Design Concepts

ACTIVITY No.
1
CE 146 – Civil Engineering Project 2
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering w/ Specializations in:

(Degree Codes: Program- BSCE Plan – BSCE)
SMC - Course Syllabus
Name of Instructor: Engr. Rodrigo Tomaquin Templado
Educational Background:
MARCH ‘1984 - BSCE (SMC)
1998 - MPA (SMC)
1999 - MBA (SMC)
2003 - MA (SMC)
- Educational Management
- Educational Psychology
- Educational Guidance and Counselling
2006 - Ed. D. (CAR)[Educational Management] {SMC}}
- MSCE (structural) [12 Units] {MSU-IIT- Iligan City}
- MSCE (Geotechnical) [12 Units] {MSU-IIT- Iligan City}
- PCM (Crash Course) {CPU- Iloilo City}
Cellphone Numbers:
09459809532 - Globe
09462879245 – Smart
09154842322 – Globe
Course Description:
Implementation of a capstone project based on an approved proposal.
Number of Units for Lecture and Laboratory: 2 Units
Number of Units for lecture and laboratory: 1 Unit Lecture.
1 Unit Laboratory
Number of Contact Hours per week: 1 Hour Lecture
3 Hours Laboratory
Prerequisite: Civil Engineering Project 1
Course Outcomes:
After completing this course, the student must be able to:
1. Apply Design Concepts, Design Codes and Engineering Tools
learned in previous courses and work on a real-world capstone design project in a team
setting.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Compiled by: Engr. Rodrigo T. Templado for Classroom use only (June 1985)
This works can be reproduce by Students who are currently enrolled the subject “only for their classroom
activities and not for their intention to sell or for whatever profit purposes”.
2. Solve an engineering problem with technical or non-technical project constraints through the
actual engineering design process.
3. Collaborate with other students and function in a multidisciplinary group.
4. Develop and enhance interpersonal skills.
5, Develop and enhance ethical and professional responsibility.
6. Apply project management skills to finish the project according to schedule.
7. Practice effective communication skills through the preparation of a project proposal,
engineering reports and oral project presentation.
I
ndependent study, as needed (guided by the adviser);
1. Review of the objectives/aims of the CE Project Course.
2. Implementation of the approved Project Proposals:
2.1. Weekly progress meeting reports/consultations with adviser.
2.2. Independent study, as needed (guided by the adviser);
3. Design Project Mid-term Presentation.
4. Continuation of the implementation of the approved CE Project Proposals.
4.1. Weekly progress meeting reports/consultations with adviser.
4.2. Independent study, as needed (guided by the adviser);
5. Design Project Documentation.
6. Design Project Final Presentation and approval.
7. Submission of an Engineering Report (Project Documentation)
Laboratory Equipment: Depends on the topic chosen,
Computers
Suggested Reference Books:
• AASHTO - American Association ▪ DAO - Department
of State Highway and Administrative Order:
Issuances: DENR
Transportation Officials.
• RA 9275
• ASEP – Association of Structural
Engineers in the • RA 9003
• RA 8745
Philippines
• RA 6969
• NSCP - National Structural Code
of the Philippine Vol. 1, 2001 • RA 7160 - The Local Government Code
Edition. of 1991 – Philippines.
• ASTM – American Society of • RA 386 - The Civil Code of the

Testing of Materials. Philippines.
• ACI - American Concrete Institute • PD 1096 - The National Building Code of

the Philippines.
▪ ACI 318 Building Code
Requirements for • Pritchard, Harris & Rabins, Engineering
Reinforced Concrete. Ethics: Concepts and Cases.
• PICE - Philippines Institute of Civil

Engineering: Manual of Practice.
_____________________________________________________________________________
After completing this course, the student must be able to:
Apply Design Concepts, Design Codes and Engineering Tools learned in previous
courses and work on a real-world capstone design project in a team setting.
Design Concepts:
A design concept is the core idea driving the design of a product, explained via a collection of
sketches, images, and a written statement. This helps the designers and, later, the developers
stay on track throughout the creative process, ensuring they bring a product to market with value
to target users.
What are the five main design concepts?

The five basic concepts of interior design are Balance, Harmony, Rhythm, Proportion and Scale
and Focal Point.
There is more to good design than meets the eye. Behind every home inspiration image
that you pin for your dream home are design professionals who have studied and mastered not
just the creative arts but also the principles of interior design. The fundamentals of interior design
guide every step of the building process – whether it’s the big-picture decisions, such as the
placement on windows and doors in a room, or the selection of smaller, decorative elements,
like curtains or doorknobs. Afterall, a well-designed room is one where everything is in its right
place and there is an overall sense of ease, comfort and cohesiveness. We’ve put together a
cheat sheet on some of the most basic concepts of interior design.
The five basic concepts of interior design are Balance, Harmony, Rhythm, Proportion and Scale
and Focal Point.
1. Strike A Balance
When you start to think of any space as a blank canvas, you can apply the most basic concepts
of all art and design to interior design as well. It all starts with balance – balance is all about the
placement of every element in the room that defines the success of the overall design. Effective
design is all about making a conscious effort to balance the visual weight of all the elements in
the room so the overall design can build and sustain attractiveness and interest in the room.
Balance in design is similar to balance in everything else in life. Just take the example of a
seesaw and how it requires the two people of same weight on both sides to be fun, safe and
well-balanced. Similarly in interior design, everything is an effort to balance the visual weight of
all the elements in the room. Balance as an interior design concept can be applied to all the
physical objects like furniture, lighting and décor accents as well as balance of colours, textures
and patterns that are used in the room.
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As an interior design concept, there are 3 different kinds of balance that are used to design a
space:
• Symmetrical or formal balance
Symmetrical or formal balance is the most example, two sofas of the same size and
conventional and most frequently used kind shape in the same position, mirrored on
of balance in interior design. Symmetrical either side of a living room. It may be
balance is when objects are evenly conservative but it is still the most popular
distributed or repeated while taking the same way to design a space, although, too much
axis into account – think of it as dividing the symmetrical balance however can start to
room into two sides and then balancing overwhelm the space, feel rigid or even
everything on both sides evenly. For boring.
• Asymmetrical balance
Asymmetrical balance is an informal and are similar in size, shape and dimensions.
more modern approach in interior design. For example, placing two statement chairs or
Rather than using identical objects and loungers across the room from a three-
design to balance the room, the seater sofa, perhaps with a coffee table
asymmetrical approach is all about between them.
balancing the visual weight of objects that
• Radial balance
Radial balance is a lot more complicated and it’s more common in larger spaces. Objects are
balanced in a circular formation with one focal element such as a round chandelier or a circular
dining table in the center of the room with everything else in the room radiating from this
perceived center.
2. Design Towards a Harmonious Vision

Harmony or unity as an interior design concept is a big-picture approach to the design process.
It’s when you consider a space, such as a full room or an apartment as a one big whole rahter
than isolated structures. It is the overall unity between all the elements that make up a space –
it could be in terms of the style, the theme, the aesthetic, the mood and even the personality of
a space.
A colour scheme that binds all the objects in the room is a great way to understand the concept
of harmony. For instance, not everything in the room needs to be of the exact same shade of
the main colour or colours used. Think of it this way – a similar colour palette or colour scheme
that compliments the main colour or colours of the room can be used for everything from the
bones of the space like flooring, wall paint and more to the décor accents, furniture and more.
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3. Create A Rhythm
Just as in music, there is no harmony without rhythm in the interior design process. Rhythm is
all about creating visual interest that guides your eyes across a room. Rhythm has more to do
with the shapes, colours, patterns and textures of all the elements that make up a room. Rhythm
as an interior design concept can include progression, repetition, transition and contrast of all
these elements.
Progression
Progression is when you increase or decrease the number of items in a particular area – like a
collection of candles or throw pillows used to decorate a living room.
Repetition
Repetitionis when certain elements are placed in recuring manner – such as a colour scheme
that is used across all the rooms of a house.
Transition
Transition is a great way to achieve balance and harmony in interior design – it is used to guide
the natural movement of the eyes across the room. An arched doorway opening up a room is a
good example of transition.
Contrast
Contrast in interior design is all about placing oposing elements together to generate visuall
interest – like colour blocking in design.
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4. Be Mindful Of Proportion and Scale
As an interior design concept, scale and proportion is not just about how all the different elements
of a space relate to one another but also how they relate to the human scale. Whether it’s in art
– like Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man – or in interior design – Le Corbusier’s Modulor, an
anthropometric scale of proportions – there has always been a need to define and establish ideal
proportions. But while these sorts of rules can form guidelines to good design, it is the eye and
judgement of the designer that actually leads the building and decorating process. That’s why,
you’ll always find an interior designer with a measuring tape!
Proportion is the ratio between the size of one part to another while scale is how the size of one
object relates to another. For example, if a piece of furniture or décor object is too large or too
small, it looks out of place in a room.
5. Zero in On a Focal Point
If you’ve ever walked into a room and found yourself eyeing that one element that stands out
and holds your attention – well, that’s the focal point. This interior concept is all about the use of
an eye-catching element that can anchor a space and leave a lasting impression. For example,
a striking piece of art in the living room or a four-poster bed in the bedroom. That particular
artwork or bed can guide and inspire everything else in the room too. Other focal points in interior
design can include the use of a statement or accent wall colour or wallpaper; a designer piece
of furniture, like an abstract chair or table; or even a built-in point of interest such as a fire place
or window.
Now that you’re up to speed with the basic concepts of interior design, you can use them to look
at those interior design references with a fresh eye and see how you can adapt those favourite
inspirations in your own home renovation and redecorating projects.
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What are the types of design concept in a Prestressed elements/materials help to
Structural? create structures which have a higher shear
resistance, less diagonal tension and resist
Structural Design Basic Concepts
displacement from external forces.
Structural design is the methodical
People housed in buildings act like natural
investigation of the stability, strength and
dampers and their impact is taken into
rigidity of structures. The basic objective in
consideration.
structural analysis and design is to produce
a structure capable of resisting all applied Defining and understanding the basic
loads without failure during its intended life. structural concepts of engineering and how
they are expressed in physics and
What is structural concept?
mathematics is a key aspect for students.
Structural concepts revolve around what is This enables them to enter the realms of
known as the static equilibrium of a body. structure design and development on the
When acting and reacting forces on a right foot. The purpose of this quick guide is
structural body are equal this is what is to provide a generic yet helpful description of
known as the structure's state of equilibrium. the various engineering structural concepts.
Stabilization systems help to combat Hopefully helping students out there get a
swaying bridges/buildings making use of grasp of their practical value and their
tuned/spring mass dampers. meaning.
Structural Concepts – Static and dynamic Static Load/Energy Structural Concepts

load basics
Static Equilibrium
Structural concepts revolve around what is
When a body isn’t moving in any direction,
known as the static equilibrium of a body.
while being at its original intended position,
When acting and reacting forces on a we say that it is in a state of equilibrium.
structural body are equal this is what is Engineers calculate the sum of the acting
known as the structure’s state of equilibrium and reacting forces on a structural body in
order to figure out their total sums. If the
Stabilization systems help to combat result is equal this implies that the structure
swaying bridges/buildings making use of
will remain in a state of equilibrium.
tuned/spring mass dampers.
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Centre of Mass/Gravity Shear and Torsion Forces
For estimation and static analysis purposes, Shear forces are applied on two different
it is important for engineers to be able to points of a material and their vectors have
determine the centre of mass/gravity (or opposite directions. This results in shearing
centroid). This may be for an object or stress and breakage, or cutting, or cracking
structural element, or connected sets of of the material. For example, if a huge load
these. The centre of mass is the only point is applied on the bottom of a floor which is
on a rigid body that can be used to suspend held in place by a column, that is away from
this body. The point it will stay in a state of this load, then the floor will be subject to
equilibrium. If the vector from the centre of shear stress. Torsion forces on the other
gravity to the centre of the Earth isn’t passing side are those that tend to twist a structural
through a structure’s base, the structure element. These are usually the result of
cannot be in equilibrium as tipping forces are improper static load analysis and bad
constantly acting on it. predictions.
Cross Sections and Second Moment of Stress Distribution
Area
The self-explained stress distribution is a key
The second moment of area is a geometrical part of analysing the stress-strain of a given
property of a plane/area which indicates how system. Calculating the internal stresses
its points are distributed in regard to an throughout the connected elements of the
arbitrary axis. This is a very important particular system based on the applied
element in all structurak concepts. For external forces. The goal is to make
construction engineers, this geometrical adjustments that help increase the
property is important. It is used to help symmetric level and homogeneity of this
calculate the deflection of a beam, and thus load distribution. Whether this has to do with
the stress that is applied to it. individual sets of elements, or even the
distribution of the loads of a multi-storey
Beam Bending
building on the ground soil.
As structural beams are subjected to loads,
Span and Deflection Loads
they tend to bend in a particular direction.
This is an important property for engineers Imposing load can result in the displacement
that helps to calculate the stresses and of a structural element this is called a
beam deflection, which are monumentally deflection load. The displacement may be
important structural concepts to understand. measured in absolute distance or even
Allowing engineers to figure out if the angle, and it is usually used for beams. The
bending and deflections are within limits and beams are supported by points. The
balance the loads uniformally or equally to deflection is proportional to the distance of
make the bending acceptable. these points, which is called the span. This
determines the distance which is vital when
looking to modifying the design.
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Stiffness and Internal Load Transmission overwhelming amount of axial compressive
stress. Resulting in its deformation and
The stiffness of a structure is a physical
lateral deflection. This makes columns
measure of how well it can resist
unable to carry loads, so they are usually
deformation forces. This should not be
completely failing. The problem with buckling
confused with elasticity. Stiffness is a
is that it can occur with loads that were
property of how well or how effective internal
calculated to be within the compression
forces are transmitted between the various
force limit. Unfortunately, unforeseen
structural elements of a building. From
bending of the column changes this limit
tension and shearing forces, to compression
altogether.
and torsional loads, all are considered
internal forces. We want these to be Prestressed Elements or Materials
distributed between the various elements
Pre-stressed elements or even materials
and end up being carried by as many
such as pre-stressed concrete are often
elements as possible. This means that no
used by engineers. They create structures
single beams have to withstand the forces.
that can better resist displacement from
Engineers usually utilize bracing members to
external forces. Therefore, they can resist
create force transmission paths and
cracking due to impact or shocks and
increase the stiffness of buildings.
demonstrate better longevity. Creating much
Column Buckling higher compressive and tensile strength, as
well as a much better resistance to
Column buckling is the structural failure of a
vibrations, leading to a safer structure. Pre-
column – an extremely important structural
stressed elements are generally:
concept. This happens when subjected to an
• Lighter • Can constitute more compact
structural members.
• Have higher shear resistance.
• Generate less diagonal tension in
concrete sections.
It is not difficult to see how these underestimated the importance of vertical
characteristics can have an extremely loads in traditional structures. In some
positive impact of the stability and longevity cases, this can lead to the collapse of outer
of any structure. edges and total failure of support. Load
distribution and structural geometry are key
Vertical Loads and Horizontal Movement
elements to consider in relation to the
Vertical loads leading to horizontal vertical loads analysis and are extremely
movements are very important and must be important structural concepts.
considered for their symmetry and
magnitude. Many engineers in the past have
Dynamic Load/Energy Concepts
_____________________________________________________________________________
Conservation of Energy and Momentum
For the structural engineer, it is important to keep in mind the fundamentals of the energy and
momentum conservation. This often helps to predict the behaviour of a building under wind loads
and earthquakes.
Pendulum Systems a particular frequency range that is close to
the natural frequency of the structure. Or
In the same context, evaluating the
they can increase the damping which allows
pendulum characteristics of a structure is a
the building to withstand such a scenario.
very important structural concept. This helps
to devise stabilization systems that will bring Damping in Structures and Vibration
the structure back to equilibrium. While Absorbers
allowing it enough elasticity to accept and
Damping elements in structures help reduce
withstand external loads. For example,
the displacement caused during the free
skyscrapers or bridges can start swinging
vibration. Normally this will only last for short
back and forth after a strong wind hits them.
periods of time (minutes). After determining
Free Vibration the free vibration, resonance, etc, an
engineer will decide on the dampening ratio
Free vibration occurs when a building is
required for the creation of a safe structure.
taken out of its stable equilibrium. This may
Placed on the top of high structures,
be due to an occurrence such an earthquake
tuned/spring mass dampers (also known as
or similar natural event. Therefore, the
harmonic absorbents) are very important.
building vibrates or enters a pendulum
This is where the magnitude of the free
situation without any additional external
vibrations is the greatest and the dampers
interference. Expressed in cycles of
are most useful.
vibration, with the number of cycles
indicating the natural frequency of the Considering Human Bodies
building, free vibration is important. It is
People in buildings are act as natural spring
possible to mitigate and bring free vibration
mass dampers, which is an interesting
to a complete stop using dampening
structural concept to be aware of. Those
elements.
moving dynamically inside a structure are
Resonance inducing dynamic loads and structural
vibration. This may be hard to estimate or
When the vibration of a building meets its
calculate with precision, but it is wrong to
natural resonance, this leads to the very
treat people as static loads. Therefore,
dangerous situation of vibration at the
engineers are likely to take the presence of
maximum magnitude. This is important for
people into consideration as additional
engineers to calculate, determine, and
dampers.
consider. As a result, they can then make
design interventions, avoiding resonance in
What are the 5 structural components?

Structural Elements
(1) roof (4) structural support beams
(2) exterior structural walls (5) the foundation of the Building and the
Garage.
(3) structural columns
What are the 3 importance of structural design?
Structural design is important in civil engineering because it helps to check that the structure is
safe. Structural design gives all the vital information regarding foundations, floors, walls, beams,
roof types and the quality of materials to ensure that any of the structures built meet all the safety
requirements.
_____________________________________________________________________________
What are the steps in structural design?
There are mainly 5 essential steps to be followed for the design of any structure.
(1) modelling (4) structural design
(2) load analysis (5) detailing.
(3) structural analysis
What are the 4 types of structural systems?
Basic types of systems include.
(1) bearing wall (4) membrane
(2) post-and-lintel (5) suspension.
(3) frame
What are the 6 basic structural elements?
(1) foundation (6) roof
(2) floors (7) stairs, etc.
(3) walls These elements serve the purpose of
supporting, enclosing, and protecting the
(4) beams
building structure.
(5) columns
What are the 3 types of structures?
There are three basic types of structures:
(1) shell structures (3) solid structures.
(2) frame structures
What are the 2 major criteria of structural design?
The objective of structural design is to design.
(1) the structure for stability, strength and (2) economical and aesthetic.
serviceability.
What are the 6 design processes?
1. Understand - Solve an engineering problem with technical or non-technical project constraints
through the actual engineering design process.
2. Define - Collaborate with other students and function in a multidisciplinary group.
3. Create - Develop and enhance interpersonal skills.
4. Prototype - Develop and enhance ethical and professional responsibility.
5. Test - Apply project management skills to finish the project according to schedule.
6. Implement - Practice effective communication skills through the preparation of a project
proposal, engineering reports and oral project presentation.
_____________________________________________________________________________

Design Concepts

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ACTIVITY No.

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering w/ Specializations in:

• ASTM – American Society of • RA 386 - The Civil Code of the

• ACI - American Concrete Institute • PD 1096 - The National Building Code of

• PICE - Philippines Institute of Civil

What are the five main design concepts?

2. Design Towards a Harmonious Vision

Structural Concepts – Static and dynamic Static Load/Energy Structural Concepts

Dynamic Load/Energy Concepts

What are the 5 structural components?

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