PHYSICS 3D

MODEL PROJECT

Submitted By - Bismay Sikdar

CLASS - XII-E
Submitted To - Mr. Arghya Paitandi
 Certificate

This is to certify that Bismay Sikdar, student of

class XII, Purv International School, has
completed the project titled “Transformers”,
during the academic year 2024-2025, towards
partial fulfilment Physics Practical Examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi, and
submitted satisfactory report as compiled in the
following pages, under my supervision.
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher, Mr. Arghya Paitandi,
who gave me this golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic, “Transformers”,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many new things. I
am really thankful to him.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents
and friends, who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
 Index
1) Introduction
2) Objective
3) Principle
4) Construction
5) Theory and Working
6) Efficiency
7) Energy Loss
8) Apparatus Required
9) Circuit Diagram
10) Procedure
11) Uses of Transformer
12) Sources of Error
13) Conclusion
14) Precautions
15) Bibliography
 Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is
astatic electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range
in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds
of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While
new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are
essential for high-voltage electric power transmission,
which makes long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the
use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

 Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.

 Objective

To investigate the relation between the ratio of-

1. Input and Output Voltage

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary

coil of a self-made transformer
 Principle
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a
varying current is set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current
in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces
e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.
 Construction
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another.
Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both
the coils are insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f. is connected to p1 p2, the primary coil and
a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2 , the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current
through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an
ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a
soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin
iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.
 An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises
from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load
impedance.

 The ideal transformer as a circuit element

 Theory and Working
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1
p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.
s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
𝑑𝜙
transformer and, = rate of change of flux in each turn of
𝑑𝑡
the coil at this instant, we have
𝑑𝜙
Ep = -Np (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙
Es = -Ns (2)
𝑑𝑡
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary
coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance of p1 p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip
in the primary coil is given by

I = (E – Ep)/Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be

neglected, so therefore,

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E =
output e.m.f. / input e.m.f. = Ns / Np = K
Where, k is a constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a Step-up Transformer,

Es > E so K > 1, hence, Ns > Np

In a step-down transformer,

Es < E so K < 1, hence, Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t
And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then Input
power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the same
instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power, or,

Ep Ip = Es Is or,

Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K

In a step up transformer,

As K > 1, so, Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
incurrent in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that
in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage,
we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus, a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current and a step down transformer steps up the current.
 Basic Idea of Step Down Transformer

 Basic Idea of Step Up Transformer

 Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power i.e. η = output power / input
power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
 Energy Losses
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due
to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux:
The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So,
whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary
coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss:
In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy
currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as
the heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss:
In practice, the coils of the transformer possess
resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the
heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss:
The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core
through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy
is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction:
The alternating current in the Transformer may be set
its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced.
It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be
lost due to humming.
 Apparatus Required

 Iron Rod

 Voltmeter

 Ammeter

 Copper Wire.
Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1, P2 to A.C. main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through S1 and S2.
5. Now, connect S1 and S2 to A.C. main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
 Uses of Transformer

A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,

air conditioner, etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used in welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used in obtaining large
current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-
Rays and Neon Advertisements.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C.
over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bills, etc.
 Sources of Error

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

 Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio Ns/Np with
respect to the input voltage.

2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil

of a transformer.
 Precautions

1. Keep yourself safe from high A.C. voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage, the

A.C. should remain constant.

 A big transformer
 Bibliography

 NCERT Textbook Class 12

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12

 Google Websites (Wikipedia, etc.)