appropriate means of minimising the risk of a fall in the
circumstances. Therefore alternative types of temporary work platforms to trestle ladders
should be considered, for example EWPs like small scissor lifts and other types of fall
prevention devices like light duty aluminium mobile scaffolds and modular scaffolding.
Figure 17 Trestle ladder scaffold with guard rails and outriggers for stability

5.2. Perimeter guard rails
Guard rails may be used to provide effective fall prevention:
− at the edges of roofs
− at the edges of mezzanine floors, walkways, stairways, ramps and landings
− on top of plant and structures where access is required (see Figure 18)
− around openings in floor and roof structures, and
− at the edges of shafts, pits and other excavations.
Guard rails should incorporate a top rail 900 mm to 1100 mm above the working surface,
a mid rail and a toeboard.
The guard rail system, method of attachment and the supporting structure should be capable
of withstanding the loads that will be applied.
The required load resistance will depend on the momentum of a falling person. For example,
the momentum of a person falling from a pitched roof will increase as the pitch, that is, the
angle, of the roof increases.
Further information is in AS/NZS 4994 (Set) 2: Temporary Edge Protection.
Figure 18 Guard rails installed on top of a tanker to enable safe access to tank hatches
2
AS/NZS 4994 (Set): Temporary edge protection includes AS/NZS 4994.1:2009: Temporary edge protection – General
requirements; AS/NZS 4994.2:2009: Temporary edge protection – Roof edge protection – Installation and dismantling; AS/NZS
4994.3:2010: Temporary edge protection – Installation and dismantling for edges other than roof edges; DR AS/NZS
4994.4:2017: Temporary edge protection – Perimeter protection screens.

Guard rails for trenching work
Where trenching works present a risk of a person falling into the trench, any such risk should
be controlled by:
− the provision of guard railing, including guard rails fitted to the top edges of trench
shields, or
− the provision of a barrier approximately 1.5 metres back from the excavation, to prevent
persons approaching the trench.
5.3. Safety mesh

Safety mesh is designed to prevent internal falls through a roof. If securely fixed, safety
mesh provides fall protection for roof installers and offers long-term protection against falling
for maintenance and repair workers.
Safety mesh does not prevent falls from the edge of a roof or through holes in a roof so it
should always be used in conjunction with other types of fall prevention devices such as
edge protection (e.g guard rails), or other control measures such as fall arrest systems.
Safety mesh should comply with AS/NZS 4389:2015: Roof safety mesh, which specifies the
minimum requirements for the design, construction, testing and installation of safety mesh
for use in domestic, commercial and industrial building applications.
The mesh should be formed from 2 mm diameter wire, welded into a mesh with the
longitudinal wires not more than 150 mm apart and the cross wires not more than 300 mm
apart. Transverse wires should have a 450 MPa minimum tensile strength and longitudinal
wires a 500 MPa minimum tensile strength.
Safety mesh should be installed by competent people in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions. Workers installing roof safety mesh must be protected against the risk of falling
by using control measures like scaffolding, EWPs or fall arrest systems. The appropriate
control measure will depend on what is reasonably practicable in the circumstances.
Particular care is required to ensure that the mesh is securely connected to the structure and
the overlap between adjacent sections of mesh is sufficient to generate the necessary
strength to resist the force of a person falling onto it. The safety mesh should be covered by
the roof cladding as soon as reasonably practicable after it has been installed.

6. Work positioning systems
A work positioning system includes any plant or structure, other than a temporary work
platform, that enables a person to be positioned and safely supported at a location in such a
way that a fall is prevented.
The use of work positioning systems must only be considered if it is not reasonably
practicable to carry out work on the ground or on a solid construction, or by providing a fall
prevention device, for example an EWP.
Work positioning systems require a high level of competency on the part of the user and
supervisors to ensure safe use. Users, including supervisors, should undertake a relevant
competency based course of training before using a work position system.
Users should be competent in the technique and possess a suitable attitude for working at
height, including a responsible attitude to safety.
Operators should be fit to perform the work and not affected by alcohol or drugs including
prescribed medication which may affect or impair their working at height.
6.1. Restraint technique

A restraint technique controls a person’s movement by physically preventing the person
reaching a position at which there is a risk of a fall. It consists of a harness that is connected
by a lanyard to an anchorage or horizontal life line. It must be set up to prevent the wearer
from reaching an unprotected edge—see Figure 19.
Figure 19 Restraint technique options

A restraint technique is suitable for use where:
− the user can maintain secure footing without having to tension the restraint line and
without the aid of another hand hold or lateral support. When deciding whether secure
footing can be maintained, consider:
 the slope of the surface
 the supporting material type
 the surface texture of the surface and whether it is likely to be wet, oily or otherwise
slippery
Restraint techniques must only be used if it is not reasonably practicable to prevent falls by
carrying out work on the ground or on a solid construction, or by minimising the risk using a
fall prevention device, such as providing a physical barrier, for example a guard rail.
A restraint system should be installed by a competent person in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Restraint anchorage should be designed for fall arrest loading.
A purpose-designed roof anchor, when used in accordance with the designer or
manufacturer’s/supplier’s instructions, may be used as part of the restraint technique on
metal deck or tiled roofs.
Where it is not reasonably practicable to provide a work positioning system, such as a
restraint technique, as a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU), you must
provide a fall arrest system, so far as is reasonable practicable. Situations where it may not
be reasonably practicable to use a restraint technique include when:
− The user can reach a position where a fall is possible.
− The user has a restraint line that can be adjusted in length so that a free fall position can
be reached.
− There is a danger the user may fall through the surface, for example fragile roofing
material.
− The slope is over 15 degrees.
− There is any other reasonably likely use or misuse of the system that could lead to a
free fall.
In these circumstances it may be more appropriate to use an individual fall arrest system.
6.2. Industrial rope access systems

Industrial rope access systems are used for gaining access to and working at a workface,
usually by means of vertically suspended ropes. Although fall arrest components are used in
the industrial rope access system, the main purpose of the system is to gain access to a
work area rather than to provide backup fall protection (see Figure 20).
Other methods of accessing a workface, for example EWPs or building maintenance units,
must be considered, before industrial rope access systems.
Before using an industrial rope access system, a risk assessment should be carried out that,
amongst other things, considers the location of the work and any associated special features
of the structure, anchor points, emergency access and weather conditions.
The use of industrial rope access systems is considered high risk construction work if it
involves construction work where there is a risk of a person falling more than 2 metres. The
WHS Regulations require that high risk construction work must not be carried out unless a
SWMS is prepared for the work. Some of the information contained within the risk
assessment can be used in the SWMS.

Guidance on the preparation of a SWMS is available in the Safe work method statement for
high risk construction work – Information sheet on the Safe Work Australia website.
Where it is necessary for industrial rope access systems to be used, you should ensure:
− rope access work is properly supervise– - supervisors of rope access work should have
the necessary experience and competence to supervise the rope access work and any
potential rescue for each rope access project under their supervision
− operators are competent in the technique and possess a suitable attitude for working at
height, including a responsible attitude to safety
− operators should be fit to perform the work and not affected by alcohol or drugs including
prescribed medication which may affect or impair their working at height, and
− operators do not work alone in case they require assistance in an emergency.
When using an industrial rope access system, personal protective equipment, appropriate
for the tasks being undertaken is used, for example helmets, gloves, hearing protection,
goggles or masks.
Where industrial rope access systems are used, you should also ensure:
− industrial rope access systems are installed in a location where it is possible to provide
prompt assistance or rescue if required (see Chapter 10)
− equipment is checked regularly by a competent person
− fixed anchorage points are checked before use by a competent person before attaching
the rope access lines
− a back-up system is used to protect the operator, for example use two independently
anchored ropes for each person
− a person within 3 metres of an unguarded edge is adequately secured
− operators wear a full body or work positioning–sit harness – with shoulder straps
− supervisors can communicate with workers, and
− exclusion zones that exclude and alert the public that industrial rope access systems are
in use are established and enforced on access areas below the working area and
anchorage locations.
Further information on industrial rope access systems is available in AS/NZS 4488: (Set) 3:
Industrial rope access systems.
3
AS/NZS 4488(Set): Industrial rope access systems includes AS/NZS 4488.1:1997: Industrial rope access systems –
Specifications; AS/NZS 4488.1 :1997/Amdt 1:1999: Industrial rope access systems – Specifications; AS/NZS 4488.2:1997:
Industrial rope access systems – Selection, use and maintenance.

Figure 20 Operator using a descender in an industrial rope access system

7. Fall arrest systems
Fall arrest systems, such as catch platforms, safety nets and individual fall arrest systems
(including anchorage lines or rails), are intended to safely stop a worker falling an
uncontrolled distance and reduce the impact of the fall. These systems must only be used if
it is not reasonably practicable to use a fall prevention device or work positioning system or if
these higher level controls might not be fully effective in preventing a fall on their own.
Equipment used for individual fall arrest systems should be designed, manufactured,
selected and used in compliance with AS/NZS 1891(Set) 4: Industrial fall-arrest systems and
devices.
When using fall arrest systems, the following key safety measures should be observed:
− Fall arrest equipment is selected, installed and used correctly. Workers should be trained
in the use of fall arrest equipment
− the equipment and anchorages are designed, manufactured and installed to be capable
of withstanding the force applied to them as a result of a person’s fall, and
− the system is designed and installed so that the person travels the shortest possible
distance before having the fall stopped
7.1. Catch platforms

A catch platform is a temporary platform located below a work area to catch a worker in a
fall. The platform should be of robust construction and designed to withstand the maximum
potential impact load. Scaffolding components may be used to construct fixed and mobile
catch platforms.
Catch platforms that include the use of a cantilevered, spur or tube and coupler scaffolding
system must be installed by people who:
− hold a high risk work licence for intermediate or advanced scaffolding, or
− are enrolled in a training course to obtain an intermediate or advanced scaffolding high
risk work licence and are being supervised by the holder of an intermediate or advanced
scaffolding high risk work licence.
Catch platforms installed on prefabricated scaffolding systems from which a person or object
could fall more than 4 metres must be installed by people who:
− hold a high risk work licence for basic scaffolding, or
− are enrolled in a training course to obtain a basic scaffolding high risk work licence and
are being supervised by the holder of a basic scaffolding high risk work licence.
Catch platforms should:
− incorporate a fully planked-out deck
− be positioned so the deck extends at least 2 metres beyond unprotected edges of the
work area, except where extended guard railing is fitted to the catch platform
4
AS/NZS 1891 (Set): Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices includes AS/NZS 1891.1:2007: Industrial fall-arrest systems
and devices – Harnesses and ancillary equipment; AS/NZS 1891.1:2007/Amdt 1:2007: Industrial fall-arrest systems and
devices – Harnesses and ancillary equipment; AS/NZS 1891.1:2007/Amdt 2:2008: Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices –
Harnesses and ancillary equipment; AS/NZS 1891.2:2001: Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Horizontal lifeline and
rail systems; AS/NZS 1891.2 Supp 1:2001: Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Horizontal lifeline and rail systems –
Prescribed configurations for horizontal lifelines; AS/NZS 1891.3:1997: Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Fall-arrest
devices; AS/NZS 1891.4:2009: Industrial fall-arrest systems - Selection, use and maintenance.

− be positioned as close as possible to the underside of the work area—the distance a
person could fall before landing on the catch platform should be no more than 1 metre
− always be used with edge protection.
7.2. Safety nets

Safety nets can provide a satisfactory means of protection while allowing workers maximum
freedom of movement. They should not be used to enter or exit a work area or as a
working platform.
Safety nets used in conjunction with basic rigging or scaffolding work must be erected and
serviced by people who:
− hold a high risk work licence for Basic Rigging or Basic Scaffolding, or
− are enrolled in a training course to obtain a Basic Rigging or Basic Scaffolding high risk
work licence and are supervised by the holder of Basic Rigging or Basic Scaffolding high
risk work licence.
When safety nets are used they should be:
− constructed of material strong enough to catch a falling person or thing
− securely anchored before work starts
− hung as close as is practicable to the underside of the working area, but no more than 2
metres below the working area
− sufficiently tensioned and have clearance to prevent a falling person contacting any
surface or structure below the net
− inspected, particularly after installation, relocation or repair, and
− stored correctly in dry, shaded areas with good air circulation.
Other precautions when using safety nets include:
− no hot work like welding, or oxy cutting, or any other work that may damage the integrity
of the safety net, should be performed above safety nets, and
− material and other refuse should not be allowed to accumulate in suspended safety nets.
7.3. Individual fall arrest systems

Individual fall arrest systems consist of some or all of the following components:
− anchorages including rail system
− lifelines, lanyard, shock absorber and inertia reel
− rope and wire grabs
− harness
− snap hooks and karabiners—double or triple action to prevent rollout, and
− rescue equipment.
Individual fall arrest systems rely on workers wearing and using them correctly, therefore
workers who will use such a system must be trained in its safe use. Users of individual fall
arrest systems should possess a suitable attitude for working at height, including a
responsible attitude to safety.
Workers using a fall arrest system should wear appropriate head protection to protect them
in a fall.
If the equipment has been used to arrest a fall, it should not be used again until it has been
inspected and certified by a competent person as safe to use.

Individual fall arrest systems must only be used where it is not reasonably practicable to use
higher level control measures.
Individual fall arrest equipment should be permanently marked or labelled with relevant
information aimed at reducing misuse of the equipment.
Fall arrest lines can fail if they come into contact with an edge. Fall arrest lines that can
come into contact with edges such as concrete or steel beam edges should be of a type that
has been shown to not fail during such use.
Anchorage points
Each anchorage point should comply with the anchor strength specified in AS/NZS
1891:4:2009: Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices Part 4: Selection, use and
maintenance.
Insert-type anchors, that is anchors installed in partial depth holes in concrete or other
masonry, including friction, chemical and screw type anchors, should not be used for fall
arrest anchors where the potential loading is a direct pull-out load.
Anchorages should be tested and approved by a competent person before use. For insert-
type anchors this should include pullout testing as the grip on the concrete below the surface
cannot be assessed by a visual inspection
Each anchorage point should be located so that a lanyard of the system can be attached to it
before the person using the system moves into a position where the person could fall.
Inspecting the system components

Each component of the individual fall arrest system should be inspected by a competent
person:
− after it is installed but before it is used
− at regular intervals, and
− immediately after it has been used to arrest a fall.
Inspection of components should be conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s
specifications and the relevant standards. If signs of excessive wear or other defects are
found during the inspection those components should be withdrawn from use.
Limiting free fall distance

Harness based fall arrest systems, should be installed so that the maximum distance a
person would free fall before the fall arrest system takes effect is 2 metres, although a lesser
free fall distance is preferable. There should be sufficient distance between the work surface
and any surface below to enable the system, including the action of any shock absorber, to
fully deploy (see Figure 21). To work out whether there is enough distance available you
should take into account:
− the worker’s height
− the height and position of the anchorage point
− the length of the lanyard
− any slack in the horizontal life line
− any stretching of the lanyard or horizontal life line when extended by a fall, and
− the length of the energy absorber when extended by a fall.

Figure 21 Total fall distance before this particular configuration would be effective in
arresting a fall is 6.5 m
Do not use lanyards in conjunction with inertia reels as this can result in an excessive
amount of free fall before the fall is arrested.
Harnesses
Full body harness should be worn and must be correctly fitted. Workers should connect the
fall arrest line to the attachment point on their harness—dorsal attachment point or the chest
connection—that will provide the best protection in the situation it is being used.
Consideration should be given to the potential fall distance, potential impact with the
structure, body position after a fall and the need to interact with equipment like rope-grabs.
Maintaining a minimum of slack in fall arrest lanyard

There should be a minimum of slack in the fall arrest lanyard between the user and the
attachment. The anchorage point should be as high as the equipment permits. Work should
be avoided above the anchor point, as this will increase the free fall distance in a fall,
resulting in higher forces on the body and greater likelihood of the lanyard snagging
on obstructions.
Use inertia reels correctly

The use of inertia reels may not be effective in certain situations. For example, if a worker
falls down the inclined surface of a steeply pitched roof, the inertia reel line may keep
extending from the reel as it may not lock.
Inertia reels should not be used as working supports by locking the system and allowing it to
support the user during normal work as they are not designed for continuous support.
Inertia reels can be used as a control measure in connection with work carried out from
boatswains’ chairs and ladders. Where such lines are used, only one person may be
attached to one line.

Using compatible components
The use of non-compatible components may lead to ‘roll-out’ with some hook and karabiner
configurations, resulting in injury or death to the user. The hazard cannot always be avoided
by using components produced by the same manufacturer under the one brand name. If you
are unsure whether components of a fall arrest system are compatible you should contact
the manufacturer for further information.
Snap hooks should be the double action type that require at least two consecutive deliberate
actions to open. Snap hooks should not be connected to each other as this could prevent
the safe operation of the snap hook, for example roll-out may occur. Some double action
hooks are susceptible to roll-out. Hex nut connectors may be appropriate for semi-
permanent connections.
Further information is in AS/NZS 1891 (Set): Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices.
Figure 22 Roll-out on a small diameter eyebolt
Ensuring prompt rescue in event of fall

A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) who implements a fall arrest system
as a control measure must establish emergency and rescue procedures. The emergency
and rescue procedures must be tested to ensure that they are effective and workers must be
provided suitable and adequate information, training and instruction in relation to the
emergency procedures.
The rescue of a worker who is suspended in a full body harness should occur promptly to
prevent suspension intolerance and to treat any injuries sustained during the fall and fall
arrest.
A worker should not use a fall arrest system unless there is at least one other person on the
site who can rescue them if they fall.
Individual fall arrest system hazards

If a person using an individual fall arrest system falls, the system may act as a pendulum,
and in some situations the user may hit the ground, which is called ‘swing down’ (see Figure
23) or swing back onto the building or structure, which is called ‘swing back’ (see Figure 24).
‘Swing down’ can occur if the lanyard slides back along the perimeter edge of the roof until it
is vertical. When this happens the person may hit the ground or the lanyard may break as a
result of its contact with the edge of the roof. Measures to address the risk of
‘swing down’ include:
− the installation of guard rails
− placing the anchorage point at a right angle to the position of the lanyard at the perimeter
edge, for example by using a mobile anchorage, and
− the installation of a second anchorage point and belay devices—
intermediate anchorages.
Figure 23 During ‘swing down’ the length of the lanyard and positioning of the anchor allow
contact with the ground

Figure 24 During ‘swing back’ the length of the lanyard and positioning of the anchor may
allow the worker to hit the structure
7.4. Vertical anchorage lines or rails

Vertical anchorage lines or rails are temporary or permanent fall arrest systems, which can
be installed to provide continuous fall protection for workers using ladders or climbing
towers. These can be used on plant like tower cranes as well as buildings and structures.
With an anchorage line system, the person climbing has continuous fall protection by being
attached to the anchorage line and harness.
Safety precautions when using vertical anchorage lines or rails include ensuring:
− systems comply with AS/NZS 1891 (Set): Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices,
including a suitable harness for the task and that the use by date has been checked
− the locking device is attached to the frontal attachment point of the harness and the
lanyard assembly is a maximum of 300 mm length
− the point of connection onto the anchorage system is near the base of the ladder to allow
the connection before ascending begins and also to provide continuous connection to
the disconnecting point when at a safe higher level
− free fall is limited to a maximum of 600 mm, and
− permanent systems are of wire or rail construction and are installed according to the
manufacturer’s instructions
After a fall, you should remove the system from service and have it inspected by a
competent person before it is used again.

Figure 25 Anchorage line system

7.5. Double lanyards
An alternative to anchorage lines or rails is the use of a double lanyard—also known as a
twin tail or ‘Y’ lanyard. Double lanyards should include double action connectors to prevent
unintentional opening during use. Figure 26 shows how the use of a double lanyard means
that the person climbing can always be connected to the ladder or structure.
However, double lanyards are easy to misuse—there should be no back hooking, they
should not be wrapped around the body or passed between the legs, the chest connection
should never be higher than the highest attachment point, they are not suitable for frequent
use because of possible misuse or muscle injury and the ladder or structure points must be
capable of arresting forces generated by a fall with the double lanyard. Training should also
be provided on their use.
Figure 26 An example of a double lanyard
It is noted in Figure 26 that in this application the connectors will slide down to the lowest
point on the rail and likely be subject to side loading. Side loading can be controlled by using
soft connections like slings or the use of hooks rated to withstand side loading.

8. Administrative controls
Administrative controls may be used to support other control measures and may include ‘no
go’ areas, permit systems and the sequencing of work. You must not use administrative
controls exclusively to minimise the risk of falls unless it is not reasonably practicable to use
a higher order control.
If relying on administrative controls, it may be necessary to provide a high level of
supervision to ensure that they are being adhered to.
8.1. No go areas
No go areas can be an effective method of making sure people are not exposed to hazards
like falls or being hit by a falling object. They require clear signs warning people not to
access the hazardous area. They can be used to highlight the risks of entry to an area where
there is an unguarded hazard, or to areas where work is being carried out overhead and
there is a risk of falling objects.
Information and instruction should be provided about ‘no go’ areas with supervision to
ensure that no unauthorised worker enters the ‘no go’ area.
Barriers should be used in conjunction with signs to cordon-off areas where there is a risk of
falling or being hit by falling objects. They should be highly visible and securely fixed to
prevent displacement.
Figure 27 No go area sign

8.2. Permit systems
Permit systems allow only competent people trained in the use of relevant control measures
to work in an area where there is a hazard. Examples include:
− tagging access points to a scaffold to restrict unauthorised access during erection and
dismantling, with ‘only licensed scaffolders permitted on an incomplete scaffold’
− requiring permits for access to areas where travel restraint systems or fall arrest systems
are to be used.
8.3. Organising and sequencing of work

Work should be organised so that people do not interfere with other workers or increase the
risk to themselves or others. For example, you can sequence jobs so that different trades
are not working above or below each other at the same time. Plan so the work is not carried
out for extended periods from a ladder, or so that work at height is minimised in extremely
hot or cold weather.

9. Ladders
Falls from ladders have resulted in a significant number of serious and fatal injuries, even
when working at relatively low heights. While ladders are often considered to be the first
option when working at heights, they should only be considered after safer alternatives, for
example EWPs or scaffolding have been considered first and found to be not reasonably
practicable.
9.1. Portable ladders

Extension or single ladders should only be used as a means of access to or exit from a work
area or for short duration light work that can be carried out safely from the ladder.
Selecting ladders
Ladders should be selected to suit the work to be carried out. In doing this, you should
consider the duration of the work, the physical surroundings of where the work is to be
carried out and the prevailing weather conditions.
Depending on the specific task and how it is carried out, step platforms (see Figure 28)
should provide an improved level of fall protection over traditional step or single ladders as
they include a small working platform and a partial handrail.
Ladders should have a load rating of at least 120 kg and be manufactured for industrial use.
Domestic or ‘homemade’ ladders should not be selected for industrial use or for use on
construction sites.
Figure 28 A step platform can provide a stable work surface

Using ladders safely
Workers must be provided with information and training on how to use ladders safely. You
should only use a ladder if you have been trained in how to inspect, set up and use
ladders correctly.
Positioning and setting up ladders

Before setting up a ladder, it should be inspected for visible damage or faults, for example
broken rungs, stiles and footings. Faulty or damaged ladders must be removed from service.
When setting up a ladder you should check that:
− the ladder is the correct height for the work to avoid over-reaching or stretching
− locking devices on the ladder are secure, and
− the ladder is not placed so that the weight of the ladder and any person using the ladder
is supported by the rungs.
Ladders used at a workplace should be set up on a solid and stable surface, and set up to
prevent the ladder from slipping. Single and extension ladders can be prevented from
slipping by:
− ensuring the ladder has non-slip feet
− placing ladders at a slope of 4:1 (the distance between the ladder base and the
supporting structure should be about 1 metre for every 4 metres of working ladder
height), and
− securing ladders at the top or bottom, or if necessary, at both ends (see Figure 29).
Step ladders should be set up in the fully opened position and may require a second person
to ‘foot’ the ladder for added stability.
Figure 29 Examples effectively securing a ladder

Figure 30 Example of acceptable ladder use
Safe use of ladders

When using a ladder:
− always maintain ‘three points of contact’ as follows:
 when going up or down a ladder, always have two feet and one hand, or one foot and
two hands on the ladder
 when working from a ladder, have two feet and one other point of contact with the
ladder, such as a hand or thighs leaning against the ladder
− use a tool belt or side pouch so that materials or tools are not carried in the hands while
climbing the ladder
− ensure only light duty work is carried out while on the ladder, where tools can be
operated safely with one hand
− make sure that no one works underneath the ladder
− do not allow anyone else on the ladder at the same time
− do not straddle the ladder, and
− wear slip-resistant footwear.
When using ladders it is not safe to:
− use metal or metal reinforced ladders when working on live electrical installations, or
− carry out ‘hot’ work like arc welding or oxy cutting.

Except where additional fall protection equipment is used in conjunction with the ladder, it is
not safe to:
− use a stepladder near the edge of an open floor, penetration or beside a railing
− over-reach—the centre of the torso should be within the ladder stiles throughout the work
− use power or hand tools requiring two hands to operate, for example concrete cutting
saws and circular saws
− use tools that require a high degree of leverage force which, if released, may cause the
user to over-balance or fall from the ladder, for example stillsons or pinch bars
− face away from the ladder when going up or down, or when working from it
− stand on a rung closer than 900 mm to the top of a single or extension ladder, or
− stand higher than the second tread below the top plate of a stepladder with the exception
of three-rung step ladders, unless working through an overhead opening of the building
or structure that provides appropriate additional support above the ladder.
Figure 31 Examples of unsafe ladder use
Ladder use in the following situations should only be carried out with additional safety
precautions in place:
− in access areas or doorways—if necessary, erect a barrier or lock the door shut
− next to power lines unless the worker is trained and authorised and the correct ladder for
the work is being used
− in very wet or windy conditions, and
− next to traffic areas, unless the working area is barricaded.

Where single or extension ladders are used for entry and exit, you should check that:
− there is a firm, stable work platform, free from obstructions, to step onto from the ladder
− the ladder is securely fixed
− the ladder extends at least 1 metre above the stepping-off point on the working platform,
and
− fall protection is provided at the stepping-off point where people access the
working platform.
As an alternative to using ladders as a means of access in stair-wells, you should consider
having the staircase installed as soon as possible.
Further information on the selection, safe use and care of portable ladders is set out in
AS/NZS 1892 (Set) 5: Portable ladders.
The ladder manufacturer’s recommendations on safe use should also be followed.
9.2. Fixed ladders

Fixed ladders should be installed in accordance with AS 1657-2013: Fixed Platforms,
Walkways, Stairways and Ladders—Design, Construction and Installation.
Ladder cages in vertical fixed ladders, that is, over 75 degrees to the horizontal, do not stop
a fall but simply funnel a fall and, in some cases, more injuries can occur from striking the
protective backguards on the way down. The cages may also hinder rescues. Therefore,
fixed ladders with angles exceeding 75 degrees to the horizontal should be fitted with a
permanent or temporary fall arrest system using anchorage lines or rails.
The angle of slope should not be less than 70 degrees to the horizontal and not greater than
75 degrees to the horizontal. In no case should the ladder overhang the person climbing the
ladder. If the angle is more than 75 degrees, a safe system of work to prevent falls should be
provided, for example a permanent fall arrest system or a full body harness with double
lanyard.
A specifically designed rescue procedure should be developed for use in ladder cage
situations. Training in rescue procedures should occur before using the fixed ladder.
5
AS/NZS 1892 (Set): Portable ladders includes AS/NZS 1892.1:1996: Portable ladders – Metal; AS/NZS 1892.2:1992: Portable
ladders – Timber; AS/NZS 1892.3:1996: Portable ladders – Reinforced plastic; AS/NZS 1892.5:2000.

Figure 32 Fixed ladder with ladder cage
9.3. Ladder maintenance

Ladders should be regularly inspected by a competent person in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations. Ladders with any of the following faults should be
replaced or repaired:
− fibreglass stiles cracked, chipped or severely faded with fibres exposed
− timber stiles warped, splintered, cracked or bruised
− metal stiles twisted, bent, kinked, crushed or with cracked welds
− rungs, steps, treads or top plates that are missing, worn, damaged or loose
− tie rods missing, broken or loose
− ropes, braces, or brackets that are missing, broken or worn
− timber members that are covered with opaque paint or other treatment that could
disguise faults in the timber
− missing, loose, bent or worn fasteners, that is rivets, bolts and pins, and/or
− worn or damaged feet including non-slip material.

10. Emergency procedures for falls
Whenever there are risks from working at height emergency procedures must be established
and first aid equipment provided. Typical injuries from falls can include unconsciousness,
blocked airway, impalement, serious head or abdominal injuries and fractures. A person
using a fall arrest system could also suffer suspension intolerance as a result of being
suspended in a harness after a fall.
WHS Regulation 80
Emergency and rescue procedures
A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) who provides a fall arrest system as
a measure to control risk, must establish emergency and rescue procedures.
The procedures must be tested so that they are effective. Workers must be provided with
suitable and adequate information, instruction and training in relation to the
When developing emergency procedures the different types of emergency and rescue
scenarios that might arise should be considered. Information from the risk assessment will
help in this task.
WHS Regulation 42
Duty to provide first aid
You must ensure that workers have access to first aid equipment and facilities for the
administration of first aid. You must also ensure that workers are trained to administer first
aid or that workers have access to persons who are trained in first aid.
Further information is in the Code of Practice: First aid in the workplace.
The emergency procedures for falls should be incorporated into the emergency plan
required for the workplace under the WHS Regulations.

Table 1 lists a number of things that should be taken into consideration when establishing
Table 1 Considerations when establishing emergency procedures for falls
Relevant considerations Questions
Location of the work area Is the work at height being carried out in a remote or isolated
place? How accessible is it in an emergency and how far away is
it from medical facilities?
Can the rescue of a person after an arrested fall be provided
immediately, without the relying on emergency services?
Communications How can workers working at height communicate in

an emergency?
Rescue equipment What kinds of emergencies may arise? The provision of suitable
rescue equipment will depend on the nature of the work and the
control measures used, for example an emergency rapid
response kit with man-made fibre rope, according to AS/NZS
4142.3: 1993: Fibre ropes—Man-made fibre rope for static life
rescue lines.
Selected rescue equipment should be kept in close proximity to
the work area so that it can be used immediately.
Capabilities of rescuers Are rescuers properly trained, sufficiently fit to carry out their task
and capable of using equipment provided for rescue, for
example breathing apparatus, lifelines and fire-fighting
equipment?
Have emergency procedures been tested to demonstrate that
they are effective?
First aid Is first aid available for injuries associated with falls?
Are trained first aid officers available to make proper use of
necessary first aid equipment?
Local emergency services— How will the local emergency services like ambulance be notified
if they are to be relied on of an incident? What is the likely response time?
for rescue

Suspension intolerance
Suspension intolerance can occur with a fall arrest system when a person has an arrested
fall and is suspended in an upright, vertical position. The lower legs’ capacity to store large
amounts of blood reduces the return of blood to the heart, slowing the heart rate, which can
cause the person to faint. This may lead to renal failure and eventually death, depending on
a person’s susceptibility. This condition may be worsened by heat and dehydration.
The quick rescue of a person suspended in a harness, as soon as is possible, is vital. For
this reason, workers should be capable of conducting a rescue of a fallen worker and be
familiar with onsite rescue equipment and procedures.
Relevant workers must be trained in the rescue procedures. It is important workers are able
to recognise the risks of suspension intolerance and act quickly in the rescue of a person.
Preventing suspension intolerance

To prevent suspension intolerance occurring as a result of an arrested fall, you should
ensure that:
− workers never work alone when using a harness as fall protection
− workers use a harness, which allows legs to be kept horizontal
− where the rescue is likely to take more than five minutes the harness and connection
point used should allow the suspended worker to raise their legs to near horizontal, or
the worker should carry straps to provide footholds.
− workers are trained to do the following when they are hanging in their harness after a fall:
 move their legs in the harness and push against any footholds, where these
movements are possible. In some instances, the harness design and any injuries
received may prevent this movement
 move their legs or legs and body to a near horizontal position ,where these
movements are possible.
Training for rescues

The training for rescuing workers who have fallen should address the following factors:
− the rescue process should start immediately
− training frequency should take into account the worker’s competence and their ability to
retain competence through regular exposure to the equipment and skills needed to
perform a rescue
− workers should not put themselves at risk during a rescue.

Appendix A – Glossary
Table 2 Glossary
Term Description
Anchorage A secure point for attaching a lanyard, lifeline or other component of a travel
restraint system technique or fall arrest system. Anchorages require specific load
and impact capacities for their intended use.
Competent A person who has acquired through training, qualification or experience the
person knowledge and skills to carry out the task.
Double or triple A self-closing hook or karabiner with a keeper latch which will automatically close
action device and remain closed until manually opened. These units have a minimum of at
least two distinct and deliberate consecutive actions to manually open them.
Duty holder Any person who owes a work health and safety duty under the WHS Act
including a person conducting a business or undertaking, a designer,
manufacturer, importer, supplier, installer of products or plant used at work
(upstream duty holder), officer or a worker.
Energy absorber A device that reduces the deceleration force imposed when a fall is suddenly
arrested, and correspondingly reduces the loadings on the anchorage and the
person’s body. The energy absorber may either be a separate item or
manufactured as part of the lanyard.
Fall A fall by a person from one level to another.
Fall arrest Plant or material designed to arrest a fall.

system
Free fall Any fall or part of a fall where the person falling is under the unrestrained
influence of gravity over any fall distance, either vertically or on a slope on which
it is not possible to walk without the assistance of a handrail or hand line.
Hazard A situation or thing that has the potential to harm a person. Hazards at work may
include: noisy machinery, a moving forklift, chemicals, electricity, working at
heights, a repetitive job, bullying and violence at the workplace.

Term Description
Health and A consultative body established under the WHS Act. The c’mmittee's functions
safety include facilitating co-operation between workers and the person conducting a
committee business or undertaking to ensur’ worker's health and safety at work, and
assisting to develop work health and safety standards, rules and procedures for
the workplace.
Health and A worker who has been elected by their work group under the WHS Act to
safety represent them on health and safety matters.
representative
Inertia reel A type 2 or 3 fall arrest device, as classified in AS/NZS 1891.3, that arrests a fall
by stopping the payout of the anchor line. Also known as a self-retracting lanyard
or fall arrest block.
Karabiners Usually a ‘D’-shaped or oblong metal ring, with a spring-hinged opening on one
side, used as a connector between components of a fall arrest system. They
come in a variety of sizes, shapes and locking mechanisms to suit various
applications. They should be self-closing and self- or manual-locking and capable
of being opened only by at least two consecutive deliberate manual actions.
Lanyard An assembly consisting of a line and components which will enable connection
between a harness and an anchorage point and will absorb energy in the event of
a fall.
May ‘May’ indicates an optional course of action.
Must ‘Must’ indicates a legal requirement exists that must be complied with.
Officer An officer under the WHS Act includes:

• an officer under section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)
• an officer of the crown under section 247 of the WHS Act, and
• an officer of a public authority within the meaning of section 252 of the
WHS Act.
A partner in a partnership or an elected member of a local authority acting in that
capacity.
Person PCBU is an umbrella concept which intends to capture all types of working
conducting a arrangements or relationships. A PCBU includes a:
business or • company
undertaking • unincorporated body or association, and
(PCBU) • sole trader or self-employed person.
Individuals who are in a partnership that is conducting a business will individually
and collectively be a PCBU.
A volunteer association (defined under the WHS Act, see below) or elected
members of a local authority will not be a PCBU.
Restraint line The line securing workers to a point of anchorage and is used to prevent a
person from reaching a point from which he or she could fall.

Term Description
Risk The possibility harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when exposed to a
hazard.
Risk control Taking action to eliminate health and safety risks so far as is reasonably
practicable, and if that is not possible, minimising the risks so far as is reasonably
practicable. Eliminating a hazard will also eliminate any risks associated with that
hazard.
Risk of a fall A circumstance that exposes a worker while at work, or other person while at or
in the vicinity of a workplace, to a risk of a fall that is reasonably likely to cause
injury to the worker or other person. This includes circumstances in which the
worker or other person is:
− in or on plant or a structure that is at an elevated level
− in or on plant that is being used to gain access to an elevated level
− in the vicinity of an opening through which a person could fall
− in the vicinity of an edge over which a person could fall
− on or in the vicinity of a surface through which a person could fall
− on or near the vicinity of a slippery, sloping or unstable surface.
Scaffold A temporary structure specifically erected to support access or working platforms
Scaffolding The individual components, for example tubes, couplers or frames and materials
that when assembled form a scaffold
Scaffolding Erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure that is or has been erected
work to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more than 4
metres from the platform or the structure.
Should ‘Should’ indicates a recommended course of action.
Solid An area that has:

construction
− a surface that is structurally capable of supporting all persons and things that
may be located or placed on it
− barriers around its perimeter and any openings to prevent a fall
− an even and readily negotiable surface and gradient, and
− a safe means of entry and exit.
Static line A horizontal or substantially horizontal line to which a lanyard may be attached
and which is designed to arrest a free fall.
Total fall The total distance a person is likely to fall during both the free and restrained
distance parts of a fall and includes the maximum dynamic extension of all supporting
components.

Term Description
Volunteer A group of volunteers working together for one or more community purpose
association where none of the volunteers, whether alone or jointly with any other volunteers,
employs any person to carry out work for the volunteer association.
Work group A group of workers established to facilitate the representation of workers by one
or more health and safety representatives. A work group may be all workers at a
workplace but it may also be appropriate to split a workplace into multiple work
groups where workers share similar work conditions or are exposed to similar
risks and hazards. For example all workers on night shift.
Worker Any person who carries out work for a person conducting a business or
undertaking, including work as an employee, contractor or subcontractor (or their
employee), self-employed person, outworker, apprentice or trainee, work
experience student, employee of a labour hire company placed with a 'host
employer' or a volunteer.
Workplace Any place where work is carried out for a business or undertaking and includes
any place where a worker goes, or is likely to be, while at work. This may include
offices, factories, shops, construction sites, vehicles, ships, aircraft or other
mobile structures on land or water.
Work Any plant or structure, other than a temporary work platform, that enables a
positioning person to be positioned and safely supported at a location for the duration of the
system relevant work being carried out.

Appendix B – Referenced documents
and further reading
Table 3 Referenced documents and further reading
Australian Standards
AS 1418.13 Cranes (including hoists and winches) – Building maintenance units
AS 1418.17 Cranes (including hoists and winches) – Design and construction of

workboxes
AS/NZS 1576 set Scaffolding
AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders – Design, construction

and installation
AS/NZS 1891.1 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Harnesses and ancillary
equipment
AS/NZS 1891.2 supp 1 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Horizontal lifeline and rail
systems—Prescribed configurations for horizontal lifelines
AS/NZS 1891.3 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Fall-arrest devices
AS/NZS 1891.4 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Selection, use and
maintenance
AS/NZS 1892 set Portable ladders
AS 2550.16 Cranes – Safe Use – Mast climbing work platforms
AS 4142.3 Fibre ropes – Man-made fibre rope for static life rescue lines
AS/NZS 4389 Roof safety mesh
AS/NZS 4488 set Industrial rope access systems
AS/NZS 4576 Guidelines for scaffolding
AS/NZS 4994 set Temporary roof edge protection for housing and residential buildings

Code of Practice: Managing the risk of falls in housing construction
Code of Practice: Construction Work
National Construction Code of Australia, published by the Australian Building Codes Board

Appendix B – References and
other information sources
Australian Standards and Australian/New Zealand Standards
AS 1418.13-1996: Cranes (including hoists and winches) – Building maintenance units
AS 1418.17-1996: Cranes (including hoists and winches) – Design and construction
of workboxes
AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding set which includes:
− AS/NZS 1576.4:1991: Scaffolding – Suspended scaffolding
− AS/NZS 1576.3:1995: Prefabricated and tube-and-coupler scaffolding
− AS/NZS 1576.5:1995: Scaffolding – Prefabricated splitheads and trestles
− AS/NZS 1576.6:2000: Scaffolding – Metal tube-and- coupler scaffolding
− AS/NZS 1576.2:2009: Scaffolding – Couplers and accessories
− AS/NZS 1576.1:2010: Scaffolding – General requirements
AS/NZS 1657-2013 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders – Design, construction
and installation
AS/NZS 1891.1:2007 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices - Harnesses and
ancillary equipment
AS/NZS 1891.2 supp:1-2001 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Horizontal lifeline
and rail systems—Prescribed configurations for horizontal lifelines (Supplement to
AS/NZS 1891.2:2001)
AS/NZS 1891.3:1997 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Fall-arrest devices
AS/NZS 1891.4:2009 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices – Selection, use and
maintenance
AS/NZS 1892 Portable ladders set which includes:
− AS/NZS 1892.1:1996: Portable ladders – Metal
− AS/NZS 1892.2:1992: Portable ladders – Timber
− AS/NZS 1892.3:1996: Portable ladders – Reinforced plastic
− AS/NZS 1892.5:2000: Portable ladders – Selection, safe use and care
AS 4142.3-1993: Fibre ropes – Man-made fibre rope for static life rescue lines
AS/NZS 4389:2015: Roof safety mesh
AS/NZS 4488 Industrial rope access systems set which includes:
− AS/NZS 4488.1:1997: Industrial rope access systems – Specifications
− AS/NZS 4488.1 :1997/Amdt 1:1999: Industrial rope access systems – Specifications
− AS/NZS 4488.2:1997: Industrial rope access systems – Selection, use and maintenance
AS/NZS 4576:1995: Guidelines for scaffolding
AS 2550.16-1997: Cranes – Safe Use – Mast climbing work platforms
AS/NZS 4994 Temporary edge protection set which includes:
− AS/NZS 4994.1:2009: Temporary edge protection – General requirements
− AS/NZS 4994.2:2009: Temporary edge protection – Roof edge protection – Installation
and dismantling
− AS/NZS 4994.3:2010: Temporary edge protection – Installation and dismantling for
edges other than roof edges
− DR AS/NZS 4994.4:2017: Temporary edge protection – Perimeter protection screens
Available from:
SAI Global Limited
Business Publishing
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW, 2001
Tel.: 131 242 or (02) 8206 6000
Fax: 1300 65 49 49 or (02) 8206 6001
Email: mail@saiglobal.com
Internet address: saiglobal.com.au

Amendments
This Code of Practice is consistent with the Code published on the Safe Work Australia
website on 26 October 2018 and includes agreed amendments as part of a technical
accuracy and readability review.


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Managing the risk of falls at

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

1.1. Who has health and safety duties in relation

A person conducting a business or undertaking

Designers, manufacturers, suppliers and importers

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Workers have a duty to take reasonable care for their own

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

WHS Act section 47

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Consulting, co-operating and co-ordinating activities with

1.3. Information, training, instruction and

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

WHS Regulation 317

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Figure 1 Steps and handrails on dump trucks

2.3. Buildings and structures

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

3.2. Assessing the risks

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

3.3. Controlling the risks

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Combining control measures

Maintaining and reviewing control measures

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

4.1. Work on the ground

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

4.2. Work on a solid construction

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Figure 3 Mezzanine floor barrier

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Protection around holes, penetrations and openings

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

If a cover is used as a control measure it must be made of a material strong enough to

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Surface and gradient

Entry and exit

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

5.1. Temporary work platforms

WHS Regulation 225

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Suspended (swing stage) scaffold

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Figure 9 Suspended (swing-stage) scaffold – cradle (suspended) end

Elevating work platforms

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Figure 10 Boom-type elevating work platform

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Mast climbing work platforms

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces

Workboxes and Work platforms

Managing the risk of falls at workplaces