1.

Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn't
reject traditional forms entirely; her poem "Elegy for a Woman of No Importance" consists of
two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even in this superficially traditional
work, ______ Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman
rather than a famous man.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. in fact,
B. though,
C. therefore,
D. moreover,

2. Reforestation efforts, while undeniably valuable, often result in forests with limited biodiversity.
______ care should be taken to plant a wide variety of native flora in depleted woodlands.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. However,
B. Accordingly,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Furthermore,

3. The "Gordie Howe hat trick", an unofficial statistic in which a hockey player scores a goal,
records an assist, and gets in a fight all in the same game, is named after hockey great Gordie
Howe. ______ Howe only achieved this feat twice in his professional career, far fewer times
than many other players.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. However,
B. Therefore,
C. Afterwards,
D. As a result,

4. Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling
Iceland's more than 30 active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great
depths involved—nearly 3,000 km—mark Iceland's volcanoes as extreme outliers; ______ many
of Earth's volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets of magma found less than 15 km below the
surface.
 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. consequently,
B. in addition,
C. indeed,
D. nevertheless,

5. For years, biologists have experimented with using grime-eating bacteria rather than harsh
chemicals to clean artworks, and results have been impressive overall. ______ these bacterial
strains—which can metabolize centuries' worth of oil, glue, dirt, and other surface impurities
without creating harmful byproducts—have proven more effective than traditional chemical
cleaning methods.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Additionally,
B. In many cases,
C. As a result,
D. However,

6. Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon's coast are from a Spanish cargo ship
that was lost in 1697. Stories passed down among the area's Confederated Tribes of Siletz
Indians support this belief. ______ Siletz stories describe how blocks of beeswax, an item the
ship had been carrying, began washing ashore after the ship was lost.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. For this reason,

7. In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists.
______ there are those who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a
species' distribution, and those who insist that vicariance (separation due to geographic
barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartín counts herself among neither.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Furthermore,
B. By contrast,
 C. Similarly,
D. That is,

8. Wishcycling—putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins under the mistaken belief that
those items can be recycled—ultimately does more harm than good. Nonrecyclable items, such
as greasy pizza boxes, can contaminate recyclable materials, rendering entire batches unusable.
______ nonrecyclable products can damage recycling plants' machinery.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Moreover,
B. Fittingly,
C. Nevertheless,
D. On the contrary,

9. It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas
approximately 13,000 years ago. ______ based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in
Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have arrived more than 30,000
years ago—much earlier than previously thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. As a result,
B. Similarly,
C. However,
D. In conclusion,

10. A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity—the similarity of a sign to the
thing it represents—in language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a
sign, the more likely it was to have been learned. ______ the correlation between acquisition
and iconicity was lower than that between acquisition and another factor studied: sign
frequency.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In fact,
B. In other words,
C. Granted,
D. As a result,
11. Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in
which he was writing. In his poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and
peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism, ______ he employed humor and
satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. by contrast,
B. granted,
C. that is,
D. similarly,

12. O2 Arena, an award-winning science fiction story by Nigerian author Oghenechovwe Donald
Ekpeki, takes place in an alternate version of Nigeria where breathable air is a rare commodity
that is owned and sold by companies. ______ people must purchase it with currency called O2
credits.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Nevertheless,
B. In any case,
C. As a result,
D. Earlier,

13. When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo's evocative photo series, one's mind
might wander off to the cratered surfaces of faraway planets. ______ it's the series' title, Flying
Frying Pan, that brings one back to Earth, reminding the viewer that each photo is actually a
close-up view of a familiar household object: a frying pan.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Alternatively,
B. Consequently,
C. Ultimately,
D. Additionally,

14. Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by
the recipient of a letter rather than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to
pay promptly. ______ collecting this fee could be slow and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for,
undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.
 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Regardless,
B. On the contrary,
C. Consequently,
D. For example,

15. The number of dark spots that appear on the Sun, known as sunspots, can vary greatly. For
example, there were about 180 sunspots in November 2001. ______ there were only about 2
sunspots in December 2008.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In other words,
B. Similarly,
C. Therefore,
D. By comparison,