Statistics & Probability

Quarter 2 – Module 8: Hypothesis Testing

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Analyn A. Yabut

Presenter: Lovely S. Reyes
Editors: Nenet M. Peñaranda
Reviewers: Ma. Lourdes Espino
Illustrator: Edison P. Clet
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera, Ed D.
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Victor M. Javena, Ed. D.
Chief - School Governance and Operations Division
Manuel A. Laguerta, Ed.D.
Chief - Curriculum Implementation Division
Education Program Supervisors
1. Librada L. Agon, Ed. D., EPP/TLE
2. Liza A. Alvarez, Science
3. Bernard R. Balitao, Araling Panlipunan
4. Joselito E. Calios, English
5. Norlyn D. Conde, Ed. D., MAPEH
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9. Dulce O. Santos, Ed. D., Kinder/MTB
10. Teresita P. Tagulao, Ed. D., Mathematics

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education –NCR, Division of Pasig City

Statistics & SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module

Hypothesis Testing 8
Quarter 2
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the(Statistics & Probability with Grade 11) Module on (Hypothesis Testing)!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics & Probability Module on (Hypothesis Testing)!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATION

Learning Objective:

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to identify the appropriate form
of the test-statistic when Central Limit Theorem is to be used.

PRETEST

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Hypothesis must have a parameter or statistic such as
µ, 𝑥̅ , 𝜎 , 𝑠.
A. True B. False

2. When should you use the t- test? (select all that apply)
A. When you are testing a proportion/percentage of
population.
B. When you are given the population standard deviation
C. When you are testing for a mean.
D. When you are only given the sample standard deviation.

3. For the t-test one uses _____ instead of 𝜎 .

A. n C. s
B. X2 D. t

4. Find the critical value( s ) for a two tailed test with α = 0.05
A. z = -1.64 C. z = 1.64
B. z = ± 1.96 D. z = ± -.06

5. In a recent survey, the average amount of money students have in their pockets
is P 120.40 with a standard deviation of P57.20. A teacher feels that the average
amount is actually higher. She surveys 80 randomly selected students and finds
the average amount is P254.50. Which test should be used?
A. t- test C. x 2 -test
B. z- test D. z-test for proportion

RECAP
State the null and alternative hypothesis of the following:
1. An article on school standards stated that about half of all students in Taiwan,
Malaysia, and Indonesia take advanced placement exams and a third pass. The
same article stated that 6.6% of Philippine students take advanced placement
exams and 4.4% pass. Test if the percentage of Philippines students who take
advanced placement exams is more than 6.6%.

H0: p ≤0.066
Ha: p > 0.066

2. In a population of fish, approximately 42% are female. A test is conducted to see

if, in fact, the proportion is less. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

H0: p = 0.42
Ha: p < 0.42

LESSON

The central limit theorem states that if you have a population with mean μ
and standard deviation σ and take sufficiently large random samples from the
population with replacement, then the distribution of the sample means will be
approximately normally distributed.

Choosing the appropriate test statistic is one of the requirements in testing a

hypothesis. There are conditions that need to be consider3ed in choosing the
appropriate test statistic so as to apply the correct theorem. It was mentioned in the
previous lesson that for sufficiently large sample (n ≥ 30) , the sampling distribution
of the mean can be approximated closely with a normal distribution, and z is a value
of a random variable having approximately the standard normal distribution. Recall
that

̅−𝝁
𝒙
Z = 𝝈
√𝒏

When we do not know the value of the population standard deviation, we assume
that the sample population has roughly the shape of a normal distribution. We can
then base our decision on the statistic

̅−𝝁
𝒙
t= 𝒔
√𝒏
which is a value of a random variable having the t-distribution with n-1 degrees of
freedom.

Simplifying the discussion on how to choose the appropriate test statistic, we

just need to consider the following summary. If population standard deviation is
unknown and n < 30, then t-test is appropriately used.

Note: If the assumption about the population cannot be met and n is large, we and
can use the z-test and the sample standard deviation s is substituted for σ.

Example 1: The average test score for a entire school is 75 with a standard
deviation of 10. What is the probability that a random sample of 5
students scored above 85?
Solution: The given values are
μ = 75 population mean
σ = 10 population standard deviation
n = 5 sample size
x = 85 mean score of the sample

Based on the given values, the population standard deviation is known, which
suggest that the appropriate test statistic is z - test.

Example 2: The DENR orders the cities in a metropolis with a poor environmental
record to clean up its air. The Department states that the cities must
ensure the carbon monoxide content in the air is not more than
50ppm on average. After the supposed cleanup, a random sample of
17 air samples had a mean carbon monoxide content of 65.2 with a
standard deviation of 12.1 ppm. Does this provide strong evidence
that the cities have nor complied with the DENR? USE α = 0.05.

Solution: μ = 50 ppm
df = n-1
= = 17-1 = 16

We are to use t-test since the sample standard deviation is known which is 12.1
ppm but n is less than 30.

Example 3 : The average test score for an private school is 77. The standard
deviation is a random sample of 8 students is 10. What is the
probability that the average test score for the sample is above 85?

Solution: The given values are

μ = 77 population mean
σ = 10 sample standard deviation
n = 8 sample size
x = 85 mean score of the sample
 Based on the given values, the population standard deviation is unknown, which
suggests that the first condition to use t- test is met but the sample size is not more
than 30. One of the two conditions is not met, so the appropriate test statistic is
z- test.

ACTIVITIES

A. Identify the appropriate test static of the following:

1. The average IQ for the adult population is 100 with σ = 15.

According to research, this has changed. To test the claim,
the average IQ of 5 random adults was gathered and found to be
105. The question now is, "Is there enough evidence to suggest
the average IQ has changed?
2. A researcher wants to estimate the number of hours that the 5-year old
children spend watching television. A sample of 50 five-year old children was
observed to have a mean viewing time of 3 hours. The population is normally
distributed with a population of standard deviation α = 0.5.

Note : The sample size of 50 children is large enough for the Central Limit
Theorem to hold. The sampling distribution of means is normal.

3. A senior high school student has published figures on the number of

Kilowatt hours used annually by various home appliances for his research. He
claimed that the blender uses an average of 46 kilowatt hours per year. If a
random sample of 12 homes included in a planned
Study indicates that blenders use an average of 42 kilowatt hours per year
with a standard deviation of 11.9 kilowatt hours, does this suggest at the 0.05
level of significance that blender use, an average, less than 46 kilowatt hours
annually? Assume the population of kilowatt hours to be normal.

4. A random sample of 100 recorded crocodile deaths in four crocodile farms

in Visayas and Mindanao during the past year showed an average life span of
71.8 years. Assuming a population standard deviation of 8.9 years, does this
seem to indicate that the mean life span of crocodile in captivity is greater
than 70 years? Use a 0.05 level of significance.

5. A manufacturer of cellular phone batteries claims that when fully charged,

the mean life of his products lasts for 26 hours with a standard deviation off
5 hours. Mr. See, a regular distributor, randomly picked and tested 35 of the
batteries. His test showed that the average life of his sample is 24.3 hours. Is
there a significant difference between the average life of all of the
manufacturer's batteries and the average battery life of his sample?
 Use two -tailed at α= 5%.

WRAP–UP

What are the essential information needed to determine the

appropriate test-statistic when central limit theorem is to be used?
The central limit theorem states that if you have a population with mean μ
and standard deviation σ and take sufficiently large random samples from the
population with replacement, then the distribution of the sample means will be
approximately normally distributed.

If population standard deviation is unknown and n < 30, then t-test is

appropriately used.

Note: If the assumption about the population cannot be met and n is large, we and
can use the z-test and the sample standard deviation s is substituted for σ.
It was mentioned in the previous lesson that for sufficiently large sample
(n ≥ 30), the sampling distribution of the mean can be approximated closely with a
normal distribution, and z is a value of a random variable having approximately the
standard normal distribution.

VALUING

Here is a quote from Thomas Edison:

"Our greatest weakness lies in giving up."
What does this mean to you? Do you feel that this
applies to everyone?

POSTTEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The purpose of hypothesis testing is to reach a conclusion about __________
by examining the data contained in________.
A. a population; a sample
B. an experiment; a sample
C. a population; an experiment
D. a sample; a population
2. We use the ________ to find the critical values associated with small samples and
unknown population standard deviation.
A. z-table C. t-table
B. f- table D. x-table
3. A researcher claims that 25% of individuals aged 15-30 actually like to eat
vegetables. In order to test this claim, a random sample of 200 individuals
within the specified age group was taken revealing 21% saying YES, I LIKE TO
EAT VEGETABLES.
Can the z-test be applied to this situation?
A. yes C. Maybe
B. no D. not enough information

4. Erwin believes that with his current internet subscription, he can download a
750 MB movie in just 14 minutes. In order to test his claim, he took random
sample of 10 downloading time and obtained a mean of 14.75 minutes with a
standard deviation of 1.75 minutes.
What type of test is appropriate for this situation?
A. z -test C. f-test

B. t-test D. x-test
5. Which of the following is not a typical value assigned to α ?

A. 0.01 C.0.05

B. 0.10 D. 0.25