Conceitos de Ventiladores

Fans and Network Surveys 2.
2. FANS AND NETWORK SURVEYS
Fans act as air pumps, although total pressure imparted to fluid is of an absolutely low
level, as opposed to compressors. Pressure delivery is never more than 30 kpa, or at the
most 30 percent of atmospheric pressure.
Large main modern fans are normally axial (propeller) type; having an ability to force high
quantities, at low pressure while maintaining high power efficiency.
Centrifugal fans (and axial fans) are used in sub-main and face applications. Centrifugal
find particular application for forcing air against high friction/shock heads. They are less
noisy than axial fans.
2.1. Fan Power
Power developed by a fan (air power)

2 3
Total Power = PT (N/m ) x Q (m /s)
= Watts (Nm/s)
This is total power output.
Reconvertable or usable power is
Static Power = Ps x Q
Input power is power applied to fan rotating shaft.
Normally power output from driving force less any belt or gearbox losses.
Total Air Power

Power efficiency =
Driving Power
2.2. Fan Laws
1. Air quantity varies directly as fan speed; quantity is independent of air density.
r.p.m. α Q
i.e. twice r.p.m. = twice Q
2. Pressure induced varies directly as fan speed squared; pressure induced varies
directly with density
2
i.e. (r.m.p.) α P
now
2
P=RQ
r.p.m. α Q
Fans and Network Surveys 2.2
2
Therefore P α R (r.p.m.)
2
α (r.p.m.)
i.e. twice the volume requires development of 4 times pressure.
3. Fan power output varies directly as fan speed cubed; power output varies
directly with density.
3
i.e. (r.p.m.) α Power
Now
Power = P. Q.
Q α r.p.m.
2
P α (r.p.m.)
2
Therefore Power (r.p.m.) x r.p.m.
3
= (r.p.m.)
i.e. twice the volume requires 8 times the power.
4. The mechanical efficiency of the fan is independent of the fan speed and
density.
2.3. Fan Characteristic Curves
The behaviour of a fan under various conditions is normally expressed graphically. Fan
manufactures have arrived at standard characteristic curves for their various design types
manufacture by adoption of a standard procedure for testing. Larger and smaller fans of the
same design use the same curves with appropriate axis parameter values.
Theoretical total head
Friction
Shock
H
Actual static Leakage

head
Figure 2.1 Fan Characteristic Curves

2.4. Design of Mine Fans
2.4.1. Centrifugal Fans
Operating characteristics and performance are mainly functions of the effect of design
variables on the magnitude and relative proportion of kinetic and potential energy
developed by the fan. Blade Curvature is the most important fan design variable.
1. Radial Blades
Two forces are at work as blade rotates

V
U = Vr
Vt = Va
Figure 2.2 The Forces Work on a Fan Blade
Over an increment of time ∆t
(a) air is pushed forward by blade in direction a c, tangential to blade with velocity
v
(b) Air moves out from centre radially from o to f to c with velocity u. Increased
air velocity at tip of blade causes zone of low pressure, hence
Resultant air velocity direction.
VR = V+u
Figure 2.3 Centrifugal Fan

The work exerted by a fan per unit time is the force (change in momentum) multiplied by
direction of movement velocity (tangential velocity)
Work= F x V
= MV x V
2
= MV
If fan is 100 percent efficient, total velocity energy can be recovered as static energy
2
Therefore P/ρg = MV = H
Theoretical determination for forward and backward curved blades, are more complicated
as tangential and radial velocity components are not normal.
Forward Backward
Figure 2.4 Forces Acting on Different Fan Curvatures
2.4.2. Axial Fans
Axial fans consist of a number of features.
1. Impeller - Centre hub extension of drive shaft - Blades are attached to this hub.
High Pressure units have large impeller area to minimise instability in low
pressure zone from slow blade rotational velocity near centre. Drive motor may
be incorporated in impeller.
2. Blades attached to impeller hub Greater static pressure developed from more
blades. Blades normally twist from high to low pitch angle at circumference.
Pitch angle often defined by blade twist at circumference. Pitch is chief
operating variable of axial fan. Increased pitch delivers greater Q at similar
static pressure although with increased power requirements. Pitch is normally
set, but in some can be changed while operating with hydraulic or mechanical
linkage control system.
The principal action of the axial flow fan in producing a static pressure head is to impart a
tangential acceleration to the air as it passes through the fan impeller. Any centrifugal force
generated is negligible.
In the fan rotative energy must be converted to linear-flow energy and static head as air
leaves the impeller. Guide vanes placed in the diffuser casing are effective in straightening
out air flow.
Theoretical head imparted by axial fan.
H = mVt (V1 - V2)

Vt = blade tangential velocity
V1 - V2 = change in rotational component of air stream on entering and
leaving impeller
The most important design parameter of axial fans is the pitch of the blades. The angle of
attack of the airfoil can be adjusted to attain maximum power efficiency at the air quantity
desired. Q and P vary with applications - Blades are manufactured separately. The cheaper
are formed from flat steel, the more expensive are aerodynamically shaped.
2.5. Fan Characteristic Curves

Fan characteristic curves published and sold with fans are normally in forms of Static
Pressure. Static Pressure is defined as the difference between the total pressure at the fan
inlet and the static pressure at the fan outlet. This is a measure of the minimum amount of
work expended on air that is available for external use.
Fan rating is performed with an evasee attached. The standard procedure for testing of
mine fans in a test rig, (unconnected to ducting and airways and incorporating an evasee)
has been developed by the major fan manufactures such as Jeffery, Joy, Richardsons, Fox.
For the testing of fans connected to air passages (that is, in situ) no standardised procedure
is in general use. This is due to the problem of resistance and shock loss imposed on fan
characteristics by outlet (blowing) or intake (exhausting) ductwork.
British Standard 848 standardises an accepted procedure for in situ fans testing.
Figure 2.5 shows typical fan characteristic curves for centrifugal fans.
With centrifugal fan characteristic curves, it should be noted.
! For forward and radial blades stall zone, or zone where hunting may develop is
more pronounced.
! Power consumption steepens for high volume outlet. Sudden resistance,

imposition on an airway can cause fan to short circuit, power increase and motor
burning out.
! Backward blades have a power consumption characteristic at high volumes

which flattens out, then decreases so avoiding overloading.
Figure 2.5 Centrifugal Fan Characteristic Curves
2.6. The System Characteristic
A mine airflow characteristic curve has a parabolic shape and can be plotted as shown in
Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6 Fan Characteristic Curve and System Characteristic
2.7. Natural Ventilation Pressure
Natural Ventilation Pressure results from the input of thermal energy which is converted to
pressure head and results in air flow.
Differences in air temperature in zones in a mine or at the surface result from changes in air
density (the hotter, lighter air rises).
This is akin to the chimney effect - warm air rises and displaces cold our above, leading to
circulation.
In mines most NVP results from
! Difference in air temperature inside and outside the mine
! Difference in elevation between air openings.
Normally NVP flow in a mine will be different in winter and summer. In most areas NVP
will reach a maximum in winter.
2 2
NVP is usually less than 125 N/m and certainly less than 750 N/m . Air flows of up
3
to 50m /s are possible.
Rule of Thumb:
Press Head = 7.5 Pa / 6°C / 30 m
Temperature difference = difference between air columns

Elevation distance = length of air columns
Air Quantity which will flow through a mine under NVP is determined from examination
of mine characteristic.
When NVP and a fan combine to force air through a mine, their total characteristic is
determined in the same way as the existence of two fans in series, that is
Fan (static pressure) + NVP + Velocity Pressure = Total Pressure.

Care must be exercised to determine whether NVP is assisting or working against fan flow.
2.8. Mine Network Surveys
2.8.1. Mine Pressure Surveys
These are undertaken to gain an understanding of mine characteristics in total and in

particular air flow characteristics through sections of a mine.
Pressure data is required:
! To enable modification and expansion of ventilation circuits to be planned.
! To isolate critical zones of high pressure loss and high friction factor to enable
improvement in network efficiency.
To enable a realistic pressure head profile for a mine to be obtained conditions, in which
air flow fluctuations are at a minimum should be sought. In particular survey should be
undertaken with minimum activity in mine, preferably a non-working shift. Mine resistance
is affected by:
! cage/skip shaft movement, track car movement
! falling water in upcast shafts
! opening of mine doors
! leakage through over passes
! man movement
! fan fluctuations particularly if near stall region
! changes in NVP and abrupt climatic changes in general
2.8.1.1. Survey Methods
1. Trailing Hose Method
This method requires a length of hose, to obtain static pressure reading between points and
a manometer for recording differences. No calibration corrections are needed and so direct
pressure loss readings can be recorded. Suitable for measurement in vertical shafts, slopes,
winzes and so on where high loss occurs over a short distance.
Also for across regulators or through stoppings between intake and return air. Problems
arise from:
! Difficulty of installing long tubing lengths

! Kinks and droplets in tubes.
! Sluggish response with long tube length
! Effect of differences between tube air temperature airway air temperature if any.
2. Altimeter Surverys
These give indirect readings which have to be calibrated for differences in:
! elevation
! atmospheric pressure changes
! air density between measuring points
To reduce readings to a common base from which pressure loss between two points can be
obtained.
Advantages of Method:
! No cumbersome hoses.
Disadvantages:
! Data collection needed for elevation, velocity and temperature as well as altitude
readings.
! Cumbersome calculations, use of computer programs assists here.
! Expense of instruments and necessary care needed.
! Calibration of altimeters needed regularly as readings will wander over time.
! Errors from procedure, particularly not allowed sufficient time for instrument to
respond at new station.
2.8.2. Airflow Surveys
The important consideration here is that the correct instrumentation and approaches are
used. As quantities cannot be measured directly, readings for air velocity and cross
sectional area are needed.
The two most commonly used instruments are:
! The Pitot tube and manometer for ducting flow measurement.
! The vane anemometer for mine airway measurement
2.8.2.1. Accuracy of Vane Anemometer Readings
Errors in air velocity results from systematic and methodological causes.
1. Systematic Errors
! Bearing wear or mechanical changes in vanes or gears ball bearing models

should be employed. Factory recalibration every 12 months or before major air
survey usage. Check that vanes have not been disturbed.
! Air flow pulsations. Inertia in mechanism does not allow instantaneous changes
of air pocket velocity to be recorded. Traversing in non streamlined flow will
accentuate this.
! Airflow distorted to one side of open traverse readings will be biased, not giving
average reading. Centre readings and centre correction factor will be in error.
! Density. Normally not applied if density plus on minus 5 percent standard.
2. Methodological Errors
! Effects of yaw. Occurs where instrument not held normal to airflow.
! Instrument traverse velocity. Instrument travel speed should be less than 10

percent of air velocity.
! Stop/start errors can be significant if traverse time short (less than 30 s).
! Body distortion. Instrument should be held on a rod as for away from body as
possible.
2.9. References
Burrows, J. Environmental Engineering in South African Mines, Mine Ventilation Society

of South Africa, 1982 155-210.
Daly, B.B. Woods Practical Guide to Fan Engineering. Woods of Colchester Ltd, 1978.
Wallis, R.A. Axial Flow Fans and Ducts. John Wiley, 1983.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
FM10 This bench-top unit employs transparent inlet and outlet
CENTRIFUGAL FAN ducting to permit visual observation of the measurement
system and the impeller in operation. An adjustable
DEMONSTRATION UNIT aperture device permits variation of the air flow rate,
The centrifugal fan is a radial which is monitored by an orifice plate.
flow machine which produces the The fan is single stage, and is driven by a 120W output
necessary pressure to move gas ac induction motor. Maximum pressure is 0.7kPa, and
by the centrifugal force built up maximum flow 0.1m3/S (at 50Hz).
inside the fan casing. Interchangeable backward and forward curved blade
The design of the fan blade has a impellers are provided, to facilitate direct comparison
primary influence on between their respective operating characteristics and to
performance. demonstrate to which duties each is best suited.
These types of fans are usually
Measurement sensors are included in the supply.
employed for ventilating duties
They monitor:
requiring a somewhat higher
➤ pressure head developed across the fan
delivery pressure than that
available from axial fans. ➤ ∆ P across the orifice (hence flow rate)
➤ temperature at the inlet
➤ rotational speed of the impeller
Program disks are included in the supply of this Unit.
INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITIES ESSENTIAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIES
➤ Measurement of inherent-speed machine IFD4 Interface Device
performance in terms of static and total SWA1 Integrating Wattmeter
pressures, rotor speed and motor input power,
as a function of inlet flow
OVERALL DIMENSIONS
➤ Measurement of overall efficiency and
Height: 945mm
estimation of impeller power efficiency
Length: 850mm
➤ Measurement of performance at constant Width: 450mm
speeds
➤ Introduction to similarity laws for scale-up
SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS
➤ Comparison of student calculations with
computer results Gross Weight: 35Kg
Volume: 0.60m 3
ORDERING SPECIFICATION
A small-scale centrifugal fan
demonstration unit, equipped with
electronic measurement sensors capable
of being linked to a proprietary
microcomputer via an appropriate
interface console and power
measurement unit (available as essential
accessories).
The bench-top machine is self-contained.
Features include:
➤ interchangeable backward and
forward curved blade impellers
➤ adjustable aperture device for
varying the air flow rate
➤ transparent ducting and fan cover
Windows software is supplied with the
equipment providing full instructions for
setting up, operating, calibrating and
performing the teaching exercises.
Facilities are provided for logging,
processing and displaying data
graphically. Full theoretical back-up is
included together with a student
questions and answers session.
DaimlerChrysler Construction Standards
AAME Building Group 04/03/01
SECTION 15838 - POWER VENTILATORS
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1 SUMMARY
A. This Section includes the following:

1. Utility set fans.
2. Centrifugal roof ventilators.
3. Axial roof ventilators.
4. Upblast propeller roof exhaust fans.
5. Centrifugal wall ventilators.
6. Ceiling-mounting ventilators.
7. In-line centrifugal fans.
8. Propeller fans.
1.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
A. Project Altitude: Base air ratings on actual site elevations.
B. Operating Limits: Classify according to AMCA 99.
1.3 SUBMITTALS
A. Product Data: Include rated capacities, furnished specialties, and accessories for each type of
product indicated and include the following:
1. Certified fan performance curves with system operating conditions indicated.
2. Certified fan sound-power ratings.
3. Motor ratings and electrical characteristics, plus motor and electrical accessories.
4. Material gages and finishes, including color charts.
5. Dampers, including housings, linkages, and operators.
B. Shop Drawings: Detail equipment assemblies and indicate dimensions, weights, loads, required
clearances, method of field assembly, components, and location and size of each field
connection.
1. Wiring Diagrams: Power, signal, and control wiring. Differentiate between manufacturer-
installed and field-installed wiring.
2. Design Calculations: Calculate requirements for selecting vibration isolators and seismic
restraints and for designing vibration isolation bases.
3. Vibration Isolation Base Details: Detail fabrication, including anchorages and attachments
to structure and to supported equipment. Include auxiliary motor slides and rails, and base
weights.
C. Maintenance Data: For power ventilators to include in maintenance manuals.
1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Electrical Components, Devices, and Accessories: Listed and labeled as defined in NFPA 70,
Article 100, by a testing agency acceptable to authorities having jurisdiction, and marked for
intended use.
B. AMCA Compliance: Products shall comply with performance requirements and shall be licensed
to use the AMCA-Certified Ratings Seal.
POWER VENTILATORS 15838 - 1 of 11

C. NEMA Compliance: Motors and electrical accessories shall comply with NEMA standards.
D. UL Standard: Power ventilators shall comply with UL 705.
1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
A. Deliver fans as factory-assembled unit, to the extent allowable by shipping limitations, with
protective crating and covering.
B. Disassemble and reassemble units, as required for moving to final location, according to
manufacturer's written instructions.
C. Lift and support units with manufacturer's designated lifting or supporting points.
1.6 COORDINATION
A. Coordinate size and location of structural-steel support members.
B. Coordinate installation of roof curbs, equipment supports, and roof penetrations. These items are
specified in Division 7 Section "Roof Accessories."
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1 MANUFACTURERS
A. Manufacturers: Unless otherwise directed by the Owner, provide products by one of the following:
1. Utility Set Fans:
a. Aerovent; a Twin City Fan Company.
b. Ammerman Company, Inc./General Resource Corp.
c. Bayley Fans, Lau Commercial Industrial Fans/Lau Industries.
d. Breidert Air Products, Inc.
e. Carnes Company HVAC.
f. Cook, Loren Company.
g. Greenheck Fan Corp.
h. Hartzell Fan, Inc.
i. ILG Industries, Inc./American Coolair Corp.
j. Industrial Air Division, Lau Commercial Industrial Fans/Lau Industries.
k. JennFan; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
l. Madison Manufacturing/Peerless-Winsmith, Inc.
m. New York Blower Company (The).
n. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
o. Trane Co. (The).
2. Centrifugal Roof Ventilators:
a. Acme Engineering & Mfg. Corp.
b. Aerovent; a Twin City Fan Company.
c. Ammerman Company, Inc./General Resource Corp.
f. Central Blower Co.
g. Cook, Loren Company.
h. Greenheck Fan Corp.
i. Hartzell Fan, Inc.
j. ILG Industries, Inc./American Coolair Corp.

l. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.

3. Axial Roof Ventilators:
d. Bayley Fans, Lau Commercial Industrial Fans/Lau Industries.
e. Breidert Air Products, Inc.
f. Carnes Company HVAC.
k. Industrial Air Division, Lau Commercial Industrial Fans/Lau Industries.
l. JennFan; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
m. New York Blower Company (The).
n. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
o. Stanley Fans; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
4. Upblast Propeller Roof Exhaust Fans:
j. Industrial Air Division, Lau Commercial Industrial Fans/Lau Industries.
l. New York Blower Company (The).
m. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
n. Stanley Fans; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
5. Centrifugal Wall Ventilators:
j. JennFan; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
k. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
6. Ceiling-Mounting Ventilators:
a. Ammerman Company, Inc./General Resource Corp.
b. Breidert Air Products, Inc.
c. Broan Mfg. Co., Inc.
d. Carnes Company HVAC.
e. Cook, Loren Company.
f. Greenheck Fan Corp.
g. ILG Industries, Inc./American Coolair Corp.
h. JennFan; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
i. NuTone Inc.

j. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.

7. In-Line Centrifugal Fans:
b. Ammerman Company, Inc./General Resource Corp.
c. Barry Blower Div./Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
f. Carnes Company HVAC.
l. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
8. Propeller Fans:
f. Buffalo Forge Co./Howden Fan Co.
g. Carnes Company HVAC.
h. Chicago Blower Corp.
i. Cincinnati Fan & Ventilator Co.
j. Cook, Loren Company.
k. Hartzell Fan, Inc.
l. ILG Industries, Inc./American Coolair Corp.
m. Industrial Air Division, Lau Commercial Industrial Fans/Lau Industries.
n. JennFan; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
o. King Co. (The)/King Air Systems.
p. Madison Manufacturing/Peerless-Winsmith, Inc.
q. New York Blower Company (The).
r. Penn Ventilation Companies, Inc.
s. Stanley Fans; Div. of Breidert Air Products, Inc.
2.2 UTILITY SET FANS
A. Description: Belt-driven centrifugal fans consisting of housing, wheel, fan shaft, bearings, motor
and disconnect switch, drive assembly, and accessories.
B. Housing: Fabricated of galvanized steel with side sheets fastened with a deep lock seam or
welded to scroll sheets.
1. Housing Discharge Arrangement: Adjustable to eight standard positions.
C. Fan Wheels: Single-width, single inlet; welded to cast-iron or cast-steel hub and spun-steel inlet
cone, with hub keyed to shaft.
1. Blade Materials: Steel or Aluminum, as scheduled.
2. Blade Type: Backward inclinedor Forward curved, as scheduled.
3. Spark-Resistant Construction: AMCA 99.
D. Fan Shaft: Turned, ground, and polished steel; keyed to wheel hub.
E. Shaft Bearings: Prelubricated and sealed, self-aligning, pillow-block-type ball bearings with
ABMA 9, L50 of 200,000 hours.

F. Belt Drives: Factory mounted, with final alignment and belt adjustment made after installation.
1. Service Factor Based on Fan Motor: 1.5.
2. Motor Pulleys: Adjustable pitch for use with motors through 5 hp; fixed pitch for use with
motors larger than 5 hp. Select pulley so pitch adjustment is at the middle of adjustment
range at fan design conditions.
3. Belts: Oil resistant, nonsparking, and nonstatic; matched sets for multiple belt drives.
4. Belt Guards: Fabricate of steel for motors mounted on outside of fan cabinet.
G. Accessories:
1. Per schedule on drawings.
2. Backdraft Dampers: Gravity actuated with counterweight and interlocking aluminum blades
and felt edges in steel frame installed on fan discharge.
3. Access Doors: Gasketed doors with latch-type handles.
4. Scroll Dampers: Single-blade damper installed at fan scroll top with adjustable linkage.
5. Inlet Screens: Removable wire mesh.
6. Drain Connections: NPS 3/4threaded coupling drain connection installed at lowest point of
housing.
7. Weather Hoods: Weather resistant with stamped vents over motor and drive compartment.
2.3 CENTRIFUGAL ROOF VENTILATORS
A. Description: Belt-driven or direct-driven centrifugal fans consisting of housing, wheel, fan shaft,
bearings, motor and disconnect switch, drive assembly, curb base, and accessories.
B. Housing: Removable, spun-aluminum, dome top and outlet baffle, one-piece, aluminum base with
venturi inlet cone.
1. Upblast Units: Provide spun-aluminum discharge baffle to direct discharge air upward, with
rain and snow drains and grease collector.
C. Fan Wheels: Aluminum hub and wheel with backward-inclined blades.
D. Belt-Driven Drive Assembly: Resiliently mounted to housing, with the following features:
1. Fan Shaft: Turned, ground, and polished steel; keyed to wheel hub.
2. Shaft Bearings: Permanently lubricated, permanently sealed, self-aligning ball bearings.
3. Pulleys: Cast-iron, adjustable-pitch motor pulley.
4. Fan and motor isolated from exhaust airstream.
E. Accessories:
1. As scheduled on drawings.
2. Variable-Speed Controller: Solid-state control to reduce speed from 100 percent to less
than 50 percent.
3. Disconnect Switch: Nonfusible type, with thermal-overload protection mounted inside fan
housing, factory wired through an internal aluminum conduit.
4. Bird Screens: Removable, 1/2-inch mesh, aluminum or brass wire.
5. Dampers: Counterbalanced, parallel-blade, backdraft dampers mounted in curb base;
factory set to close when fan stops.
6. Motorized Dampers: Parallel-blade dampers mounted in curb base with electric actuator;
wired to close when fan stops.
F. Roof Curbs: Galvanized steel; mitered and welded corners; 1-1/2-inch-thick, rigid, fiberglass
insulation adhered to inside walls; and 1-1/2-inchwood nailer. Size as required to suit roof opening
and fan base.
1. Configuration: Built-in cant and mounting flange.
2. Overall Height: 12 inches, except 16 inches for upblast kitchen exhaust fans.

3. Pitch Mounting: Manufacture curb for roof slope.

4. Metal Liner: Galvanized steel.
2.4 AXIAL ROOF VENTILATORS
A. Description: Belt-driven or direct-driven axial fans consisting of housing, wheel, fan shaft,
bearings, motor and disconnect switch, drive assembly, curb base, and accessories.
B. Housing: Heavy-gage, removable, spun-aluminum, dome top and outlet baffle; square, one-piece,
hinged, aluminum base.
C. Fan Wheel: Steel hub and blades.
E. Accessories:
1. As scheduled on drawings.
3. Bird Screens: Removable, 1/2-inchmesh, aluminum or brass wire.
4. Dampers: Counterbalanced, parallel-blade, backdraft dampers mounted in curb base;
F. Roof Curbs: Galvanized steel; mitered and welded corners; 1-1/2-inch-thick, rigid, fiberglass
and fan base.
2. Overall Height: 12 inches
4. Metal Liner: Galvanized steel.
2.5 UPBLAST PROPELLER ROOF EXHAUST FANS
A. Description: Belt-driven or direct-driven propeller fans consisting of housing, wheel, butterfly-type

discharge damper, fan shaft, bearings, motor and disconnect switch, drive assembly, curb base,
and accessories.
B. Wind Band, Fan Housing, and Base: Reinforced and braced galvanized steel, containing
galvanized steel butterfly dampers and rain trough, motor and drive assembly, and fan wheel.
1. Damper Rods: Steel with bronze bearings.
C. Fan Wheel: Replaceable, cast-aluminum, airfoil blades fastened to cast-aluminum hub; factory
set pitch angle of blades.
D. Belt-Driven Drive Assembly: Resiliently mounted to housing; weatherproof housing of same

material as fan housing with the following features:
2. Shaft Bearings: Prelubricated and sealed, self-aligning, pillow-block-type ball bearings.

4. Motor Mount: On outside of fan cabinet, adjustable base for belt tensioning.
E. Roof Curbs: Galvanized steel; mitered and welded corners; 1-1/2-inch-thick, rigid, fiberglass
and fan base.

2. Overall Height:12 inches
2.6 CENTRIFUGAL WALL VENTILATORS
A. Description: Belt-driven or direct-driven centrifugal fans consisting of housing, wheel, fan shaft,
bearings, motor and disconnect switch, drive assembly, and accessories.
B. Housing: Heavy-gage, removable, spun-aluminum, dome top and outlet baffle; venturi inlet cone.
C. Fan Wheel: Aluminum hub and wheel with backward-inclined blades.
4. Fan and motor isolated from exhaust airstream.
E. Accessories:
1. See schedule on drawings.
than 50 percent.
housing, factory wired through internal aluminum conduit.
4. Bird Screens: Removable, 1/2-inchmesh, aluminum or brass wire.
5. Wall Grille: Ring type for flush mounting.
6. Dampers: Counterbalanced, parallel-blade, backdraft dampers mounted in wall sleeve;
2.7 CEILING-MOUNTING VENTILATORS
A. Description: Centrifugal fans designed for installing in ceiling or wall or for concealed in-line
applications.
B. Housing: Steel, lined with acoustical insulation.
C. Fan Wheel: Centrifugal wheels directly mounted on motor shaft. Fan shrouds, motor, and fan
wheel shall be removable for service.
D. Grille: Plastic, louvered grille with flange on intake and thumbscrew attachment to fan housing.
E. Electrical Requirements: Junction box for electrical connection on housing and receptacle for
motor plug-in.
F. Accessories:


than 50 percent.
3. Manual Starter Switch: Single-pole rocker switch assembly with cover and pilot light.
4. Time-Delay Switch: Assembly with single-pole rocker switch, timer, and cover plate.
5. Motion Sensor: Motion detector with adjustable shutoff timer.
6. Filter: Washable aluminum to fit between fan and grille.
7. Isolation: Rubber-in-shear vibration isolators.
8. Manufacturer's standard roof jack or wall cap, and transition fittings.
2.8 IN-LINE CENTRIFUGAL FANS
A. Description: In-line, belt-driven centrifugal fans consisting of housing, wheel, outlet guide vanes,
fan shaft, bearings, motor and disconnect switch, drive assembly, mounting brackets, and
accessories.
B. Housing: Split, spun aluminum with aluminum straightening vanes, inlet and outlet flanges, and
support bracket adaptable to floor, side wall, or ceiling mounting.
C. Direct-Driven Units: Motor encased in housing outside of airstream, factory wired to disconnect
switch located on outside of fan housing.
D. Belt-Driven Units: Motor mounted on adjustable base, with adjustable sheaves, enclosure around
belts within fan housing, and lubricating tubes from fan bearings extended to outside of fan
housing.
E. Fan Wheels: Aluminum, airfoil blades welded to aluminum hub.
F. Accessories:
2. Volume-Control Damper: Manually operated with quadrant lock, located in fan outlet.
3. Companion Flanges: For inlet and outlet duct connections.
4. Fan Guards: 1/2- by 1-inchmesh of galvanized steel in removable frame. Provide guard for
inlet or outlet for units not connected to ductwork.
5. Motor and Drive Cover (Belt Guard): Epoxy-coated steel.
2.9 PROPELLER FANS
A. Description: Belt-driven or direct-driven propeller fans consisting of fan blades, hub, housing,
orifice ring, motor, drive assembly, and accessories.
B. Housing: Galvanized steel sheet with flanged edges and integral orifice ring with baked-enamel
finish coat applied after assembly.
C. Steel Fan Wheels: Formed-steel blades riveted to heavy-gage steel spider bolted to cast-iron
hub.
D. Fan Wheel: Replaceable, cast-aluminum, airfoil blades fastened to cast-aluminum hub; factory
set pitch angle of blades.
E. Belt-Driven Drive Assembly: Resiliently mounted to housing, statically and dynamically balanced
and selected for continuous operation at maximum rated fan speed and motor horsepower, with
final alignment and belt adjustment made after installation.
1. Service Factor Based on Fan Motor: 1.4.

a. Ball-Bearing Rating Life: ABMA 9, L10 of 100,000 hours.
4. Pulleys: Cast iron with split, tapered bushing; dynamically balanced at factory.
5. Motor Pulleys: Adjustable pitch for use with motors through 5 hp; fixed pitch for use with
motors larger than 5 hp. Select pulley so pitch adjustment is at the middle of adjustment
range at fan design conditions.
6. Belts: Oil resistant, nonsparking, and nonstatic; matched sets for multiple belt drives.
7. Belt Guards: Fabricate of steel for motors mounted on outside of fan cabinet.
F. Accessories:
2. Gravity Shutters: Aluminum blades in aluminum frame; interlocked blades with nylon
bearings.
3. Motor-Side Back Guard: Galvanized steel, complying with OSHA specifications, removable
for maintenance.
4. Wall Sleeve: Galvanized steel to match fan and accessory size.
5. Weathershield Hood: Galvanized steel to match fan and accessory size.
6. Weathershield Front Guard: Galvanized steel with expanded metal screen.
than 50 percent.
2.10 MOTORS
A. Refer to Division 15 Section "Motors" for general requirements for factory-installed motors.
B. Motor Construction: NEMA MG 1, general purpose, continuous duty, Design B.
C. Enclosure Type: Open dripproof.
2.11 SOURCE QUALITY CONTROL
A. Sound-Power Level Ratings: Comply with AMCA 301, "Methods for Calculating Fan Sound
Ratings from Laboratory Test Data." Factory test fans according to AMCA 300, "Reverberant
Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans." Label fans with the AMCA-Certified Ratings Seal.
B. Fan Performance Ratings: Establish flow rate, pressure, power, air density, speed of rotation, and
efficiency by factory tests and ratings according to AMCA 210, "Laboratory Methods of Testing
Fans for Rating."
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1 INSTALLATION
A. Install power ventilators level and plumb.
B. Secure roof-mounting fans to roof curbs with cadmium-plated hardware. Refer to Division 7
Section "Roof Accessories" for installation of roof curbs.
C. Ceiling Units: Suspend units from structure; use steel wire or metal straps.
D. Support suspended units from structure using threaded steel rods and spring hangers.

E. Install units with clearances for service and maintenance.
3.2 CONNECTIONS
A. Duct installation and connection requirements are specified in other Division 15 Sections.
Drawings indicate general arrangement of ducts and duct accessories. Make final duct
connections with flexible connectors. Flexible connectors are specified in Division 15 Section
"Duct Accessories."
B. Install ducts adjacent to power ventilators to allow service and maintenance.
C. Ground equipment.
D. Tighten electrical connectors and terminals according to manufacturer's published torque-

tightening values. If manufacturer's torque values are not indicated, use those specified in
UL 486A and UL 486B.
3.3 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. Equipment Startup Checks:

1. Verify that shipping, blocking, and bracing are removed.
2. Verify that unit is secure on mountings and supporting devices and that connections to
ducts and electrical components are complete. Verify that proper thermal-overload
protection is installed in motors, starters, and disconnect switches.
3. Verify that cleaning and adjusting are complete.
4. Disconnect fan drive from motor, verify proper motor rotation direction, and verify fan wheel
free rotation and smooth bearing operation. Reconnect fan drive system, align and adjust
belts, and install belt guards.
5. Verify lubrication for bearings and other moving parts.
6. Verify that manual and automatic volume control and fire and smoke dampers in connected
ductwork systems are in fully open position.
7. Disable automatic temperature-control operators.
B. Starting Procedures:
1. Energize motor and adjust fan to indicated rpm.
2. Measure and record motor voltage and amperage.
C. Operational Test: After electrical circuitry has been energized, start units to confirm proper motor
rotation and unit operation. Remove malfunctioning units, replace with new units, and retest.
D. Test and adjust controls and safeties. Replace damaged and malfunctioning controls and
equipment.
E. Shut unit down and reconnect automatic temperature-control operators.
F. Refer to Division 15 Section "Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing" for testing, adjusting, and
balancing procedures.
G. Replace fan and motor pulleys as required to achieve design airflow.
H. Repair or replace malfunctioning units. Retest as specified above after repairs or replacements
are made.

3.4 ADJUSTING
A. Adjust damper linkages for proper damper operation.
B. Adjust belt tension.
C. Lubricate bearings.
3.5 CLEANING
A. On completion of installation, internally clean fans according to manufacturer's written

instructions. Remove foreign material and construction debris. Vacuum fan wheel and cabinet.
B. After completing system installation, including outlet fitting and devices, inspect exposed finish.
Remove burrs, dirt, and construction debris and repair damaged finishes.
END OF SECTION

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Fans and Network Surveys 2.

2. FANS AND NETWORK SURVEYS

2.1. Fan Power

Power developed by a fan (air power)

This is total power output.

Reconvertable or usable power is

Input power is power applied to fan rotating shaft.

Total Air Power

2.2. Fan Laws

i.e. twice the volume requires development of 4 times pressure.

i.e. twice the volume requires 8 times the power.

2.3. Fan Characteristic Curves

Theoretical total head

Actual static Leakage

Figure 2.1 Fan Characteristic Curves

2.4. Design of Mine Fans

2.4.1. Centrifugal Fans

Two forces are at work as blade rotates

Figure 2.2 The Forces Work on a Fan Blade

Over an increment of time ∆t

Resultant air velocity direction.

Figure 2.3 Centrifugal Fan

Figure 2.4 Forces Acting on Different Fan Curvatures

2.4.2. Axial Fans

Axial fans consist of a number of features.

Theoretical head imparted by axial fan.

H = mVt (V1 - V2)

2.5. Fan Characteristic Curves

With centrifugal fan characteristic curves, it should be noted.

! Power consumption steepens for high volume outlet. Sudden resistance,

! Backward blades have a power consumption characteristic at high volumes

2.6. The System Characteristic

Figure 2.6 Fan Characteristic Curve and System Characteristic

2.7. Natural Ventilation Pressure

In mines most NVP results from

! Difference in air temperature inside and outside the mine

! Difference in elevation between air openings.

Press Head = 7.5 Pa / 6°C / 30 m

Temperature difference = difference between air columns

Fan (static pressure) + NVP + Velocity Pressure = Total Pressure.

2.8. Mine Network Surveys

2.8.1. Mine Pressure Surveys

These are undertaken to gain an understanding of mine characteristics in total and in

Pressure data is required:

! To enable modification and expansion of ventilation circuits to be planned.

! cage/skip shaft movement, track car movement

! falling water in upcast shafts

! opening of mine doors

! leakage through over passes

! fan fluctuations particularly if near stall region

! changes in NVP and abrupt climatic changes in general

2.8.1.1. Survey Methods

1. Trailing Hose Method

! Difficulty of installing long tubing lengths

! Cumbersome calculations, use of computer programs assists here.

! Expense of instruments and necessary care needed.

! Calibration of altimeters needed regularly as readings will wander over time.

2.8.2. Airflow Surveys

The two most commonly used instruments are: