Tutorial 5

General Chemistry I
Tutorial 5:
Chemical bonding, Molecular geometry and Bonding theories (I)
1. Using the above Table 8.4, estimate ∆H for each of the following gas- phase
reactions (note that lone pairs on atoms are not shown) and comment on obtained
results:
1
2. Ammonia is produced directly from N2 and H2 by using the Haber process, which
is perhaps the most widely used industrial chemical reaction on Earth. The chemical
reaction is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
(a) Using the above Table 8.4 to estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction. Is it
exothermic or endothermic?
(b) To increase the NH3 production yield, how could we process?
3. Given the following bond-dissociation energies, calculate the average bond

enthalpy for the Ti ¬ Cl bond.
2
4. (a) Using average bond enthalpies, predict which of the following reactions will be
most exothermic:
(b) Make a graph that plots the reaction enthalpy you calculated on the vertical axis
versus oxidation state of carbon on the horizontal axis. Draw the best-fit line through
your data points. Is the slope of this line negative or positive? Does this mean that as
the oxidation state of the carbon increases, the reaction with elemental fluorine
becomes more or less exothermic?
(c) Predict the reaction enthalpy for the reaction of carbon- ate ion with fluorine from
your graph, and compare to what you predict using average bond enthalpies.
5. A common form of the elemental phosphorus is the tetrahedral P4 molecule, where

all four P atoms are equivalent:
At room temperature, P is a solid.
(a) Are there any lone pairs of electrons in the P4 molecule?

(b) How many P-P bonds are there in the molecule?
(c) Draw a Lewis structure of a linear P4 molecule that satisfies the octet rule. Does
this molecule have resonance structures?
(d) On the basis of formal charges, which is more stable, the linear molecule or the
tetrahedral molecule?
3
6. The reaction P4(g)  2P2(g) has ΔH = 217 KJ/mol.
If the bond energy of a single P-P bond is 200 kJ/mol, calculate the bond energy of
the PP bond.
Compare the value you obtain with the bond energy in N2 (946 kJ/mol), and suggest
an explanation for the difference in bond energies in P2 and N2.
7. The I3- is linear but I3+ is bent. Explain?
8. I2+ exists in equilibrium with its dimer I42+ in solution. I2+ is paramagnetic and the
dimer is diamagnetic. Crystal structures of compounds containing I42+ have shown
this ion to be planar and rectangular, with two short I-I distance (258 nm) and two
longer distance (326 nm)
a) Using molecular orbitals, propose an explanation for the interaction between two
I2+ units to form I42+.
b) Which form is favored at high temperature? Why?
9. The following plot shows the potential energy of two Cl atoms as a function of the
distance between them.
(a) To what does an energy of zero correspond in this diagram?
(b) According to the valence-bond model, why does the energy decrease as the Cl
atoms move from a large separation to a smaller one?
(c) What is the significance of the Cl ¬ Cl distance at the minimum point in the plot?
4
(d) Why does the energy rise at Cl ¬ Cl distances less than that at the minimum point
in the plot?
(e) How can you estimate the bond strength of the Cl ¬ Cl bond from the plot?
10. In the hydrocarbon
(a) What is the hybridization at each carbon atom in the molecule?
(b) How many s bonds are there in the molecule?
(c) How many p bonds?
(d) Identify all the 120° bond angles in the molecule.
11. The molecule shown below is called furan. It is represented in typical shorthand
way for organic molecules, with hydrogen atoms not shown.
(a) What is the molecular formula for furan?
(b) How many valence electrons are there in the molecule?
(c) What is the hybridization at each of the carbon atoms?
(d) How many electrons are in the p system of the molecule?
(e) The C¬C¬C bond angles in furan are much smaller than those in benzene. The
likely reason is which of the following: (i) The hybridization of the carbon atoms in
furan is different from that in benzene, (ii) Furan does not have another resonance
structure equivalent to the one above, or (iii) The atoms in a five-membered ring are
forced to adopt smaller angles than in a six-membered ring.
(f) Perform the same with Thiophene and pyridine.

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General Chemistry I

Chemical bonding, Molecular geometry and Bonding theories (I)

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

3. Given the following bond-dissociation energies, calculate the average bond

5. A common form of the elemental phosphorus is the tetrahedral P4 molecule, where

At room temperature, P is a solid.

(a) Are there any lone pairs of electrons in the P4 molecule?

7. The I3- is linear but I3+ is bent. Explain?

b) Which form is favored at high temperature? Why?

(a) To what does an energy of zero correspond in this diagram?

10. In the hydrocarbon

(a) What is the hybridization at each carbon atom in the molecule?

(b) How many s bonds are there in the molecule?

(c) How many p bonds?

(d) Identify all the 120° bond angles in the molecule.

(a) What is the molecular formula for furan?

(b) How many valence electrons are there in the molecule?

(c) What is the hybridization at each of the carbon atoms?

(d) How many electrons are in the p system of the molecule?

(f) Perform the same with Thiophene and pyridine.

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