School: S.I.C.A Senior Secondary School, No.

3
Nipania, Indore

Investigatory Project On the topic:

“STEP-UP STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER”

As A Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement for the

Central Board Of Secondary
Education
Session: 2024-25

Prepared By: Guided by:

Yatharth Saxena Mrs. Samruddhi kulkarni

Class: 12 A
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master Yatharth Saxena

Student of class - XII ’A’ of SICA SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL, No.3, Indore, has completed a project titled,

“STEP-UP STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER” during the academic

year 2024-25 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the

physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2024, and submitted

satisfactory report as compiled in the following pages,

under my supervision.

Teacher in-charge:

Teacher’s Signature:

Principal's Signature:

School Stamp:
 Acknowledgement

I would like to avail this opportunity

to express my sincere thanks to all
those people who helped me in
making this project a success.

My first thanks goes to (Samruddhi

ma’am) project guide for assisting and
providing me encouragement and
moral support during this project and
throughout our studies at school.
 INDEX
0I) INTRODUCTION

02) OBJECTIVE

03) PRINCIPLE

04) CONSTRUCTION

05)THEORY AND WORKING

06) EFFICIENCY

07) ENERGY LOSSES

08) APPARATUS

09) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

1 0) PROCEDURE

11) USES OF TRANSFORMER

12) Sources of Error

13) Conclusion

14) Precautions

15) Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relations between the ratio of:

1. Input and output voltage

2. Number of turning in secondary coil and

primary coil of self made transformer

PRINCIPAL
It is based on the principle of mutual induction
that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
then induced E.M.F is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces E.M.F. in the neighbouring circuit.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage
into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail -sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. A l l operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found in many
electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes long- distance
transmission economically practical. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a
Transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
Step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore an essential piece of

apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.
 B

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. TWO Coils p1

& p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated

with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from

the core, the source of alternating E.M.F is connected to

p1p2, the primary coil and a load Resistance R is

connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open

switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so

long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer we assume

That the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.

further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also

negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron.

The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with

varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary and the output circuit is called

secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the
secondary EMF on the (not

Shown) load impedance.

 Vp Is Np

Vs Ip Ns

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering E.M.F is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating

current starts falling in it. The a l t e r n a t i n g current in the primary

produces a change in magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the

primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the

magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and

then the induced E.M.F induced in each turn

Of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the pimary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the E.M.F’s induced in the primary and

the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary

coils of the Transformer and = rate of change of flux in each

turn of the coil at this instant, we have

E, = -Nd Dr]ab/d, (1)

E, = -N, Dr]sb/d, (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

E, / E, = - N, / N, (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil pm, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E - Ed ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rd is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by

I 'E E, / Rd
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be ,
neglected so Therefore

E Ep 0 or Ed = E

Thus back e.m.f input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as E, / Ep E, / E = output

e.m.f / input e.m.f N, / Np K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up Transformer

E, » E so K » 1, hence N, » Nd

In a step down Transformer

E,‹ E so K ‹ 1, hence N,‹ Nd

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And I, =vaIue of sec. current at this instant, then Input ,

power at the instant t Ep Ip and Output power at the same
instant E, I,
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power output power or

E, I, = E, I, Or

E, / E, I, /1, K
In a step up Transformer
As k › 1, so If » I, or I, ‹ Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in volt•9 e, we lose in
current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a
step down Transformer, whatever we lose in volta 9e, we gain
in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
 Step Down Transformer

1000V
200V

2000 W
2090 W

BASIS IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORIYIER

Step Transfomer
8coondary

1ß 2.5
A A

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power i.e.

y = output power / input power = E, I, / E, Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, y 1. But in actual practice, there are many power

losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than

one.
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due
to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of ene•9› 's lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. 5o Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alt ernatin9 current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.

//\I?.I?d!"gLi?.3
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Cogger Wlm.

Circuit Diagram
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Procedure
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.€ main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,

air conditioner etc.
• In the induction furnaces.
• A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-

Rays and NEON advertisement.

• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over

long distances.
• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,

loud speakers and electric bells etc.

1. Values of current con be changed due to heatinp effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

t. T he output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.

1. Keep safe yourself from hiph voItape.

2. While taki• 9 the readings of current and voItape the A.C
should remain constant.
 A Big Transformer

Biblioeraehv
)> NCERT Textbook Class 12
)> NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
)> Google Website