Basic Mathematics I

Lecturer: Terry Kwok

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 Syllabus

• 1.) Linear and Quadratics

• 2.) Polynomial and Rational Functions
• 3.) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• 4.) System of Equations and Inequalities
• 5.) Trigonometric Functions
• 6.) Analytic Trigonometry
• 7.) Applications of Trigonometric Functions
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

~ Composite Functions
~ One-to-One Functions; Inverse Functions
~ Exponential Functions
~ Logarithmic Functions
~ Properties of Logarithms
~ Logarithmic and Exponential Equations
~ Compound Interest

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 Assessment

• 1 ~ 2 Assignments 25%
• 1 Test 25%
• Examination 50%
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Composite Functions:
• Composition of functions means the output from the
inner function becomes the input of the outer function.
• f(g(3)) means you evaluate function g at x=3, then
plug that value into function f in place of the x.
• Notation for composition:

denoted by f o g (read as f” composed with g”)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Composite Functions: Example
1
Suppose f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = + . Find f o g.
x 2

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Functions Review:

y = f(x) means that given an input x, there is just one

corresponding output y.

Graphically, this means that the graph passes the vertical

line test.

Numerically, this means that in a table of values for y = f(x)

there are no x-values repeated.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example:
Given y2 = x, is y = f(x)? That is, is y a function of x?
No, because if x = 4, y could be 2 or –2.
Note that the graph fails the vertical line test.
x y
4 –2
1 –1
0 0
1 1
4 2

Note that there is a value of x in the table for which there are two
different values of y (that is, x-values are repeated.)
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Inverse Functions: Definition
• f -1 is a symbol for the inverse of the function f, not to be
confused with the reciprocal.

• If f -1(x) does NOT mean 1/ f(x), what does it mean?

y = f -1(x) means that x = f(y)

Note that y = f -1(x) is pronounced “y equals f inverse of x.”

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Find the Inverse Functions:

Finding the Equation of the Inverse of y = f(x)

Step 1. Interchange x and y.

Step 2. Solve for y.

Step 3. Replace y with f -1(x).

Any restrictions on x and y should be considered.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Inverse Functions: Example
Example Find the inverse, if it exists, of

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Inverse Functions: Example
Example Find the inverse, if it exists, of

Solution:
Write f (x) = y.

Interchange x and y.

Solve for y.

Replace y with f -1(x).

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Functions and Inverse Functions: Graph
The graph of f -1 is a reflection of the graph of f across the line y = x

Note that the domain of f equals the range of f -1 and the range
of f equals the domain of f -1 .
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Functions and their Inverse: Graph
Example
f(x) = 3x + 2
y = 3x + 2
Solving for x gives: 3x = y – 2
x = (y – 2)/3
Interchanging x and y gives: y = (x – 2)/3
So f -1(x) = (x – 2)/3

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Functions and their Inverse:
We could illustrate it as follows:

An argument x goes into the f machine. Out comes

x2 + 1
f(x) = x2 +1

"y is a function of x, whose name is f."

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Functions and their Inverse: A function of a function
let us consider these functions:
f(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 5x.
And now consider this function,
f(g(x)).
"f of g of x"
f has g as its argument:
f(g(x)) = f(5x) = (5x)2 + 1 = 25x2 + 1.
Again, f squares its argument and adds 1.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Functions and their Inverse: A function of a function
let us consider these functions:
f(x) = x2 + 1 and g(x) = 5x.
And now consider this function,
g(f(x)).
"g of f of x"
g will operate on f. What does g do to its argument?
g(f(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = 5(x2 + 1) = 5x2 + 5.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example:

Addition and subtraction are inverses. Subtracting a

specific number reverses, or undoes, the result of adding it.
In the language of functions, let
f(x) = x + 2, and g(x) = x − 2.
f(x) adds 2 to its argument. g(x) subtracts 2.
Upon applying the definition:
f(g(x)) = f(x − 2) = (x − 2) + 2 = x,
and
g(f(x)) = g(x + 2) = (x + 2) − 2 = x.
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example:

Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x½. Show that they are inverses
of one another.
½ ½ 2
f(g(x)) = f(x ) = (x ) = x,
and
g(f(x)) = g(x2) = (x2)½ = x.

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 Integer Exponents
College Algebra
Definition of exponentiation:
If a is any number and n is a zero exponents
e following definition for negative exponents. If a is any non-zero numbe
x0College
= 1 Algebra
x0 ≠ 0
eger (yes, positive) then,
5000n = 11
a n
llowing definitionexponents.
For negative for negativeIf exponents. If a is any
a non-zero
a is any non-zero numb
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(yes,
andpositive) then, integer
n is a positive
e why we required that a not be zero?
n
Remember
1 that division by zero is
a have gotten
ad allowed a to be zero we would n division by zero. Here are
ples for this definition, a
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hy we5required2 that a not be zero? 4
Remember that3division by zero is
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llowed a to be zero we would have gotten division by zero. Here are
for this definition,
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 Integer Exponents
Exponents properties:

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
Linear Functions Exponential Functions
~ Rate of change is constant ~ Change at a constant percent rate.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions

y = bx

b is the base:
•It must be greater than 0
•It cannot equal 1.
x can be any real number

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
Which of the following are exponential functions?

y= 3x ✓ y = (-x)3 ✖

y = (7)x ✓ y = (-7)x ✖

Identify the base in each of the following.

y = 3x y = (7)x

y = 4x - 3 y = 3ax

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
Evaluate the following Exponential Functions

y = 3x for x = 4 y = 34 = 81

y = 2(7)x for x = 3 y = 2(7)3 = 686

y = (4x) for x = 3/2 y = (4)3/2 = 8

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Graph of Exponential Functions b >1
Graph y = 2x for x = -3 to 3, b > 1

x y
-3 1/8
-2 1/4
-1 1/2
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Graph of Exponential Functions (0 < b < 1)
Graph y = (1/2)x for x = -3 to 3,

x y
-3 8
-2 4
-1 2
0 1
1 1/2
2 1/4
3 1/8
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Property of Exponential Functions

y = bx
x can be any value
The resulting y value will always be positive.
The y-intercept is always (0,1)
When b > 1, as x increases, y increases.
When 0 < b < 1, as x increases, y decreases.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example
Graph y = (3)x and y = (1/3)x for x = -3 to 3, in 0.5
increments.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example
Graph y = (3)x and y = (1/3)x for x = -3 to 3, in 0.5
increments.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example

a b c

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example

1 Solve the following, 3x + 2 - 3x = 216

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example

1.) Solve the following, 3x + 2 - 3x = 216

Solution: 3x + 2 – 3x = 216
(32)(3x ) – 3x = 216
3x(32 – 1) = 216
8(3x) = 216
3x = 27
3x = 33
∴ x=3

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example

2.) Solve the following, 52x – 24(5x) = 25

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions: Example

2.) Solve the following, 52x – 24(5x) = 25

Solution: 52x – 24(5x) = 25

(5x)2 – 24(5x) – 25 = 0
Let y = 5x, the equation becomes
y2 – 24y – 25 = 0
(y – 25)(y + 1) = 0
y = 25 or y = –1
∴ 5x = 25 or 5x = –1 (rejected)
5x = 52
∴ x=2
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Growth Models:
A quantity is growing exponentially if it increases by the
same percent in each time period.

C is the initial amount. t is the time period.

y = C (1 + r)t

(1 + r) is the growth factor, r is the growth rate.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Growth Models: Compound Interest
You deposit $500 in an account that pays 8% annual interest
compounded yearly. What is the account balance after 6 years?
METHOD 1 SOLVE A SIMPLER PROBLEM
Find the account balance A1 after 1 year and multiply by the growth factor
to find the balance for each of the following years. The growth rate is 0.08,
so the growth factor is 1 + 0.08 = 1.08.
A1 = 500(1.08) = 540 Balance after one year
A2 = 500(1.08)(1.08) = 583.20 Balance after two years

A3 = 500(1.08)(1.08)(1.08) = 629.856 Balance after three years

• •
• •
• •

A6 = 500(1.08) 6 ≈793.437 Balance after six years

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Growth Models: Compound Interest
You deposit $500 in an account that pays 8% annual interest
compounded yearly. What is the account balance after 6 years?
METHOD 2 USE A FORMULA
Use the exponential growth model to find the account balance A. The
growth rate is 0.08. The initial value is 500.

500 is the initial amount. 6 is the time period.

A6 = 500 (1 + 0.08) 6

(1 + 0.08) is the growth factor, 0.08 is the growth rate.

A6 = 500(1.08) 6 ≈ 793.437 Balance after 6 years

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Base a

We define y = loga x as that number y such that x = ay,

where x > 0 and a is a positive constant other than 1.

We read loga x as “the logarithm, base a, of x.”

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Graph
These functions are inverses of exponential functions.
We can draw the graph of the inverse of an exponential
function by interchanging x and y.

To Graph: x = 2y.

1. Choose values for y.

2. Compute values for x.
3. Plot the points and connect them with a smooth curve.

* Note that the curve does not touch or cross the y-axis.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Graph
Graph: x = 2y.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Graph
Graph: x = 2y.

This curve looks like the

graph of y = 2x reflected
across the line y = x, as we
would expect for an inverse.
The inverse of y = 2x is x = 2y.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Definition
The common logarithm of a positive number x, denoted
log (x), is defined by
log10 (x) = y if and only if x = 10 y
where y is a real number. A logarithm is an exponent!

The function given by f(x) = log (x) is called the common

logarithmic function.

Note that the input x must be positive.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Example
Find each of the following logarithms.

a) log10 10,000 b) log10 0.01 c) log2 8

d) log9 3 e) log6 1 f) log8 8

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Example
Solution:
a) The exponent to which we raise 10 to obtain 10,000 is 4;
thus log10 10,000 = 4. y = loga x > x = ay
10000 = 10 y
104 = 10 y
y=4

b) We have

The exponent to which we raise 10 to get 0.01 is –2, so

log10 0.01 = –2.
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions: Example
Solution:
c) log2 8: The exponent to which we raise 2 to get 8 is 3, so
log2 8 = 3.
d) log9 3: The exponent to which we raise
9 to get 3 is 1/2; thus log9 3 = 1/2.
e) log6 1: 1 = 60. The exponent to which we raise 6 to get 1
is 0, so log6 1 = 0.
f) log8 8: 8 = 81. The exponent to which we raise 8 to get 8
is 4, so log8 8 = 1.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Common Logarithms Evaluation:
log10 (x) = y x = 10 y
log (10) 1 because 101 = 10
log (100) 2 because 102 = 100
log (1000) 3 because 103 = 1000
log (10000) 4 because 104 = 10000
log (1/10) –1 because 10-1 = 1/10
log (1/100) –2 because 10-2 = 1/100
log (1/1000) –3 because 10-3 = 1/1000
log (1) 0 because 100 = 1

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Common Logarithms Evaluation:

x f(x)
0.01 -2
0.1 -1
1 0
10 1
100 2
Note that the graph of y = log (x) is the graph of y = 10x reflected
through the line y = x. This suggests that these are inverse functions.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example
Convert each of the following to a logarithmic equation.
a) 16 = 2x b) 10–3 = 0.001 c) et = 70
Solution:
The exponent is the logarithm.

a) 16 = 2x log216 = x
The base remains the same.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example
Convert each of the following to a logarithmic equation.
a) 16 = 2x b) 10–3 = 0.001 c) et = 70
Solution:
The exponent is the logarithm.

a) 16 = 2x log216 = x
The base remains the same.

b) 10–3 = 0.001 ! log10 0.001 = –3

c) et = 70 ! log e 70 = t

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
e can be calculated from the following series expressed with factorials:
e = 1 + 1/1! + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! + . . . = 2.71828182845904...
Natural Logarithms
Logarithms, base e, are called natural logarithms. The
abbreviation “ln” is generally used for natural logarithms.
Thus,
ln x = loge x
ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1, for the logarithmic base e.
ln (e) = loge(e) = 1 since e1= e
loge (x) = y
ln(e2) = loge (e2) = 2 since 2 is the exponent
ln (1) = loge1 = 0 since e0= 1 x=ey
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Property of Logarithms
1.) loga(1) = 0 and loga(a) = 1 ~ a0 =1 and a1 = a

2.) loga(m) + loga(n) = loga(mn) ~ sum of logs is the log of the

product.
3.) ~ difference of logs is the log of the
quotient.
4.)

5.) ~ Change-of-Base Formula

For any logarithmic bases a and b, and any positive number M,

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example:
loga(m) + loga(n) = loga(mn)
Let a = 2, m = 4 and n = 8
loga(m) + loga(n) = log2(4) + log2(8) = 2 + 3 = 5
loga(mn) = log2(4 · 8) = log2(32) = 5

Let a = 2, m = 4 and n = 8

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example:

Let a = 2, m = 4 and r = 3

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example:
Find log5 8 using common logarithms.
Solution:
First, we let a = 10, b = 5, and M = 8. Then we substitute into
the change-of-base formula:

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic and Exponential Equations
Solve ex+2 = 52x for x

Take natural logarithm of each side

Use Property 4: ln (mr) = r ln (m)
ln (e) = 1
Subtract 2x ln(5) and 2 from each side
Factor x from left-hand side
Divide each side by 1 – 2 ln (5)
Approximate using calculator

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 Tutorial 3
1.) A population of 20 rabbits is released into a wildlife region.
The population triples each year for 5 years.
a.) What is the population after 5 years?
b.) Graph the growth of the rabbit population.

2.) Convert each of the following to an exponential equation.

a) log 2 32 = 5 b) log a Q = 8 c) x = log t M

3.) Solve the following equation:

a.) 107x = 9 b.) 4e5x =12 c.) 3 ln (2x) =10

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 Tutorial 3
4.) Expand the expression. Write without exponents.

5.) Write as the logarithm of a single expression

6.) Solve 3(1.2)x + 2 = 15 for x.

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