This document describes four main types of chemical reactions: synthesis (or direct combination) reactions, decomposition reactions, single replacement reactions, and double replacement (or metathesis) reactions. It provides examples of balancing chemical equations for each type of reaction and discusses factors that determine the direction a double replacement reaction will proceed. Solubility rules for common ionic compounds are also outlined to help predict whether double replacement reactions will form insoluble precipitates.
This document describes four main types of chemical reactions: synthesis (or direct combination) reactions, decomposition reactions, single replacement reactions, and double replacement (or metathesis) reactions. It provides examples of balancing chemical equations for each type of reaction and discusses factors that determine the direction a double replacement reaction will proceed. Solubility rules for common ionic compounds are also outlined to help predict whether double replacement reactions will form insoluble precipitates.
This document describes four main types of chemical reactions: synthesis (or direct combination) reactions, decomposition reactions, single replacement reactions, and double replacement (or metathesis) reactions. It provides examples of balancing chemical equations for each type of reaction and discusses factors that determine the direction a double replacement reaction will proceed. Solubility rules for common ionic compounds are also outlined to help predict whether double replacement reactions will form insoluble precipitates.
This document describes four main types of chemical reactions: synthesis (or direct combination) reactions, decomposition reactions, single replacement reactions, and double replacement (or metathesis) reactions. It provides examples of balancing chemical equations for each type of reaction and discusses factors that determine the direction a double replacement reaction will proceed. Solubility rules for common ionic compounds are also outlined to help predict whether double replacement reactions will form insoluble precipitates.
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Reaction Types
I. Synthesis (or Direct Combination) Reactions
1. In these reactions, two different molecules or atoms unite to form a single substance. 2. Write the correct formula on the right hand side of the arrow. Whenever a product is a gas, indicate this fact by placing an up arrow directly after the formula.
SO2 + O2 -------> SO3
3. Balance the equation by inspection, making sure that there is the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow.
2SO2 + O2 -------> 2SO3
Complete and balance the following equations:
1. SO2 + H2O ------->
2. S8 + O2 ----------> 3. Al + O2 ----------> 4. Fe + Cl2 ---------> 5. Al + N2 ----------> 6. Cu + Br2 ---------> 7. Zn + O2 ----------> 8. NO + O2 ----------> 9. As + Cl2 ---------> 10. N2 + H2 ---------> 11. Hg + O2 ----------> 12. C + O2 ---> 13. SO3 + H2O ---> 14. I2 + Cl2 ---> 15. Si + S8 ---> 16. K + Cl2 ---> 17. Sb + S8 ---> 18. Cu + O2 ---> 19. Cs + O2 ---> 20. Ag + O2 --->
II. Decomposition Reactions
1. In these reactions, a single substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances. (Reverse of direct combination reactions) 2. Write the correct formula for the decomposition products on the right hand side of the arrow. Denote all gaseous products with an up arrow.
KClO3 ----> KCl + O2
3. Balance the equation by inspection as in direct combination reactions.
1. In these reactions, afree element reacts with a compound to form another compound and release one of the elements of the original compound in the elemental state. 2.Write the correct formulae for the products formed on the right hand side of an up arrow
Na + H2O ---> NaOH + H2
3. Balance the equation by inspection as previous examples.
1. In these reaction, the reactants switch "partners"
2NaCl + H2SO4 -------> Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2. It is important that the formulae of the products be written correctly. If they are correct, balancing the equation by inspection is a simple task; if not, the equation will never balance. 3. In these reaction, there is never a change in oxidation state. 4. It is a simple task to write the equation, but, what is more important does the reaction takes place? For example :
Does a mixture of NaCl and H2SO4 react to give Na2SO4 and HCl, or rather, does a mixture of Na2SO4 and HCl react to give NaCl and H2SO4. If we go into the laboratory and mix NaCl and H2SO4 we find that HCl is formed. Obviously we cannot test every reaction before we write the equation, but fortunately, there are certain conditions under which a reaction goes to completion (i.e goes in one direction only). These are summarized below.
A reaction tends to go to completion if:
a. One of the product is a gas and is allowed to escape. b. An unionized substance such as H2O or NH3 is formed. c. An insoluble substances is formed.
The first two of these are obvious if we are able to recognize which substances are gases. The most common inorganic gases are H2, Cl2, O2, N2, H2S, HF, HCl, HBr, HI, CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, NH3, NO, N2O, NO2 and HCN.
The most difficult aspect of reactions of this type is the ability to recognize insoluble substances. In order to become adept at this it is necessary to know by memory the following solubility rules.
1. All nitrates and acetates are soluble.
2. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except those of Pb2+, Ag+, and Hg2+. 3. All sulfates are soluble except those of Ba2+, Sr2+, and Pb2+. CaSO4, Ag2SO4, and Hg2SO4 are slightly soluble. 4. All hydroxides are insoluble except those of group I in the periodic table, NH4+, and Ba2+. Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 are slightly soluble. 5. All carbonates and phosphates are insoluble except those of group I and NH4+. Many hydrogen phosphates are soluble. 6. All sulfides are insoluble except those of Group I and Group II in the periodic table and NH4+.
Complete and balance the following equations:
1. Indicate all gaseous products by an up arrow and all unionized or insoluble products by a down arrow. 2. If the reaction doesn't take place, indicate the reason.
