Statistics and SENIOR

HIGH
Probability SCHOOL

Module
Understanding the Z-Scores
8
Quarter 1
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Understanding the Z-Scores
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module

8
Quarter 1

Understanding
the Z-Scores
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability ( Senior High School) Module on

Understanding the Z -Scores! This module was collaboratively designed, developed
and reviewed by educators from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-In-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin in partnership with the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to Statistics and probability Module on Understanding the Z-Scores! The

hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATIONS

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:
1. converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and
vice versa.

Directio PRETEST
n:
Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is the best formula in calculating the z-score for

the population data?

𝑥−𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ −𝑥 𝑢−𝑥 𝑋− µ
a. 𝑧 = 𝑆
b. 𝑧 = 𝑠
c. 𝑧 = 𝑜
d. z = 𝜎

2.Given: X = 45, 𝑥̅ = 35 and s = 5, find the z-score value.

a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0

3. Which of the following is the z-score value of X = 89, µ= 92, and σ = 6?

a. -1 b. -0.6 c. -0.5 d. 0.5

4. If z = 1.5, µ = 79 and σ = 5, what is its corresponding random variable X?

a. 86.5 b. 85.6 c. 79.5 d. 76.5

5. Ali and Geo compare their scores in Calculus for this semester. They find

that the average score is 42 with the standard deviation of 4. Ali’s score is

48 while Geo’s score corresponding z-score value of z = 1.45. Who got the

higher score?

a. Ali b. Geo c. both of them d. none of them

 RECAP

In your previous lesson, you learned the different properties

of the distribution of normal random variables called the normal curve.
Standard normal curve is a normal curve with the mean µ = 0 and a
standard deviation σ = 1. Some areas under the standard normal curve
between any two ordinates can be identified by using the Empirical Rule or
68 – 95 - 99.7 Rule. To find the areas of the regions under the normal curve that
correspond the z-value, simply find the area of the given z-value using the z-Table
also known as Table of Areas under the Normal Curve.

LESSON

What is z-score?
The z – score is a measure of relative standing that tells how
many standard deviations either above or below the mean a particular value
is. The scores represent the distances from the center measured in standard
deviation units. There are six z-score values at the baseline of the normal
curve: three z-scores to the left of the mean that are negative and three z-
scores to the right of the mean which are positive.

µ
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Z

What is the importance of the z-scores?

Raw scores may be composed of large values, but these large values
cannot be accommodated at the baseline of the normal curve. So, these need
to be transformed into scores for convenience without sacrificing meanings
associated with the raw scores.
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-
values or scores. Either the z-scores locates X within a sample or within a
population.
The formula in calculating the z –score:
𝑋−µ
z= z-score for the population data
𝜎

𝑋−x̄
z= z-score for the sample data
𝑠

The formula in calculating the raw score X:

X = µ + z(σ) for the population data

X = 𝑥̅ + z(s) for the sample data

Note: The raw score X is above the mean if z is positive and it is below
the mean when z is negative.

where: X = the given measurement of a normal random variable

µ = population mean

σ = population standard deviation

𝑥̅ = sample mean

s = sample standard deviation

Example 1: Find the z-score value that corresponds to a normal random

variable X = 93 in the given mean µ = 85 and standard deviation σ = 8 of a
population in Statistics test.

Given: X = 93, µ = 85, σ = 8

Find: z
𝑋−µ
Formula: z = 𝜎
Since the given are population values, the z-

score locates X within the population.

93−85
Solutions: z = 8

8
z=
8

z=1

This normal curve is showing the graphical conversion of raw score

to z-score.
 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Z
61 69 77 85 93 101 109 X

Thus, the z-score value that corresponds to a normal random variable 93 is

1.

Example 2: Compute for a raw score X for given the sample mean 𝑥̅ = 135,
and sample standard deviation s = 30, and z = -2.

Given: 𝑥̅ = 135, s = 30, z = -2

Find: X

Formula: X = 𝑥̅ + (z)s Since the given values, the z-score

locates

X within the sample.

Solutions: X = 135 + (-2)(30)

X = 135 + (-60)

X = 135 - 60

X = 75

The normal curve below is showing the graphical conversion of z-

score to a raw score X.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Z
40 75 105 135 165 195 225 X
Thus, the raw score X that corresponds to a z = -2 is 75.

Example 3: Matt wants to interpret in terms of performance his first

quarter grades in report card for Statistics and Probability (81) and Practical
Research (83). The means are 65 and 75, respectively. The standard
deviations are 8 and 5, respectively. Is the information sufficient to find and
compare the standardized scores of his grades. In what subject he
performed well?

Statistics and Probability Practical Research

Given: X=81, µ=65, σ=8 Given: X=83, µ=75, σ=5

Find: z Find: z

𝑋−µ 𝑋−µ
Formula: z = Formula: z =
𝜎 𝜎
81−65 83−75
= 8
= 5
16 8
= 8
= 5

z=2 z = 1.60
The normal curve below is the conversion of raw score X to z-
score. The given information in a problem is sufficient to find and compare
the standardized score as shown above. The z-score value z = 2 of Matt in
Statistics and Probability is higher than z = 1.60, the z-score value in
Practical Research.

1.6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Z
41 49 57 65 73 81 89 Stat & Prob
60 65 70 75 80 83 85 90 Prac. Research

Thus, Matt performed well in Statistics and Probability.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: PRACTICE!

Direction: In a Math Test, given µ = 77, and σ = 14. Find the z-score value
that corresponds to each of the following scores (in two decimal places):
 1. X = 63 z = ______
2. X = 112 z = ______
3. X = 100 z = ______
4. X = 50 z = ______
5. X = 84 z = ______

ACTIVITY 2: Keep Practicing!

Direction: Find the random variable X that corresponds to the following:

1. µ = 50, σ = 12, z = 3 X = ____

2. µ = 50, σ = 12, z = -2.5 X = ____
3. x̄ = 83, s = 6, z = 0 X = ____
4. x̄ = 45, s = 5, z = -0.75 X = ____
5. µ = 84, σ = 7, z = -0.45 X = ____

ACTIVITY 3: Practice makes perfect!

Direction: Suppose the normal curve below is about the distribution of

books in the library that are found to have an average length of pages and
standard deviation. Answer the following using the distribution:

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Z
110 230 350 470 590 710 830 X

_________1. What is the average length of pages of books in the library?

_________2. What is its standard deviation?

_________3. What is the z-score value of 230 pages?

_________4. What is the raw score of the standardized score z = 1.50?

_________5. What is the z-score of 450 pages?

 WRAP–UP

To convert a normal random variable X to a standard normal variable

Z, use the formula for calculating z-score:
𝑥−𝑢
z= z-score for the population data
𝜎
𝑥−𝑥̅
z= z-score for the sample data
𝑠
To convert standard normal variable Z to a random variable/raw score
X, use the formula for calculating X:

X = µ + z(σ) raw score for the population data

X = 𝑥̅ + z(s) raw score for the sample data

Note: The raw score X is above the mean if z is positive and it is below the
mean when z is negative.

VALUING

In our lesson, we converted the normal random variables to standard

normal random variables and vice versa. In your life, we can transform all
the observations of any random variables X to the new set of observations of
another normal random variable Z with the standard that we set depending
on the convenience that we feel on this, something wherein you find it
comfortable. Be flexible for any transformation or changes that occur
especially nowadays. Our life will be a lot easier based on the standard that
we set. Just always feel that you are so blessed! Explain why the normal
curve is useful in solving problem specifically in COVID 19, the global
pandemic?
 POSTTEST

I. Write the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

Find the z-score value that corresponds to each of the following (in two
decimal places):
1. X = 81, µ = 79 , σ = 4 a. 0 b. 0.5 c. 1 d. 2

2. X = 30, µ = 93 , σ = 21 a. -3 b. -2 c. -1 d. 0

3. X = 18, x̄ = 48, s = 15 a. 0 b. -1 c. -2 d. -3

4. X =400, x̄ = 320, s = 150 a. 0 b. 0.35 c. 0.5 d. 0.53

5. X = 2140, µ = 1,230 , σ = 500 a. -1.82 b. 0.82 c. 1.82 d. 2.82

II. A group of students in ABM compares their scores in their major subject
for this semester. They find that the average score is 39 with the standard
deviation of 6. Illustrate the given under the normal curve and write the
letter that corresponds to the correct answer the following questions:

1. What is the corresponding z-score of the average score?

a. -1 b. 0 c. 1 d. 2

2. What is the z-score value of 48?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 1.5 d. 2

3. What is the corresponding raw score of the students with z = -0.50?

a. 36 b. 33 c. 30 d. 27

4. If you are one of the students in that group and you got a score of 40,

what is its corresponding z-score value?

a. 0 b. 0.17 c. 0.50 d. 1

5. What is the corresponding highest score in a test if it is in z =3?

a. 39 b. 45 c. 51 d. 57
 KEY TO CORRECTION

5. a 5. d 5. c

4. a 4. b 4. d

3. c 3. a 3. c

2. b 2. c 2. a

1. d II. 1. b I.1. b

PRE-TEST POST-TEST

5. X = 81

4. X = 41
0.50 = z 5.
5. z = -0.17
-1.93 = z 4. 3. X = 83
4. X = 650
1.64 = z 3.
2. X = 20 3. z = -2
2.50 = z 2.
2. σ = 120
- 1.00 = z 1. 1. X = 86
1. µ = 470
ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 3

REFERENCES

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Bacay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and

Probability, REX Book Store: Philippine, 2016
Zita VJ Albacea, Ph.D., Marl John V. Ayaay, Isidro P. David, Ph.D., and
Imelda E. de Mesa, Statistics and Probability, Commission on
Higher Education: 2016