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    Analysis of Variance

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    Joses Calindas

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analysis of Variance

    Uploaded by

    Joses Calindas
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    Original Title

    ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

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    3 views3 pages

    Analysis of Variance

    Uploaded by

    Joses Calindas

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

    Analysis of Variance

    Sources Sum of Degrees of Mean Squares Computed


    of variations Squares Freedom f
    Column means SSC k−1 𝑆𝑆𝐶
    𝑠12 =
    𝑘−1 𝑠12
    Errors SSE k(n−1) 2
    𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝑠22
    𝑠2 =
    𝑘(𝑛 − 1)
    Total SST nk−1

    𝑇2
    SST = ∑𝑘𝑖=1 ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑥𝑖𝑗2 −
    𝑛𝑘

    𝑇𝐼2 𝑇2
    SSC = ∑𝑘𝑖=1 −
    𝑛 𝑛𝑘

    SSE = SST – SSC

    Example 1. The number of hours of pain relief provided by 5 different brands of headache tablets
    administered to 25 subjects. The 25 subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups and each group was
    treated with different brands.

    Hours of relief from Headache Tablets

    Tablets
    A B C D E
    5 9 3 2 7
    4 7 5 3 6
    8 8 2 4 9
    6 6 3 1 4
    3 9 7 4 7
    Total 26 39 20 14 33 132
    Mean 5.2 7.8 4.0 2.8 6.6

    Perform the analysis of variance, and test the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance that the mean
    number of hours provided by the tablets is the same for all 5 brands.

    Solutions:

    1. Ho: u1 = u2 = u3 = u4 = u5
    2. H1: at least two of the means are not equal
    3.  = 0.05
    4. Critical region: f > 2.87
    5. Computations:

    1322
    SST = 52 + 42 + ……+72 −
    25
    = 834 − 696.960 = 137.040
    262 + 392 +⋯..+332 1322
    SSC = −
    5 25
    = 776.400 – 696.960 =79.440
    SSE = 137.040 – 79.440 =57.600
    Analysis of variance for the data

    Sources of Sum of Degrees of Mean Squares Computed


    Variations Squares Freedom f
    Column Means 79.440 4 19.860 6.90
    Error 57.600 20 2.880
    Total 137.040 24

    6. Decision: Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean number of hours of relief provided
    by the headache tablets is not the same for all 5 brands.

    Computation Formulas for unequal Sample sizes


    𝑇2
    SST = ∑𝑘𝑖=1 ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑥𝑖𝑗2 −
    𝑁

    𝑇𝐼2 𝑇2
    SSC = ∑𝑘𝑖=1 −
    𝑛𝑗 𝑁

    SSE = SST – SSC

    The degrees of freedom are then partitioned in the same way: N – 1 for SST, k – 1 for SSC, and
    N – 1 – (k –1) = N – k for SSE.

    2. It is suspected that higher-priced automobiles are assembled with greater care than lower-priced
    automobiles. To investigate whether there is any basis for this feeling, a large luxury model A, a medium-size
    sedan B, and a subcompact hatchback C were compared for defects when arrived at a dealer’s showroom. All
    cars were manufactured by the same company. The number of defects for several of the three models are
    recorded.

    Number of automobile Defects

    Model
    A B C
    4 5 8
    7 1 6
    6 3 8
    6 5 9
    3 5
    4
    Total 23 21 36 80
    \

    Test the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance that the average number of defects is the same for the
    three models

    Solution

    1. Ho: u1 = u2 = u3
    2. H1: at least two of the means are not equal
    3.  = 0.05
    4. Critical region: f > 3.89
    5. Computations:

    802
    SST = 42 +72 + ……52 − = 65.333,
    15
    232 212 362 802
    SSC = + + − = 38.283
    4 6 5 15
    SSE = 65.333 – 38.283 = 27.050

    Source of variations Sum of Degrees of Freedom Mean Squares Computed


    Squares f
    Column Means 38.283 2 19.142 8.49
    Errors 27.050 12 2.254
    Total 65.333 14

    6.Decision Reject Ho and conclude that the average number of defects for all three models is not the same.

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