Basal Metabolic Rate

BASAL METABOLIC RATE
ABDUL-MALIK ABDUL-QADIR
CONTENTS
•INTRODUCTION
•DEFINATION- BMR
•MEASUREMENT OF BMR
•NORMAL VALUES OF BMR
•FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
INTRODUCTION
•Food serves as source of fuel for the body, ingested
food undergoes metabolism to yield energy required
for the vital activities of the body
•Humans consumes energy to meet the fuel demand of
three ongoing processes in the body
Basal metabolic rate
Specific dynamic action (SDA)
Physical activity
BMR
•Minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain life at
a complete physical and mental rest in post absorptive state is
known as basal metabolic rate.
•The whole-body metabolism during a time period of strict and
steady resting conditions which are defined by a combination of
physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium is known as
resting metabolic rate.
❖Several functions within the body occurs at basal condition such as
❑Working of the heart and other organs
❑Conduction of nerve impulses
❑Reabsorption by renal tubules
❑GI motility
❑Ion transport across membranes
MEASUREMENT OF BMR
•BMR is measured using the apparatus of Benedict
and Roth (close circuit device) or by Douglas bag
method (open circuit device)
•The subject should be awake, in post absorptive
state (the patient should not have taken anything
by mouth for the past 12hrs) and in comfortable
surrounding
BENEDEICT-ROTH METHOD
• The volume of oxygen consumed by the subject for
a period of 2-6 minutes under basal conditions is
determined (E)
• The standard calorific value of one litre of oxygen
consumed is 4.825
•Heat produced in 6 min = 4.825*E
•Heat produced in 1 hr = 4.825E*10
• Body surface area (A) = H0.725*W0.425*71.84
•H= height in centimeter square
•W= weight in Kg
THUMB RULE
• 1 kcal/kg/h for adult male
• 0.9 kcal/kg/h for adult female
Where 1kg =2.2 Ib
Therefore,
A woman has a body mass of 300Ib, calculate the basal metabolic rate
of a female/hr and BMR of a female/day
NORMAL BMR VALUES
• Adult man: 35-38 cal/sq.m/hr or

1600kcal/day
• Adult woman: 32-35 cal/sqm/hr or
1400kcal/day
• A BMR value between -15% and +20% is
considered normal
FACTORS AFFECTING BMR
• Surface area: directly proportional to surface
area
• Sex: men have marginally higher BMR (5%)
• Age: in infants and growing children BMR is
higher. In adults BMR decreases at the rate of 2%
per decade of life
• Physical activity: increase with regular exercise
• Hormones: thyroid hormones increase BMR.
Epinephrine, cortisol, sex hormones and growth
• Environment: BMR is higher in cold climates
compared to warm climates
• Starvation: during starvation a decrease in BMR
up to 50% has been reported
• Fever: fever increases BMR. 10% increase for
every 1⁰C rise in body temperature
• Disease status: BMR is elevated in infections,
leukemia, cardiac failure hypertension etc.
SIGNIFICANCE OF BMR
• BMR is important to calculate the caloric requirement
of an individual and planning of diets
• Assessment of thyroid function
• BMR is below normal in starvation, under nutrition,
Addison’s disease (adrenal glands not producing
sufficient hormones)
• BMR is above normal in fever, diabetes insipidus,
leukemia and polycythemia (blood cancer making
bone marrow produce too many red blood cells)
• The physiological fuel/energy value could be used to calculate the kcal in
food eg
Wheat bread contains 81kcal, where CHO=15g, fat=1g, protein=3g and
alcohol=0g where alcohol is 7kcal
▪ These values could also be used to determine the portion of total energy
intake that CHO, fat, protein and alcohol produce to the diet
Assuming in a day one consumes 283g of CHO, 60g of fat, 75g of protein and
9g of alcohol. This can sum up to give a total of 2035kcal.
The percentage of the total energy intake derived from each nutrient can be
determined i.e
% intake of e+ = (value in grams*nutrient value/total nutrient value)*100
SDA
•All foodstuffs, after being ingested, increase the
rate of heat production though the subject in a
basal state. This increased heat production due
to ingestion above the basal metabolic rate
(B.M.R) is known as Specific Dynamic Action
(S.D.A) or calorigenic action of foods. It can be
expressed as cost of metabolism of the various
food substances.
•The highest Specific Dynamic Action (S.D.A.) is
shown by protein and is about 30%, whereas
others, e.g., carbohydrate 6%, fat about
13-15%. By this it is meant that, if a quantity of
protein, carbohydrate or fat, each having
energy value of 100 calories, be given
separately to an animal (whose basal
metabolism is 100 cal) the actual heat
production will be 130,106 and 115 calories
respectively.
TEF
•This can be defined as the energy a body expends to
digest, absorb, transport, metabolize nutrient
consumed in diet.
•The thermic effect of food accounts for about 10% of
energy consumed/day, food consumption also affect
the TEF
•i.e
TEF= total cal consumed/day*10/100
If the cal consumed/day is 2000, what is the TEF?
•Heat output after ingestion of 11g of fat =113
kcal (11x9.1+13) not 100 kcal
•SDA for lipids : may be due to mobilization

,storage and more rapid oxidation of fat.
•Fats is the best source of energy due to its

lowering effect on SDA. However ,excessive
utilization of lipids leads to ketosis.
•Heat output after ingestion of 25g carbohydrate =105
kcal (25x4+5)not 100kcal.
•SDA forcarbohydrates : is attributed to the energy
expenditure for conversion of Glucose to
Glycogen.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SDA
• Additional
10% calories should be added to the total energy needs of the body
towards SDA for:
1. The extra heat liberated over and above the calorie value. It may be due to a
specific stimulating effect of food on metabolism.
2. Digestion, absorption , transport, metabolism of foods in the human body.
3. Consumption of certain amount of energy for utilisation of nutrients from
the body stores(e.g. glycogen, triacyl glycerol, protein) by the human body.
4. Synthesis of reserve materials such as glycogen , triacylglycerol , protein
etc. from small molecules available after digestion in the human body .
5. The activation energy needed for a chemical reaction and this activation
energy to be supplied initially. It is closely connected with the metabolic
functions of liver.
6.Higher SDA of proteins (30%) is due to extra energy utilization for
deamination , synthesis of urea , biosynthesis of proteins,
biosynthesis of Triacylglycerol (from carbon skeletons of amino
acids) , no absorption of proteins as such . Therefore ,it is not
good source of energy.
7. For conversion of Glucose to Glycogen and fatty

acids to Triacylglycerol for storage of energy.
8.Fats is the best source of energy due to its lowering

effect on SDA. However ,excessive utilization of lipids
leads to ketosis.

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BASAL METABOLIC RATE

• Adult man: 35-38 cal/sq.m/hr or

•SDA for lipids : may be due to mobilization

•Fats is the best source of energy due to its

7. For conversion of Glucose to Glycogen and fatty

8.Fats is the best source of energy due to its lowering

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