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    2.2 Network Devices: Connectors, Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, NIC's

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    2.2 Network Devices: Connectors, Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, NIC's

    Uploaded by

    sahamudi
    8 views34 pages

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    U1

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    8 views34 pages

    2.2 Network Devices: Connectors, Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, NIC's

    Uploaded by

    sahamudi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    2.

    2 Network Devices
    Connectors, Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, NIC’s
    Network Devices
    Network is interconnection of devices.

    For these connection we need to use the connecting devices.

    Also called as Network Control Devices.


    The purpose
    Allow a greater number of nodes to be connected to the network.
    Extend the distance over which a network can extend.
    Localize traffic on the network.
    Can merge existing networks.
    Isolate network problems so that they can be diagnosed more easily.
    Devices and the layers at which they
    operate
    WAN LAN

    A WAN network will have a


    larger coverage area that can
    A LAN network is limited to
    range up to 100,000 KM and
    between 100-1000 meters
    in some cases, stretches
    coverage
    globally or over international
    borders.

    Area covered
    Connectors

    To connect cable between two computers.


    Connectors are of different type such as –
    Twisted Pair cable
    Co-axial Cable
    Fibre optic cable.
    Connectors are type such as-
    Jacks
    Plugs
    Sockets and ports
    Connectors
    Example:
    RS232 and V35 for serial interface
    RJ45 and BNC connectors for Ethernet.
    SC or ST connectors for fibre optic
    Repeaters

    Signal attenuation or signal loss – signal degrades over distance


    Repeaters clean, amplify, and resend signals that are weakened by long cable
    length.
    Built-in to hubs or switches
    A repeater operates only at the PHYSICAL layer.
    It connects two segments of the same network.

    Single port, multi-port repeaters.


    Repeaters

    Function of a repeater
    HUB

    A hub is used as a central device.


    Connects the computers in star topology.
    Hubs are simple devices that direct data packets to all devices connected to
    the hub.
    Hubs regenerate and retime network signals
    hubs work at the OSI physical layer
    They cannot filter network traffic.
    They cannot determine best path
    They are really multi-port repeaters
    Types of Hub

    1. Passive hub
    is just a connector - connects the wires coming from different branches.
    The signal pass through a passive hub without regeneration or amplification.
    (distance 300 feet)
    2. Active hubs or Multiport repeaters-
    They regenerate or amplify the signal before they are retransmitted (distance -2000
    feet).
    3. Intelligent Hub

    Regenerate the signals and perform network


    management and intelligent path selection.
    Bridges

    Operates in both the PHYSICAL and the data link layer.


    As a PHYSICAL layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives.
    As a data link layer device, the bridge can check the PHYSICAL/MAC
    addresses (source and destination) contained in the frame.
    Bridge
    Bridges

    A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.

    It can check the destination address of a frame and decide if the frame should
    be forwarded or dropped.

    For frame to be forwarding, it specify the port.

    Limit or filter traffic - keeps local traffic local yet allow connectivity to other
    parts (segments).
    Function of Bridge
    Characteristics of Bridges
    Routing Tables
    – Contains one entry per station of network.
    – Is used to determine the network of destination.
    Filtering
    – Packets are filtered with respect to their destination and multicast addresses.
    Forwarding
    – the process of passing a packet from one network to another.
    Learning Algorithm
    – the process by which the bridge learns how to reach stations on the internetwork.
    Types of Bridges

    Transparent Bridge
    Also called learning bridges
    Build a table of MAC addresses as frames arrive.
    Ethernet networks use transparent bridge
    Duties are : Filtering frames, forwarding and blocking
    Source Routing Bridge
    Used in Token Ring networks
    Frame contains not only the source and destination address but also the bridge
    addresses.
    Advantages And Disadvantages
    Advantages of using a bridge
    – Extend physical network
    – Reduce network traffic with minor segmentation
    – Reduce collisions
    – Connect different architecture
    Disadvantages of using bridges
    – Slower than repeaters due to filtering
    – Do not filter broadcasts
    – More expensive than repeaters
    Differences Between Bridges and
    Repeaters
    Switched networks

    Shared ethernet networks perform best when kept to 30-40


    percent full capacity
    This is a result of CSMA/CD
    A LAN switch is a high-speed multiport bridge which segments
    each port into its own collision domain and can access the full
    bandwidth
    Devices and the layers at which they
    operate

    Layer Name of Layer Device


    3 Network Routers, layer 3
    switches

    2 Data Link Switches,


    bridges, NIC’s

    1 Physical Hubs
    Switches

    Each port is a simulated segment to itself


    Store and Forward Switches

    Do error checking on each frame after the entire


    frame has arrived into the switch
    If the error checking algorithm determines there
    is no error, the switch looks in its MAC address
    table for the port to which to forward the
    destination device
    Highly reliable because doesn’t forward bad
    frames
    Slower than other types of switches because it
    holds on to each frame until it is completely
    received to check for errors before forwarding
    Cut Through Switch

    Faster than store and forward because doesn’t perform error


    checking on frames
    Reads address information for each frame as the frames enter the
    switch
    After looking up the port of the destination device, frame is
    forwarded
    Forwards bad frames
    Performance penalty because bad frames can’t be used and
    replacement frames must be sent which creates additional traffic
    Fragment free cut through switch

    Combines speed of cut through switch with error checking


    functionality
    Forwards all frames initially, but determines that if a particular
    port is receiving too many bad frames, it reconfigures the port to
    store and forward mode
    Preferred switching solution
    Unmanaged/Intelligent switches

    Unmanaged – provides LAN’s with all the benefits of switching


    Fine in small networks
    Intelligent switches tracks and reports LAN performance statistics
    Have a database ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) on
    board to collect and store data which you view through a software
    interface
    Layer 3 switch

    By definition a switch filters or forwards frames


    based on MAC addresses. This makes a switch a
    layer 2 device.
    Now we have layer 3 switches which have
    routing capability. If a data frame can’t be
    switched it is routed.
    Each port is a separate LAN port, but the
    forwarding engine actually calculates and stores
    routes based on IP addresses, not MAC addresses
    Usually support only IP or IP and IPX
    VLAN Switches

    Virtual local area network


    Each port on a switch defines a collision domain
    The entire switch forms a single broadcast domain
    VLANs can define multiple broadcast domains
    Network traffic that is directed to all computers on the
    network can be segmented to transmit only on a specific
    VLAN.
    Improves bandwidth on a the VLAN’s because each
    VLAN filters the network-to-network broadcast traffic as
    well as the collision traffic from other VLAN’s
    Physical Layer Broadcast

    Physical layer broadcasts – implemented by non-switched


    Ethernet networks through shared cabling and hubs
    Each bit that is transmitted is physically received by every
    station
    Switches and VLAN’s don’t do physical layer broadcasts
    MAC-level broadcast

    MAC-level broadcast – deal with how to handle


    MAC level broadcast frames; that is the data frames
    that have a broadcast destination MAC address
    MAC-level broadcast frames are addressed to all
    MAC addresses on a given network (not a network
    segment, but an actual network as defined by its
    network address)
    A regular switch forwards all broadcast frames out all
    ports, but a VLAN switch forwards broadcast frames
    only to ports that are part of the same VLAN
    Multiple switches can be part of the same VLAN
    VLAN Switches

    None of the VLAN’s can communicate unless each VLAN is


    connected to a router or layer 3 switch
    Each VLAN is separating collision traffic associated with MAC
    Addresses (layer 2) and each VLAN is separating the
    network-to-network broadcast traffic. In other words each VLAN
    is acting as a separate network so a layer 3 device is necessary for
    them to communicate
    After this PPT3 & then PPT7

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