Sociology

SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY, SHAHEED BENAZIRABAD
KNOWLEDGE COMMITMENT LEADERSHIP
SOCIOLOGY
1
Sociology
B.A Part –I
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
1. Introduction
1.1 Nature, scope, and subject matter of sociology
1.2 Brief historical development of sociology
1.3 Introduction to Quranic sociology
1.4 Society and community
1.5 Relationship with other social sciences like Economics, Political Science, History,
Psychology, and Anthropology
1.6 Social interaction processes
1.6.1 (i) Cooperation
(ii) Competition
(iii) Conflict
(iv) Accommodation
(v) Acculturation
(vi) Assimilation
2. Social groups
2.1 Definition and functions
2.2 Types of social groups
2.3.1 (i) In and out groups

(ii) Primary and secondary groups
(iii) Reference groups
(iv) Formal and informal
(v) Pressure groups
2
3. Social Institutions
3.1 Definition, structure and functions of the following Institutions
(i) Family
(ii) Religion
iii) Education
(iv) Economic
(v) Political
3.2 Inter-relationships among various social institutions
4. Culture and related concepts

4.1 Definition and aspects of culture
(i) Material and non-material culture
(ii) Ideal and real culture
4.2 Elements of culture
(i) Beliefs
(ii) Values
(iii) Norms (folkways, mores, laws) and social sanctions
4.3 Organization of culture
(i) Traits
(ii) Complexes
(iii) Patterns
4.4 Other related concepts
(i) Cultural relativism
(ii) Sub-cultures
(iii) Ethnocentrism
(iv) Cultural lag
5. Socialization and personality

5.1 Role and status
5.2 Socialization
5.3 Culture and personality
3
6. Social stratification
6.1 Determinants of social stratification
6.1.1 (i) Caste
(ii) Class
(iii) Ethnicity
(iv) Power
(v) Prestige
(vi) Authority
6.2 Social mobility: definition and types

6.3 Dynamics of social mobility
.
7. Social and cultural change
7.1 Definition of social change
7.2 Dynamics of social change
7.2.1 (i) Education
(ii) Innovation
(iii) Industrialization
(iv) Urbanization and diffusion
8.3 Impact of globalization on society and culture

8.4 Resistance to change
8. Collective Behavior
8.1 Definition
8.2 Characteristics
8.3 Causes
8.4 Types
8.5 Social movements
8.6 Mob and crowd behavior
4
Books recommended
1. Ali, M Basharat (1971) Laws and Principles of Quranic Sociology,

Jamiat-ul-falah Publications, Karachi
2. Allama Iqbal Open University (1990) Sociology 1: Islamabad
3. Allama Iqbal Open University (1990) Sociology 2: Islamabad
4. Horton, Paul B. and Hunt, Chester L. (1990) Sociology Singapore:
McGraw Hill Book Company.
5. M. Haralambes and Holborn (1991). Sociology themes and Perspectives. London: Collin
Educational, an Imprint of Harper Collins
Publishers.
6. Taga, Abdul Hameed (2000) An Introduction to Sociology, Lahore.
7. Thio, Aex (latest ed.). Sociology- An Introduction. New York: Harper
and Row
Reference books
1. Bertrnad, Alvin L. (1969). Basic Sociology-An Introduction to Theory

and Methods, New York; Appleton Century Crofts.
2. Broom, Leonard and Selznic. Phillips, Sociology A Text with Adopted
Readings, New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
3. Curran, Jr. (1977). Introductory Sociology ,A Basic Self Instructional
Guide.
4. Davis, Kingsley (latest ed.), Human Society, Princeton University
Press.
5. Hafeez, Sabeeha (1991), The Changing Pakistan Society, Karachi:
Royal Book Company, Zaibunisa Street, Sadar.
6. Horton Paul B. and Hunt, Chester L. (1990), Sociology Singapore :
McGraw Hill Book Company. Koening, Samuel (1957). Sociology-
An Introduction to the Science of Society, New York: Barnes and
Noble Books, Harper and Row Publishers.
5
B.A Part-II
APPLIED SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH
1.1 Definition and importance of Applied Sociology

1.2 Definition of social problem, Characteristics and general cause of social problems
1.3 Major social problems of Pakistan
1.3.1 Population growth
1.3.2 Crime and juvenile delinquency
1.3.3 Consequences of
urbanization
1.3.4 Illiteracy
1.3.5 Rural underdevelopment
1.3.6 Gender disparity
1.3.7 Poverty and unemployment
1.3.8 Marriage and family problems
1.3.9 Drug abuse
1.3.10 Violence
1.3.11 Social injustice
1.3.12 Poor health of populations
2. Social research
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Functions of research
3. Types of social research

3.1 Descriptive
3.2Exploratory/
explanatory
3.3 Qualitative and quantitative research
4. Steps in social research
6
4.1 Identification of research problem

4.2 Objectives of research
4.3 Review of relevant literature
4.4 Tools of data collection: questionnaire and interview guide
4.5 Sampling design
4.5.1 Probability sampling: simple random and stratified random
4.5.2 Non-probability sampling: accidental and purposive, snow-ball technique
5. Research proposal development

5.1 Concepts, models, paradigms
5.2 Computer applications in research
5.3 Writing a research paper
Books recommended
1. Baily, K.D. (2000). Methods of Social Research, New York: The Free Press.
2. Baker, Therese L. (1999). Doing Social Research , New York: The Free Press.
3. Horton, Paul B. and Leslie Gerald R. (latest ed.). The Sociology of
Social Problems, New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Reference Books
1. Booth, David (1994). Rethinking Social development Theory. London:

Longman Scientific and Technical.
2. Horton, Paul B. and Leslie Gerald R. (latest ed.). The Sociology of
Social Problems, New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
3. Loraines, Blaxter, Christina Hughes and Malcom Tight (1999). How to
Research. Viva Book Pvt. Ltd. Mumbay.
4. Malcom Waters (1994). Modern Sociological Theory. London: Sage
Publications.
5. Nordskog, John E. (latest ed.). Analyzing Social Problems , New York;
Henry Holt Inc.
7
6. Phillips, Harold A. and Henderson, David (latest ed.). Contemporary

Social Problems, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; Prentice Hall Inc.
7. Senter, R.J. (1969). Analysis of Data - Introductory Statistics for the
8
M.A (final) PAPER II (Optional)

COMMUNITY DEVEIOPMENT
1 Introduction
1.1 Meaning, scope and subject matter
1.2 Historical development
1.3 Theories and approaches of community
2 Processes of community development

2.1 Community mobilization
2.2 Community participation
2.3 Resource mobilization
3 Community development Programs in Pakistan

3.1 History of Community development before partition of the sub continent
3.2 Community development with reference to village AID program
3.3 Role of international organizations in development
3.4 Participatory community development projects
4 Community concepts and definition

4.1 The nature of community
4.2 Methodology and organization of community development
4.3 Role of social welfare councils in economy development
5 Community organization and related service

5.1 Family and child welfare
5.2 Cottage industries
5.3 Adult education skill development
5.4 Health housing water and sanitation development in rural /urban areas of Pakistan
9
6 Cooperation and community development

6.1 Principles and methods of cooperation
6.2 History of cooperative movements in Pakistan
6.3 Role of cooperative societies in community development
7 Community development program in under development countries of Asia and Africa

7.1 India
7.2 Kenya
7.3 Thailand
7.4 Egypt
7.5 Philippines
8 Filed visits and presentation and report

Note
Field visit of student shall focus on visiting social welfare/community development projects
in rural areas .These projects may be both government and non areas .These projects may be
both governments and non government organization (NGOs). The students shall be required
to submit filed reports which will be assessed equivalent to 20 marks of the assignments by
the teacher in charge
Books Recommended
1. Cornea, M 1985 Putting People First sociological Variables in Rural development New
York Oxford University press
2. Chambers R 1983 Rural development putting the last first London Longman
3. Chambers R 1992 Rural appraisal Rapid Relaxed and participatory Sussex Institute of
development studies
4. Edwards M and Hulled and 1992 making a difference NGOs and development in
changing world
5. Escobar A 1995 Re-counting development the making and un making of the Their World
Princeton University press.
10
6. Fernandez W and Tendon R end 1981 Participatory Research as a process of liberation

new Delhi Indian Social Institute.
11
M.A (Final) PAPER II (OPTIONAL)

SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
1 Introduction
1.1 Conceptual distinction social change and related concepts
1.2 Various dimensions of social change
1.3 Magnitude rate and direction of social change
1.4 Identification of social change
2 Theories of social change

2.1 Schools :evolutionary conflict equilibrium classical and modern
3 Analysis of social change

3.1 Environment and the origin of social change
3.2 Organization that change
3.3 Sudden change
3.4 Revolution
3.5 Social movements
3.6 Planned social change
3.7 Social predication and social change
4 Dynamics of social change

4.1 Dynamics of social change in Pakistan
4.2 Trends and prospects of social change in the third world
5 Analysis of economic development in modern and modernizing countries

5.1 Approaches I economic development centralized de centralized micro and macro social
goals and economic targets.
5.2 Planning for development
6 Sociology of economic development
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6.1 Development nature and scope

6.2 Sociological and economic concepts of development
6.3 Development continuum under development ,development and over development
6.4 Development taxonomy planned and un planned development as a social culture change
authoritarian democratic process.
7 Concepts and dimension of development.

7.1 Social and economic development
7.2 Instruments, approaches and implication of development.
7.3 Socio-psychological dimensions
7.4 Tradition value attitudes ideologies and national dimensions
7.5 Rural and urban sections of economic development
7.6 Sustainable development
8 Problems in development
8.1 Availability of physical resources
8.2 Non availability technical know how
8.3 Availability of appropriate human resources
8.4 Social implication of development
9 Analysis of development
9.1 Monitoring and evaluation of development projects
9.2 Rapid rural appraisal ( RRA)
Books Recommended
1. Abdul Quad’s ,Seed (1990) Social Change in Pakistan Lahore ; Progressive Publishers
2. Adams W.M (1990) Green development environments and sustainability in the Third
World London Rutledge.
13
3. Epstein T.S (1992) Economic development and Social Change in South

India ,Manchester University Press
4. Etzioni Amite and Etzioni Eva 1964 ads Social Change sources ,Patterned Consequences
New York basic Book, inc
5. Grimier K B and limber M, P (1997) Social Change and Conservation London earth scan.
6. (http://www.un.org/dpcsd/susdev.html)
7. (http://www.wri.org)
8. (http://www.iucn.org)
M.A (FINAL) PAPER II (OPTIONAL)

SOCIALOGY OF EDUCATION
1. Introduction
1.1 The Concept Of Education
1.2 Origin And Development Of Education
2. Institutional Fabric Of Education
14
2.1 Education And Religion

2.2 Education And Economy
2.3 Education And Politics
2.4 Education And Social Mobility
3. Forms Of Education
3.1 Formal
3.2 Non-Formal
3.3 Informal
4. Contemporary Education System

4.1 Semester
4.2 Annual
4.3 Madrasah Education
5. Education In Pakistan
5.1 Education Policy And Reforms
5.2 Private And Public Sector in Education.
5.3 Education Problems
5.3.1 Quality Of Education
5.3.2 Investment in Education
5.3.3 Access To Education
5.3.4 Teacher’s Training & Education
5.3.5 Citizenship
5.3.6 Student’s Problems
Books Recommended
1. Balanchine, Jeanne H.(1993) The Sociology Of Education: A Systematic Analysis New
Gercy: Prentice Hall.
15
2. Banks, Olive (1971) the Sociology of Education. London: L B:T Bats ford Ltd.
3. Best, John W. (1992) Research In Education. New Delhi .Prentice Hall.
4. Broacher, L.S (1970) Modern Philosophies of Education. New Delhi: McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd.
M.A (Final) PAPER II (OPTIONAL)

SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition
1.2 Elements of religion
2 Theories of Religion
2.1 Sociological
2.2 Psychological
2.3 Evolutionary
3 Sociological Consequences
3.1 The sociological functions of religion
3.2 University order of religion
3.3 Pragmatism in religion
3.4 Integrating power of religion
3.5 Religion and social ideals
4 Sociological analysis of world religions system

4.1 Judaism
4.2 Hinduism
4.3 Islam
4.4 Christianity
4.5 Buddhism
16
5 Types of religious authority

5.1 The Prophet
5.2 Clergy/organization of religious groups
5.3 The reformer
5.4 The saint/priest/moulvi
5.5 The magician
6 Religion as agency of social control
Books Recommended
1. Evan Pritchard E.F (1956). Theories of Primitive of Religions Oxford Claneolan Press
2. Thompson Lana (1988) Religion Sociology in Focus Series London Longman
3. Schneider Louis (1964) Religion Culture And Society A Reader In The Sociology Of
Religion New York John Wiley and Sons
4. Binder Leonard (1963) Religion and Politics in Pakistan California University of
California Press
5. John stone, Ronald L (1975) Religion and society in interaction; the sociology of religion
New Jersey Prentice Hal
17
M.A (Final) Paper II (OPTIONAL)
URBAN SOCIOLOGY AND HUMAN ECONOMY

Urban Sociology and Human Economy
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 urbanization and urbanism
1.2 Community ,town ,city metropolis and megalopolis
1.3 Urban sociology scope and field of study
2 The growth of cities

2.1 Origin of urban life
2.2 The ancient city ecology patterns and social life
2.3 The city in medieval ages
2.4 The rise of modern city
3 The Growth of citizen

3.1 Faction in urbanization and urban growth
3.2 Growth of cities planned development
3.3 Trends of urbanization in Pakistan
4 The ecology of the city

4.1 Human ecology meaning and relationship with urban sociology
4.2 Location of the city
4.3 Ecological process
4.4 Symbiosis
4.5 Invasion
4.6 Concentration
4.7 Succession
4.8 Segregation
4.9 Urbanization
4.10 The ecological pattern of Pakistani cities
18
4.11 The land utilization and its pattern

4.12 Theories of ecological pattern and land utilization
5 Town planning
5.1 Social and welfare planning meaning need and scope
5.2 House planning
5.3 Neighborhood planning
5.4 Voluntary association
5.5 The future of the city
Book Recommended
1 Bardot John W (1982) Urban Sociology New York Mac Grew Hill.inc
2 Berry Bryan 1977 Contemporary Urban Ecology New York Macmillan
3 Ecology Scan Francisco W,II Freeman and Co
4 Enrich Paul and An nix L,S(1970),Population resources
And Environment issue in Human.
19
M.A (Final) PAPER II (OPTIONL)

URBAN SOCIOLOGY AND HUMAN ECOLOGY
1 Introduction
1.1 Urbanization and urbanism
1.2 Community ,town ,city ,metropolis and polis
1.3 Urban sociology scope and field of study
2 The rise and decline of cities

2.1 Origin of urban life
2.2 The ancient city ecological patterns and social life
2.3 The city in medieval ages
2.4 The rise of modern city
3 The growth of cities

3.1 Factors in urbanization and urban growth
3.2 Growth of cities planned development
3.3 Trends of urbanization in Pakistan
4 The ecology of the city

4.1 human ecology meaning and relationship with urban sociology
4.2 Location of the city
4.3 Ecological process
4.4 Symbiosis
4.5 invasion
4.6 Concentration
4.7 Succession
4.8 Segregation
4.9 Urbanization
4.10 The ecological pattern of Pakistani cities
4.11 The land utilization and its pattern
20
4.12 Theories of ecological pattern and utilization
5 Town planning
5.1 Social and welfare planning meaning need and scope
5.2 House planning
5.3 Neighborhood planning
5.4 Voluntary associations
5.5 The future of the city
Book Recommended
1 Bardot. John W (1982) Urban Sociology New York Mac Grew-Hill.inc
2 Berry Bryan (1977) Contemporary Urban Ecology New York Macmillan
3 Ecology San Francisco; W.II Freeman and Co.
4 Ehritich, Paul Rwanda An nix St(1970) Population resources and Environment issue in
Human.
21
M.A (Final) PAPER IV

SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN
1. Orientation to the study of social problems

1.1 The Nature of Social problem
1.2 Approach to the social problem
1.3 Classification of social problems
1.4 Role of sociologist in solving social problems
2 Family Problems
2.1 Family as a basic institution .Joint Family system .its Merits and De-merits
2.2 Divorce marital adjustment, Broken Family, Parent- Child relationships
3 Educational Problems
3.1 Critical study of the present educational set up General Aims and objectives and of
education
4 Religious Problems
4.1 Islam and its Impact on our Social life Religion and Science, Religion as a factor in
national Integrating.
5 Population Problems
5.1 High Population growth ,causes and consequences Rural/Urban imbalance
Theories of Population.
6 Economic and Agricultural Problems

6.1 General characteristics of Agricultural Economy, low output unemployment water
lagging salinity flood pests and crop diseases Rural/Urban migration Industrialization
Un-employment and Under-employment, Agricultural credit Labor problems Labor
reforms.
22
7 Health and Sanitation Problems

7.1 Physical, mental disease their causes Necessary measures in the interest of Health Policy
Problems of youth and adolescent.
8 Social evils
8.1 Dirking Gambling Poverty Prostitution Dowry etc.
9 Crime
Crime as Social Phenomenon .Theories of crime`s Causes ,Nature of Crime Kinds of
Criminals Juvenile Delinquency .
10 Problems Hindering Social change

10.1 Beggary ,Child Labor ,Bundle Labor sex Discrimination Illiteracy and Child
Education Health and Education
Book Recommended
1. Ahmed,Akber S (1990) Pakistan :The Social Science Perspective Karachi Oxford University
Press.
2. Bankhead Guthrie S(1966) ,Administrative Problems in Pakistan .New York; Syracuse
University Press.
3. Horton Paul B and Leslie Gerald R (latest ed). The sociology of social problems New York
Appleton Century Crofts.
4. Corson J Henry (1974) Contemporary problems in Pakistan.
5. Nord skong John E (latest ed) Analyzing Social Problems New York Henry Hotlines.
6. Philips Harold a and Henderson David (latest ed) contemporary social problems Englewood
cliffs New Jersey ,Prentice Hall inc.
Approved by Book of Studies of Sociology Department _________________

Approved By Board of Faculty of Social Sciences____________________
23
Approved by Academic Council Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University _________________
24
M.A Final PARER

Social statistics
1 Introduction
1.1 Meaning and definition of social social statists

1.2 Use of statists in modern sociology
1.3 Grouped and un-grouped data
1.4 Descriptive and inductive statists
1.5 Scale nominal ordinal interval and ratio
1.6 Problems of measurement in statists
2 Measure of central tendency

2.1 Mean, median and mode
2.2 Quartiles deciles and percentiles
3 Measure of dispersion
3.1 Range
3.2 Mean deviation
3.3 Standard deviation
3.4 Variance
3.5 Quartile deviation
4 Probability
4.1 Basic concepts
4.2 Rules of probability
4.3 Theory of probability in long range interpretation of data
5 The normal distribution curve

5.1 Forms of normal curve
5.2 Area under the normal curve
25
6 Tests of significance
6.1 Single sample tests involving means and proportions
6.2 Two sample tests
6.3 Difference of means and proportion.
7 Non parametric tests

7.1 chi square test
7.2 Other non parametric tests
8 Correlation and regression

8.1 Methods and forms of correlation
8.2 Personals correlation.
8.3 Partial and multiple correlations
8.4 Rank order correlation
8.5 Regression analysis in sociology
9 The analysis of variance
9.1 One way analysis of variance
9.2 Two way analysis of variance
9.3 Statistical inference and computer application
Books Recommended
1. Block Hubert M. J r(1988) Social statistics: Tokyo : McGraw Hill Book Company
Kogakusha Ltd (International Students Edition)
2. Brace Charles hurry and Braes .Corrinne Fellillo (1978) understandable statistical,
Concepts and Methods Massachusetts: D.C health and company.
3. By kit, Donald R (1972) ,Elements of Statistic An introduction to Probability and
Statistical inference New York Van Nostracnd Reinhold Company .
26
4. Edward Allen L 1966 Statistical methods for Behavioral Sciences New York
Rinehart and Company, Inc
5. Elhance D.N(Latested) Fundamentals of statistical Allahabad Kitab Mahal,
6. Elifson Kirk W, Richard P, Runyon and Audrey Haber , (1990). Fundamental of
Social Statistics, (2nd ads) Singapore,Me Grew Hill Book Company Inc.
7. Haloed M,J and Ensile ,price O (1962) Statistic for Sociologists ,Tokyo Hairy Holt
and Con.
8. Haloed Margaret Jar man and Price Daniel O Statistics for Sociologists (Received
edition ) New York Holt Rinehart and Winston.
27
M.A(Final) PAPER III

CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology
1 Introduction
1.1 Criminology and scope
1.2 Criminology and criminal law
2 Related Concepts
2.1 Deviancy
2.2 Sin
2.3 Vice
2.4 Crime as a Social and cultural phenomenon
2.5 Crime and social organization
2.6 Crime as a social problem
2.7 Crime and social structure
3 Theories and approaches to criminal behavior

3.1 Biological and environment factors
3.2 Psychological and psychiatric determinats
3.3 Sociological and economic approaches
3.4 Islamic point of view
4 Crime and criminals

4.1 The occasional criminal
4.2 The habitual criminal
4.3 The professional criminal
4.4 The white collar crimes
4.5 The organized crime
4.6 Custom based deviance and crime
28
5 Juvenile delinquency
5.1 juvenile delinquency and crime
5.2 Delinquency prevention at juvenile level
5.3 Juvenile reformatories
5.4 Probation
5.5 Other preventive measures/programs with reference to Pakistan
6 Crime statistics
6.1 Sources difficulties and need
6.2 National crime statistics and its sociological interpretation
29

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SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY, SHAHEED BENAZIRABAD

KNOWLEDGE COMMITMENT LEADERSHIP

2.3.1 (i) In and out groups

4. Culture and related concepts

5. Socialization and personality

6.2 Social mobility: definition and types

8.3 Impact of globalization on society and culture

1. Ali, M Basharat (1971) Laws and Principles of Quranic Sociology,

1. Bertrnad, Alvin L. (1969). Basic Sociology-An Introduction to Theory

1.1 Definition and importance of Applied Sociology

3. Types of social research

4. Steps in social research

4.1 Identification of research problem

5. Research proposal development

1. Booth, David (1994). Rethinking Social development Theory. London:

6. Phillips, Harold A. and Henderson, David (latest ed.). Contemporary

M.A (final) PAPER II (Optional)

2 Processes of community development

3 Community development Programs in Pakistan

4 Community concepts and definition

5 Community organization and related service

6 Cooperation and community development

7 Community development program in under development countries of Asia and Africa

8 Filed visits and presentation and report

6. Fernandez W and Tendon R end 1981 Participatory Research as a process of liberation

M.A (Final) PAPER II (OPTIONAL)

2 Theories of social change

3 Analysis of social change

4 Dynamics of social change

5 Analysis of economic development in modern and modernizing countries

6 Sociology of economic development

6.1 Development nature and scope

7 Concepts and dimension of development.

3. Epstein T.S (1992) Economic development and Social Change in South

M.A (FINAL) PAPER II (OPTIONAL)

2. Institutional Fabric Of Education

2.1 Education And Religion

4. Contemporary Education System

M.A (Final) PAPER II (OPTIONAL)

4 Sociological analysis of world religions system

5 Types of religious authority

6 Religion as agency of social control

M.A (Final) Paper II (OPTIONAL)

URBAN SOCIOLOGY AND HUMAN ECONOMY

2 The growth of cities

3 The Growth of citizen

4 The ecology of the city

4.11 The land utilization and its pattern

M.A (Final) PAPER II (OPTIONL)

2 The rise and decline of cities

3 The growth of cities

4 The ecology of the city

4.12 Theories of ecological pattern and utilization

M.A (Final) PAPER IV

1. Orientation to the study of social problems

6 Economic and Agricultural Problems

7 Health and Sanitation Problems

10 Problems Hindering Social change

Approved by Book of Studies of Sociology Department _________________

Approved by Academic Council Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University _________________