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    Stuff I Should Know For The Ap Test But Do Not Know Yet: Ions List

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    Scott Allred
    This document provides a list of ions, solubility rules, oxidizing and reducing agents, weak electrolytes, and driving forces for chemical reactions that one should know for the AP chemistry test. Key items include: 1) Common polyatomic ions like sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate along with their solubility rules. 2) Strong oxidizers include permanganate, dichromate, nitric acid, and halogens. Strong reducers include metals, sulfide, and halide ions. 3) Weak acids include carbonic acid and hydrofluoric acid. Ammonium hydroxide and water are also weak electrolytes. 4) Driving forces for double displacement reactions include forming an insol

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    Stuff I Should Know For The Ap Test But Do Not Know Yet: Ions List

    Uploaded by

    Scott Allred
    456 views1 page
    This document provides a list of ions, solubility rules, oxidizing and reducing agents, weak electrolytes, and driving forces for chemical reactions that one should know for the AP chemistry test. Key items include: 1) Common polyatomic ions like sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate along with their solubility rules. 2) Strong oxidizers include permanganate, dichromate, nitric acid, and halogens. Strong reducers include metals, sulfide, and halide ions. 3) Weak acids include carbonic acid and hydrofluoric acid. Ammonium hydroxide and water are also weak electrolytes. 4) Driving forces for double displacement reactions include forming an insol

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    This document provides a list of ions, solubility rules, oxidizing and reducing agents, weak electrolytes, and driving forces for chemical reactions that one should know for the AP chemistry test. Key items include: 1) Common polyatomic ions like sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate along with their solubility rules. 2) Strong oxidizers include permanganate, dichromate, nitric acid, and halogens. Strong reducers include metals, sulfide, and halide ions. 3) Weak acids include carbonic acid and hydrofluoric acid. Ammonium hydroxide and water are also weak electrolytes. 4) Driving forces for double displacement reactions include forming an insol

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    456 views1 page

    Stuff I Should Know For The Ap Test But Do Not Know Yet: Ions List

    Uploaded by

    Scott Allred
    This document provides a list of ions, solubility rules, oxidizing and reducing agents, weak electrolytes, and driving forces for chemical reactions that one should know for the AP chemistry test. Key items include: 1) Common polyatomic ions like sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate along with their solubility rules. 2) Strong oxidizers include permanganate, dichromate, nitric acid, and halogens. Strong reducers include metals, sulfide, and halide ions. 3) Weak acids include carbonic acid and hydrofluoric acid. Ammonium hydroxide and water are also weak electrolytes. 4) Driving forces for double displacement reactions include forming an insol

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    STUFF I SHOULD KNOW FOR THE AP TEST BUT DO NOT KNOW YET IONS LIST

    acetate aluminum ammonium barium bicarbonate bisulfate bisulfide bisulfite bromate bromide bromite calcium carbonate chlorate chloride chlorite chromate chromium cupric cuprous cyanide dichromate C2 H3 O2 Al3+ NH4 + Ba2+ HCO3 HSO4 HS HSO3 BrO3 Br BrO2 Ca2+ CO3 2 ClO3 Cl ClO2 CrO4 2 (yellow) Cr3+ Cu 2+ (blue) Cu + (green) CN Cr2 O7 2 (orange) ferric ferrous fluoride hydrogen hydronium hydroxide hypobromite hypochlorite hypoiodite iodate iodide iodite lead lithium magnesium manganese mercuric mercurous nickel nitrate nitride nitrite Fe3+ (yellow) Fe2+ (green) F H+ H3 O+ OH BrO ClO IO IO3 I IO2 Pb 2+ Li+ Mg 2+ Mn 2+ Hg 2+ Hg 2 2+ Ni2+ (green) NO3 N3 NO2 oxalate oxide perbromate perchlorate periodate permanganate peroxide phosphate phosphide phosphite potassium silver sodium stannic stannous strontium sulfate sulfide sulfite thiocyanate thiosulfate zinc C2 O4 2 O2 BrO4 ClO4 IO4 MnO4 (purple) O2 2 PO4 3 P3 PO3 3 K+ Ag + Na + Sn 4+ Sn 2+ Sr2+ SO4 2 S2 SO3 2 SCN S2 O3 2 Zn2+

    SOLUBILITY RULES
    Always soluble: alkali metal ions (Li+, Na +, K+, Rb +, Cs +), NH4 +, NO3 , ClO3 , ClO4 , C2 H3 O2 Generally soluble: (mnemonics) Cl , Br , I Soluble except Ag +, Pb 2+, Hg 2 2+ (AP/H) F Soluble except Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba 2+, Pb 2+ , Mg2+ (CBS-PM) SO4 2 Soluble except Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba 2+, Pb 2+ (CBS/PBS) Generally insoluble: O2 , OH Insoluble except and alkali metals, and NH4 + Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba 2+ (CBS) somewhat soluble CO3 2 , PO4 3 , S2 , SO3 2 , C2 O4 2 , CrO4 2 Insoluble except alkali metals and NH4 +

    STRONG OXIDIZERS (Oxidizing Agents)


    MnO4 in acid solution MnO2 in acid solution MnO4 in neutral or basic soln Cr2 O7 2 in acid solution Cr2 O7 2 with a base CrO4 2 in basic solution HNO3 , concentrated HNO3 , dilute (e.g. 6 M) H2 SO4 , hot, concentrated Free halogens (e.g. Cl2 ) H2 O2 in acid solution Note: H2 O2 decomposes Na 2 O2 HClO4 Mn 2+ + H2 O Mn 2+ + H2 O MnO2 Cr3+ + H2 O CrO4 2 + H2 O CrO2 + H2 O NO2 + H2 O NO + H2 O SO2 + H2 O halide ions (Cl ) H2 O H2 O + O2 NaOH Cl + H2 O

    GASES THAT FORM

    H2 CO3 CO2 + H2 O NH4 OH NH3 + H2 O H2 SO3 SO2 + H2 O H2 S HNO2 NO + NO2 + H2 O HCN

    Other Oxidizers Metal-ic ions (e.g. Sn 4+, Fe3+) -ous ions (Sn 2+, Fe2+) H2 O H2 + OH

    WEAK ELECTROLYTES
    Weak Acids (esp. HC2 H3 O2 and HF) (Memorize the 8 strong acids all others are weak) HCl hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HIO4 periodic acid HI hydroiodic acid H2 SO4 sulfuric acid HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4 OH NH3 (aq)) Water (H2 O)

    STRONG REDUCERS (Reducing Agents)


    Halide ions (e.g. Cl ) Free metals ites SO3 2 or SO2 , NO2 Free halogens, dil. basic soln Free halogens, conc. basic soln S2 O3 2 Other Reducers Metal-ous ions (e.g. Sn 2+) H2 O

    Free halogen (Cl2 ) metal ions ates SO4 2 , NO3 hypohalite ions (ClO ) halate ions (ClO3 ) S4 O6 2 -ic ions (Sn 4+) O2 + H+

    DRIVING FORCES Double Replacement


    Insoluble Solid (Precipitate) Weak Electrolyte (H2O or Weak Acid) Gas Formation

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