THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

RUVUMA REGION FORM SIX SPECIAL EXAMINATION

131/1 CHEMISTRY 1

Time: 3 Hours Tuesday, 21st February 2023 p.m.

Instructions

1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer all questions from section A and two( 02 ) questions from section B
3. Each question carries ten (10) marks in section A and fifteen (15) marks in
section B.
4. Mathematical tables and non – programmable calculators may be used
5. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the
examination room
6. Write your examination number on every page of your answer sheet(s)
7. Where necessary the following constants may be used:
C = 12, H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, Ca = 40, R = 8.314 JK – 1 mol – 1

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 SECTION A (70 Marks)
Answer all questions from this section
1. (a) Correct the following Dalton’s atomic theory according to the modern
atomic theory
(i) Matter is made up of small indivisible particles called atoms.
(ii) Atom can neither be created nor destroyed
(b)Explain the fact of each of the following phenomena for cathode rays
(i) They rotate small paddle when placed on their path
(ii) They deflect magnetic fields
(c) Draw the degenerate orbital of d – orbital when all orbitals are orienting in
the same axis.
(d) Hydrogen atom has only one electron, how it is possible that the hydrogen
spectrum has simultaneous a large number of lines?

2. (a) For the chemical bonding to be ionic bond. Explain the features of the
following factors:
(i) Cationic size
(ii) Anionic size
(iii) Ionization energy
(b)What should be done to metallic bond increase malleability of the wire.
(c) Explain the following phenomenon;

(i) Boiling point increases as molecular weight increase but the boiling point
of NH 3 is higher than that of PH3.
(ii) Hydrogen bond in NH3 is 110kJmol – 1 but in H2O is 220 kJmol – 1
(iii) NCl5 is not formed but PCl5 is formed though N and P are in the same
group.

3. (a) The graph of volume against temperature for Charles law does not pass through
origin. Why?
(b) Both diffusion and effusion involve the movement of gas molecules from the
region of high concentration to the region of low concentration. What is the
difference between the two?
(c) Duma’s method is a technique used for the determination of molecular mass of
gases but the technique uses liquid instead of gases. Why?
(d) Give the necessary condition for the compound like AlCl3 to have unexpected
molar mass during Victor Meyer’s experiment

4. (a) For each of the followings below, show the possibility of forming product for
various value of the reaction quotient (QC) and equilibrium constant (KC). Tell
whether the product will be formed if:
(i) QC>KC
(ii) QC<KC

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 (b) Give reasons for the following.
(i) Glycol and water are used in a car radiator while driving in cold countries.
(ii) Oceans do not freeze even at sub – zero temperature.
(iii)Sodium chloride or Calcium chloride is used to clear the snow on the roads.
(iv) The Osmotic pressure measurement is preferred for determining the
molecular mass of proteins.
5. (a) Classify the following metal oxides: CaO, Na2O, CO2, ZnO, PbO and SO2
according to basic oxides, acidic oxides and amphoteric oxides.
(b) With the aid of a balanced chemical equation describe the following:
(i) Any soluble metal carbonate and its method of preparation.
(ii) Any insoluble metal carbonate and its method of preparation.

(c) (i) How metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate distinguished?

(ii) Use balanced chemical equation to verify your answer in C(i) above.

6. (a) Define the following terms.

(i) Standard enthalpy of formation.
(ii) Standard enthalpy of combustion.
(iii) Specific heat capacity.
(iv) Enthalpy of vaporization.

(b) Calculate the lattice energy of Sodium chloride from the following data and draw
the Born Haber cycle. The standard enthalpy of formation of Sodium chloride is
– 411 kJ/mole. Standard enthalpy of atomization of Na and chloride are +108 and
121 kJ/mole of gaseous atoms, the ionization energy of Sodium is +493 and the
electron affinity of chloride is – 364kJ/mole.

(c) Most chemical reactions are carried out at constant pressure. Is the statement
correct or not correct? Justify your answer.

7. (a) Define the following terms:

(i) Reversible reaction
(ii) Heterogeneous reaction.
(iii) Homogenous reaction
(iv) Reaction quotient

(b) (i) State two (2) applications of the equilibrium constant.

(ii) Consider the following reaction N2O4 → 2 NO2 show that Kp = KcRT .

(c) When the solid silver is added to a solution containing Ag+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ with
initial concentration of 0.4m, 0.20M and 0.60m respectively, the following
reversible reaction occurs Ag + ( aq ) + Fe3+ ( aq ) → Fe3+ + Ag( s )

If the Kc for this reaction is 5.96 at 298K, calculate the equilibrium

concentrations of each ion in the solution.

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 SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer any two (2) questions from this section

8. (a) You are provided with three test tubes in the laboratory and asked to identify the
organic compound present in each of the three test tubes. If test tube A has
propene, B has ethyne and C has benzene. How could you identify these
reagents?
(b) Show the organic reaction for each of the compound in 8(a) above reacting with
its tester.
(c) Give the alkene compound for which oxidation reaction acidic KMnO4 gives the
following product.
O

(i) CO2 and CH3CCH3

O O

(ii) CH3C – OH and CH3CH2C – CH3

(iii) 2CO2

9. (a) (i) Define Aromaticity

(ii) State Huckel’s rule
(b) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds
CH2CH2OH
(i)

NO2 CH3

(ii)
SO3H

Br Br

(iii) H– C – C– H

Br Br

(iv) CH3 CH2CH2OH

(v) CH3 CH2CH = CH2

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(c) Complete the following reactions

(i) CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →

Pt , Al O
2 3
5000 C ,20 atm

OH

(ii)

⎯⎯⎯
Br2
FeBr3
→

CH3

10. (a) Define the following

(i) Water pollution
(ii) Over – liming
(iii) Manure

(b) (i) Most soils in humid tropics are acidic. Justify this statement.

(ii) Describe two roles of acid rain in environmental pollution.

(c) (i) If your soil is deficient in Nitrogen which nutrients supplement would you
prefer to use between urea and manure? Give three reasons for your choice.

(ii) You are a specialist who wants to determine the quality of lime so that you can
advice farmers and other stakeholders on the best liming material. Show how
you can go about in calculating the neutralizing value of Calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2]

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