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    B Mass Volume Relations

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    B Mass Volume Relations

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    1

    Civil Engineering Department

    Geotechnical Engineering Notes Part 2

    By

    Dr. Fawzi S. Gharagheer, PE

    Feb 25, 2024

    Reference: Textbook: Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 9th ed. Braja M. Das and
    Khalid Sobhan, Cengage Learning, USA, 2018.

    4.0 Mass- Volume Relationship (Chapter 3)


    Figure 3.1a shows an element of soil of volume (V) and weight (W) as it would exist in a
    natural state. To develop the weight–volume relationships, we must separate the three
    phases (that is, solid, water, and air) as shown in Figure 3.1b.

    Thus, the total volume of a given soil sample can be expressed as

    V = Vs + V v = V s + V w + V a (3.1)
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    Where:
    Vs = volume of soil solids
    Vv= volume of voids
    Vw= volume of water in the voids
    Va= volume of air in the voids
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    The unit weight in kN/m3 can be obtained from densities in g/cm3multiplied by 9.8.
    Note that unit weight of water (ɣw) is equal to 9.81 kN/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft. The density of
    water is 1 g/cc or 1000 kg/m3.

    Derived Mass -Volume Relationships:

    γt =

    γs =
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    S e = wc Gs

    Note that, for saturated soils, the degree of saturation is 100%. When a soil mass is
    completely saturated (i.e., all the void volume is occupied by water), the moist unit weight
    of a soil becomes equal to the saturated unit.

    Conversion factors: 1 kg/cm2 = 1tsf = 2000 psf = 100 KPa

    4.1 Natural Moisture Content Determination


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    Example 1: In the natural state, a moist soil has a volume of 0.0093 m3 and weighs 177.6
    N. The oven dry weight of the soil is 153.6 N. If the Gs = 2.71. Calculate the moisture
    content, moist unit weight, dry unit weight, void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation.

    Vt = 0.0093 m3
    Wt = 177.6 N
    Ws 153.6 N
    Gs = 2.71

    Moisture content = wc = Ww / Ws = 15.625

    γt = = W t / Vt = 19.10 KN/m3
    γd = γt / (1 + wc) 16.52 KN/m3

    eo = (Gs γw / γd) -1 = V v /Vs 0.61


    n = e / (1 + e) = Vv /Vt 0.38
    S = Gs wc / e = 69.46

    γs = γw (Gs + e) / (1 +e) 20.23 KN/m3


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    Estimation of soil properties by knowing limited amount of soil properties such as natural
    moisture content (wc) in saturated condition.

    Example 2: Assume soil is stiff clay with wc is near 21, soil is saturated. Therefore S = 1
    Gs is between 2.7 and 2.9, say 2.8
    e = Gs wc= 2.8 x 21 = 0.59

    e = Gs wc = 2.8 x 21 = 0.59

    γd = Gs ã w / (1 + e) = (2.8 x 9.81) / 1.59 = 17.3 KN/m3

    γt = γd (1 + wc) = 17.3 (1.21) = 20.9 KN/m3

    Correlation with Atterberg Limits for Cohesive soil and natural water content:

    Plastic index is commonly used in strength correlation

    Liquid limit is used primarily for consolidation estimate

    Liquid and plastic limit together with natural water content are useful in predicting wether a
    cohesive soil is preconsolidated as follows:

     If wn is close to LL, soil is normally consolidated

     If wn is close to PL, soil is some – to heavily over consolidated

     If wn is intermediate, soil is somewhat overconsolidated

     If wn is greater than LL, soil is on the verge of being a viscous liquid

    When wn is greater than LL, in-situ soil will not flow because of the overburden pressure and
    interparticle cementation would provide stability. However, slightest remolding disturbance
    has the potential to convert the deposit into viscous fluid. The larger wn with respect to LL,
    the greater the potential would be. Liquidity index can be used to quantify this problem.

    LI = (wn – PL) / PI
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    When LI is greater or equal 1 are indicative of liquefaction or quick potential.


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