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    2C Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials

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    2C Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials

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    2C Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials

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    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No.

    ENR116 Engineering Materials

    Module 1 Introduction to Materials

    Dr Andrew Michelmore
    Unit Tutor
    School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 2

    Copyright Notice
    Do not remove this notice.

    COMMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
    Copyright Regulations 1969

    WARNING
    This material has been produced and communicated to you by or on
    behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the
    Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

    The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under


    the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by
    you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act.

    Do not remove this notice.


    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 3

    Crystalline and non-crystalline


    materials
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 4

    Intended Learning Outcomes

    At the end of this section, students will be able


    to:-

    • Describe the differences between crystalline and non-


    crystalline materials.

    • Describe some of the important material properties


    dependent on crystallinity.

    • Define diffraction and describe how this phenomena is


    used to determine crystal structures.
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 5

    Polycrystalline Materials
    Most materials are not a single crystal.
    They are polycrystalline - composed of
    many small single crystal.
    Formation of a polycrystalline material:

    (a) crystallite nuclei (b) Growth of grains

    (c) Solidification of (d) Dark lines are


    irregular shaped grain boundaries
    Adapted from Fig. 3.18, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
    grains
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 6

    Single vs. Polycrystals


    Single Crystals: E (diagonal) = 273 GPa
    Properties vary with direction: anisotropic

    Example: the modulus of elasticity (E) in


    BCC iron

    Polycrystals: E (edge) = 125 GPa


    Properties may/may not vary with
    direction. Adapted from Fig.
    4.14(b), Callister 7e.
    (Fig. 4.14(b) is courtesy
    If grains are randomly oriented: of L.C. Smith and C.
    Brady, the National
    isotropic Bureau of Standards,
    Washington, DC [now
    the National Institute of
    If grains are textured, anisotropic Standards and
    Technology,
    Gaithersburg, MD].)
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 7

    The diffraction phenomenon

    Constructive
    interference

    Fig. 3.19, Callister &


    Rethwisch 8e.

    Destructive
    interference
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 8

    X-Rays to determine
    crystal structure
    Incoming X-rays diffract from crystal planes.
    1
    2

    AA
    S T dhkl
    BB
    Q
    Fig. 3.20, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

    Measurement of critical angle, X-ray


    intensity n
    c, allows computation of d
    2 sin c
    (from
    planar spacing, d detector)

    c
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 9

    X-Ray diffraction pattern

    z z z
    c c c

    y y y
    a b a b a b
    x x x

    Fig. 3.22, Callister


    & Rethwisch 8e.

    Diffraction pattern for polycrystalline -iron (BCC)


    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 10

    Summary

    • Single crystals have atomic order extending over


    the entire specimen.

    • Almost all crystalline materials are polycrystalline


    with grain boundaries separating the individual
    crystals.
    • Non-crystalline materials exhibit only short-range
    ordering.
    ENR116 – Mod. 1- Slide No. 11

    Thank you

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