Electrical Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00828-3

ORIGINAL PAPER

Analysis and simulation of relevant parameters for optimal wireless

power transfer
Iván A. Hernández-Robles1 · Xiomara González-Ramírez1 · José M. Lozano-García1 ·
Víctor J. Gutiérrez-Martínez1

Received: 18 February 2019 / Accepted: 29 August 2019

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
An important challenge in the wireless power transfer is the sizing of the coils for transmission and energy reception. The
output power in a wireless power transfer system can be determined by analytical formulation; however, the effects of using
some geometry or material for the transmitter and receiver coil assembly are not easily quantifiable by the analytical method.
This work quantifies by numerical simulation the impact on output power changing the separation between the transmitter
coil and receiver, materials, geometries and number of turns. The quantities obtained allowed to determine a model for
coupling coefficient to compute optimal frequency for the power transfer. The analysis and evaluation of these parameters
were developed through an electromagnetic simulator with finite element; the work considers planar circular and square
coils. Experimental results were obtained in order to validate the proposed model to compute the wireless power transferred.
The document contributes to identify the important parameters to be controlled or modified in the coils with the purpose to
optimize the power transmission for a wireless system.

Keywords Coils · Coupling factor · Finite element method · Magnetic energy · Wireless power transfer

k Coupling coefficient
kb Geometric factor
List of symbols ko Optimal coupling coefficient
Abbreviations L p, L s Inductance sides: primary and secondary (µH)
AC Alternating current M Magnet
AWG American wire gauge M Mutual inductance (µH)
FEM Finite element method N Original coils (circular coils)
WPT Wireless power transfer NS Square coils
Pf Power of the source (W)
Symbols PL Active power consumed by the load (W)
B Magnetic field density (T) Rp , Rs Resistance sides: primary and secondary ()
Cp , Cs Capacitor sides: primary and secondary Rx Receiver coil
De Outer diameter for circular coils or width of a square Tx Transmitter coil
coil (mm) Vf Voltage of power source
dx Separation between coils (mm) W Width
H Height wo Optimal angular frequency (rad/s)
F Ferrite material wp , ws Resonant frequency sides: primary and secondary
Ip , Is Current sides: primary and secondary (A) (MHz)
XM Magnetizing reactance ()
B Xiomara González-Ramírez Zp, Zs Impedance sides: primary and secondary ()
x.gonzalez@ugto.mx
1 División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Greek symbols
Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico η Efficiency of the WPT

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φi j Magnetic flux lines produced by i linking j coil system; and for applications where coil spacing is very large
compared to the size of coils such as printed circuit board
transformers, wireless battery chargers for biomedical appli-
Subscripts cations, and electronic and printed circuit board design [14].
i Transmitter coil Since the popularity of this system is growing, it is pos-
j Receiver coil sible to assume that more devices or electrical machinery of
p Primary coil greater power demand will be powered wirelessly; therefore,
s Secondary coil it is important to be prepared with tools and design meth-
ods for this robust wireless power transfer system, hence the
suggestion of this work. The idea is to transfer higher levels
1 Introduction (kilowatts order) of wireless power with the highest energy
efficiency and quality; for that, it is necessary to identify the
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a concept emerged from most relevant parameters that impact on the energy transfer,
the ideas of Nikola Tesla at the end of the nineteenth century, so this preliminary work focuses on analyzing and quantify-
but it is until the beginning of the twenty-first century when ing the impact of the separation between the transmitter coil
its boom increased exponentially due to trademarks such as and receiver, materials, geometries of the coils in order to
WiTricity developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ensure a larger coupling and therefore the possibility of trans-
ogy (MIT) researchers [1,2]; this technology is based on ferring robust wireless power. Other parameter considered is
improved magnetic induction by resonance and electromag- the number of turns; higher turns ratio will also ensure higher
netic coupling techniques. Recent work shows that resonant voltage at receiver and so higher power transfer, a WPT sys-
coupling can power-transfer a receiver efficiently with little tem with few turns resonating at a frequency in megahertz
loss [3,4]. presents many difficulties of the computational part and the
Nowadays, advances in power electronics and magnetic practice [15–22]. Nevertheless, this work avoids this prob-
materials have made it possible to develop wireless trans- lem by using electromagnetic software with finite element
mitters and receivers from many gadgets to medical devices method; it allows to simulate transmitter and receiver coils
[5]. Like in [6] described a wireless power transfer system for varying the number of turns and determine its impact on
application in endoscopy capsules; and in [7] summarizes the energy transfer.
recent uses and discoveries of WPT in the medical field, sep- This work deals with the numerical simulation of the
arated into defined categories: implants, pumps, ultrasound impact on output power changing the separation between
imaging and gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. the transmitter coil and receiver, materials, geometries and
So currently WPT is a system that is the attention of number of turns; the document was organized as follows:
engineers and researchers to use it and deliver the neces- Sect. 2 shows a summary of the WPT system operation and
sary electrical energy for different applications; this system its equivalent modeling. Section 3 shows an overview of the
is becoming common in new devices like laptops, smart- electromagnetic simulation of the WPT system performed
phones, tablets and other electronic gadgets. with FEM. Section 4 shows the proposed coupling model,
It has been working for a long time in the efficiency of as well as the results obtained. Finally, Sect. 5 shows the
wireless energy transfer; in [8], proposed efficiency optimal conclusions.
control method can effectively stabilize the system transfer
efficiency; it investigates the impact factors of the system
transfer efficiency. In [9], ferrite was applied to improve the
transmission distance of the magnetic resonance WPT sys- 2 WPT system overview
tem using superconductor coils. In [10], experiments show
that the impedance matching method can effectively improve The basic principle of WPT system involves the energy trans-
the load power and transmission efficiency for middle-range mission from a transmitter coil (Tx) to a receiver coil (Rx) via
wireless power transfer systems with multiple resonators. In an oscillating magnetic field; for that, Tx coil is powered by
[11], operational point of wireless energy transfer system alternating current (AC) flowing through Tx coil; it induces
was investigated in detail in order to meet the highest possi- the magnetic field which can extend to the Rx coil and gen-
ble system efficiency together with the highest possible level erates induced voltage through it (Fig. 1a). This principle
of transferred power. And in [12], the influence of the oper- is the same as the transformer with air core. The distance
ating frequency on energy transfer efficiency was studied. In (dx) at which the energy can be transferred is increased by
[13] it was built an experimental platform of wireless charg- both coils resonating at the same frequency, since resonant
ing system of 3.5 kW for electric vehicles; for the design of coils can exchange energy efficiently, while no-resonant only
Archimedean spiral used in inductive power transfer (IPT) interact weakly.

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Then, based on the principle of transformer magnetic

induction, WPT can be modeled using its equivalent cir-
cuit as shown in Fig. 1b; as it can be noticed that capacitors
Cp and Cs were connected in series with the impedances
of Tx and Rx coils in order to compensate inductive reac-
tance at the operating frequency. Mutual inductance is noted
with M; resistances and inductances for both sides (primary
and secondary) are denoted as Rs , L s , Rp and L p , respec-
tively. Mutual inductance can be represented as an inductor
between primary impedance Z p and secondary impedance
Z s ; by mutual coupling theory, they are given by:

1
Z p = Rp + jwp L p + (1a)
jwp C p
1
Z s = Rs + jws L s + , (1b)
jws Cs

where w is the angular frequency of the system given by

the power source Vf . The resonance frequencies for circuits’
both sides can be formulated as:
1
wp =  (2a)
L p Cp
1
ws = √ . (2b)
L s Cs

Since resonant coils can exchange energy efficiently, w is

tuned to the resonant frequency of each circuit (w = wp = Fig. 1 a Sketch for WPT system, b WPT circuital model, c WPT equiv-
ws ) by selecting the appropriate tuning capacitance. alent circuit
For the analysis, the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1c is consid-
ered and Kirchhoff’s voltage law, then from the mesh current   Vf2 (Z s + Z L )
equations written for magnetically coupled coils, the system Pf = (Vf ) Ip = . (7)
(Z p (Z s + Z L ) − X M
2 )
can be represented by:
Efficiency of the WPT can be obtained by:
    
Vf Zp − jwM Ip
= . (3) PL ZL XM 2
0 − jwM Z s + Z L Is η= = . (8)
Pf (Z s + Z L )[(Z p (Z s + Z L ) − X M
2 )]

In current terms:
Considering that transmitter coil (Tx) and receiver coil
X M Ip (Rx) are equal (Rs = Rp = R) and operating at the resonance
Is = , (4)
Zs + ZL frequency,
where X M is the magnetizing reactance that can be obtained RL
from the mutual inductance M and coupling coefficient k: η=  . (9)
R(R+RL )
(R + RL ) (wM)2
+1

X M = jwM = k X p X s . (5)
This represents the general equation of the power transfer
Once the currents are known, the power provided by the efficiency of a WPT system [18,19,23–26].
source (Pf ) and the active power consumed by the load (PL ) Since the objective is to analyze the most relevant param-
can be calculated directly: eters for WPT, it is necessary to focus on the output power
(6); as can be seen, it depends directly on the source voltage
Z L Vf2 X M
2
and the reactance of magnetization, and inversely on the coil
PL = (Z L ) (Is )2 = (6)
(Z p (Z s + Z L ) − X M
2 )2 reactances and resistances. As it is known, the resistances

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Fig. 2 Summary of parameters affecting the WPT system

and reactances depend on the number of turns, geometry and

frequency; these parameters affect the output power. Another
factor that indirectly impacts the output power is the distance
or separation of the coils; it affects the coupling factor since
it depends on the relationship of the magnetic flux lines link-
ing both coils. Therefore, Fig. 2 shows the identification of
the parameters that affect the power of the load; the electro-
magnetic simulation was developed to determine the impact
of these factors on the power that arrived at the load.

3 Electromagnetic simulation with finite

element method

For simulation, COMSOL Multiphysics software was used.

The module of magnetic fields was used, 3D simulation with Fig. 3 a Circular and b square geometry modeled for the WPT system
5000 tetrahedral elements (average) was used for the WPT simulation with FEM
system modeling, the computational spending was 2 GB in
RAM (average), and the convergence time was about 12 min
be the magnitude of magnetic flux links, so distance affects
(average) per simulated case. A workstation of 16 GB RAM
the magnetic coupling given by:
and processor Intel i7 core 3.40 GHZ was used.
φ12 φ21
3.1 Turns number and geometry k= = , (10)
φ1 φ2

To quantify the effect of the geometry on the output power where φi j is the magnetic flux lines produced by i linking j
of WPT, circular and square coils were modeled (Fig. 3), to coil; Fig. 4 shows the comparison of the magnetic flux lines
make the comparison; the diameter of the circular coil was obtained between increasingly separate coils. More distance
made to coincide with the size of the square coil. The number lessens the magnetic flux links in the receiver coil.
of turns affects the geometry dimensions; the greater turns It is evident that if the two link coils are together, all mag-
number will increase the coil width, or coil depth, or both. netic field lines produced by transmitter coil will arrive at the
Also, the number of turns affects reactance and resistance receiver coil, which means that the coupling coefficient will
coils. be unitary (k = 1); the more separated they are, the lower
the coupling coefficient of the coils . Therefore, this cou-
3.2 Distance pling coefficient is another relevant parameter to determine
the magnitude of the power transferred in a WPT system.
The distance affects the magnetic field links number; the This work also contributes in obtaining an analytical model
further the coils are away from each other, the weaker will to determine this coupling coefficient; this analytical model

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Fig. 4 Magnetic flux lines comparison between increasingly separate

coils

comes from all the results obtained from the electromagnetic

simulation of magnetic field lines as the distance of the coils
changes.

3.3 Materials

The assembly that supports the coils may or not be ferromag-

netic material; currently, this structure is manufactured by
using a ferrite material plate; these ferrite properties (perme-
ability and thickness) have influence on the maximal power
transfer. Also, a center magnet can be used to provide bet-
ter alignment between the transmitter and the receiver coils.
Figure 5 shows the comparison of the magnetic flux density
with or without ferrite in assembly coils. Without ferrite in
the coil assembly, the magnetic field density (B) is lower than
that when ferrite is being used. Without ferrite, B is concen-
trated in the inner periphery of the coil, while with ferrite, B is
intensified thanks to ferrite permeability, and also B expands Fig. 5 a Assembly coil without ferrite. b Assembly coil with ferrite
throughout all the coil assembly.

3.4 Frequency 4 Results and discussion

Varying the operating frequency produces changes in reac- 4.1 Numerical simulation results
tance values. According to (8), this will affect the output
power, so the big issue is to know what will be the operating Varying the distance of the coils Tx & Rx, turns number
frequency to maintain the output power values increasing the and materials, the output power (6) was determined by the
separation between coils; to achieve that, the relation given electromagnetic simulation, the power ratio (output/input) is
by [5] was used: obtained in percentage, and it is plotted versus the separation
distance. Figure 6 shows graphically the summary of results
obtained. The N case means that the simulation contains the
1 Rp Rs
ko = , (11) design values of the coils (original coils), which are given in
wo Lp Ls Table 1. The 5N/H case means that coils have 5 times more
turns than the original coil and they were growing in height
where wo is the optimal angular frequency to obtain the opti- H; in other words, the extra turns were stacked with solenoid
mal coupling coefficient. The idea is to have (k/ko ) close to coil. The 5N/W case means coils grew in width, so they have
one. flat coil configuration. The 5N/H/F and 5N/W/F represent

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Table 1 Design coil parameters

Parameter Value

Internal diameter 10 mm
External diameter 100 mm
Turns number 30
Conductor gauge 15 AWG
Resistance AC 0.086 
Inductance 32.728 µH
Power in voltage AC 100 V
Remanent flux for magnet 1.2 T

center of the coil. It is possible to note that power transfer

percentage was improved for both solenoid and flat coil cases
(5N/H & 5N/W, respectively).
It can even be seen that the power transfer is 20% beyond
the size of the ring width. Therefore, ferrite and magnet in the
coil assembly are relevant materials that improve the power
transfer and it is not easy to quantify by analytical equation
as (6).
There are no significant changes comparing the use of circu-
lar or square coils (N or NS, respectively); the results obtained
for the different cases were very similar (Fig. 7). It can be
observed that using square coils improves the power transfer
slightly, since it has a transfer area light larger than that of a
circular coil. Also, this geometry issue is not easy to quantify
by analytical equation as (6).

4.2 Model for coupling coefficient

From the large number of results obtained through the varia-

Fig. 6 Results. a Varying distance and number of turns, b addition of tion of coils’ separation and by curve analysis, it was possible
ferrite material, c addition of a magnet
to obtain an approximate model of the coupling coefficient.
It was compared with the coupling coefficient between two
magnetically coupled coils obtained in [27]. For the compar-
the same cases as above but with the addition of ferrite mate- ison, only the linear separation (dx) of the coils is considered,
rial. The 5N/H/F/M and 5N/W/F/M represent the same cases while radial separation between them is not considered. The
as above but with the addition of magnet in the center of the proposed model depends on the separation of the coils and
coil. also on the embracing external diameter of circular coils or
The ring width is 45 mm; according to Fig. 6a, after 45 width of square coils; it is important to notice that the pro-
mm of separation between the coils, the power transfer is posed model does not consider two different sizes of coils in
null (less than 1%) in the case N, and also for the case 5N/H WPT system as [27] does. Therefore, the proposed model is
when there are 5 times more turns stacked with the solenoid given by:
coil. The power transfer ratio in the case 5N/W is less than
1% after 130 mm of separation between the coils because k = e(kb ·dx ) , (12)
the turns number was increased in the ring width; therefore,
the ring width dimension gives us an idea of the maximum where kb factor could be obtained by:
separation between coils, having at least 1% power transfer.
Figure 6b shows the results after adding the ferrite material; kb = −1/(De 1.22 ), (13)
the cases N and 5N/H were not substantially affected, but the
power transfer was improved more than 2 times in 5N/W. where De is the outer diameter for circular coils or could
Figure 6c shows the results after adding a magnet in the be the width of a square coil. For (12) and (13), consider

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Fig. 7 Comparison results between circular and square coils

that both dx and De must be in millimeters. This model for

coupling coefficient obtained in this study considers only
planar coils. Figure 8 shows the coefficient of coupling versus
the separation of the coils; it is plotted for three different sizes
of flat coil, with external radius of 100 mm, 225 mm and 1000
mm, with 62, 146 and 660 number of turns, respectively. For
all the cases, 15 AWG (1.449 mm) magnet wire conductor
was used, and the internal diameter considered was 10 mm for
all the cases. The results of the model obtained (12) and (13)
are compared with those calculated with the finite element
method and coupling factor given in [27]; it is possible to Fig. 8 Coupling coefficient comparison results. a Coils with 100 mm
observe that curves are very close with an average of 5% of radio, b 225 mm of radio, c 1000 mm of radio
difference. It was considered that the maximum separation
distance between the coils was 500 mm; besides, the curves
show that the smaller the coil, the smaller the calculation
difference of the coupling factor. as well as strengthening the experience in the design and con-
Figure 9 shows the change in operating frequency as the struction of coils for WPT system. Table 2 shows the coils
distance between coils increases; three cases can be observed: parameters for the calculations of the inductance and resis-
with nominal turns N, with 2N (double) turns stacked with tance parameters; equations in [28] were used.
the coil and with 5N turns. It is possible to notice that the Figure 11 shows the comparison of the transmitted voltage
larger the coil, the operational frequency to improve the out- obtained with the FEM simulation versus the proposed model
put power is reduced, while with smaller coils the operating with the measurements made. It is possible to appreciate that
frequency rises beyond kilohertz. Figure 9 is obtained thanks the difference is less than 5% between the FEM simulation
to the model of the coupling coefficient obtained; it is also and the proposed model. Although for one case the values
possible to apply this model in (6) to obtain the output power obtained in the experiment have a difference close to 12%
by varying the distance without using a numerical simulation. with the estimated values, this may be due to an issue with the
coil construction; meanwhile, the estimation model does not
4.3 Experimental results include a coil construction factor, since it was estimated with
216 µH and measured 250 µH. If the coil is manufactured
Figure 10a shows the transmitter coil (Tx) and the receiver according to the design dimensions, the difference between
coil (Rx) built from the proposed design. The base is con- the estimated and measured is reduced. On the other hand,
structed of wood and also of acrylic; these materials do not if the construction has poor quality and does not provide
affect the propagation of the magnetic flux that is induced the design dimensions properly, the difference between the
in the receiver coil. Some simulations and experiments were estimated and measured is increased. The results through
developed with the purpose of validating the proposed model, experimentation validate that the proposed model is work-

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Table 2 Experimental coils parameters

Parameter Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

Turns number 38 60 72
External diameter 105 mm 131 mm 214 mm
Conductor gauge 15 AWG 18 AWG 15 AWG
Resistance AC 0.062  0.089  0.238 
Measured resistance 0.063  0.091  0.244 
Inductance 30.83 µH 94.30 µH 216.7 µH
Measured inductance 32.56 µH 100.6 µH 250.1 µH
Frequency 1.0 MHz 0.5 MHz 1.0 MHz

Fig. 9 Operational frequency values to improve the power transfer ver-

sus coils separation

Fig. 11 Comparison of the estimated and measured results of the volt-

age transmitted in a prototype WPT system, for external diameter: a
105 mm; b 131 mm; c 214 mm

5 Conclusions

In the future, more electrical machinery and electronic

Fig. 10 a Assembly of the built WPT coils, b assembly with the link
devices with medium power demand (kilowatts order) will
coils separate
be powered wirelessly. Therefore, it is convenient to be pre-
pared with tools and design methods for wireless power
transfer robust system; this work quantifies by numerical
simulation the impact on output power changing the sepa-
ing and providing results similar to those obtained through a ration between the transmitter coil and receiver, materials,
complex method such as FEM simulation. geometries and the number of turns. Furthermore, this study

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