CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
CE0063
ENGR. MARY GRACE M. VENTANILLA - CALILUNG
 MODULE 3
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
AND OPERATION
By: Engr. Mary Grace M. Ventanilla - Calilung
Ø Is the analysis of a design with the objective of
accomplishing the required function at a lower cost
Ø When included in a construction contract, a VE clause
encourages the contractor to propose changes in the
project without affecting the ability of the facility to
perform its intended function
Ø The cost savings resulting form VE proposals
accepted by the owner are shared between the
contractor and the owner on the basis specified in the
contract
qUnskilled and Semi-Skilled
ØGeneral site labor with little or no construction qualifications
qSkilled
ØOn-site managers whom possesses extensive knowledge and experience in
their craft or profession
qTechnical and Management
ØPersonnel with the greatest educational qualifications, usually graduate
degrees trained to design, manage and instruct the construction process
qArchitects
qCivil Engineers
qBuilding Services Engineers
qProject Managers
qQuantity Surveyor
qStructural Engineers
ROLES OF A PROJECT MANAGER

Ø Inspects and monitors the work to ensure compliance

with requirements.
Ø Resolves conflict on technical matters relative to
drawings, specifications and other contract
documents.
Ø Coordinates with local government units and other
agencies concerned regarding the Project.
ROLES OF A PROJECT MANAGER

Ø Provides overall management and makes

recommendation to the Project Director.
Ø Conducts weekly coordination meeting with
Contractor.

Cabral, n.d
DECISION MAKING
1. Identify the problem
2. Specify objectives and decision criteria
3. Develop alternatives
4. Analyze and compare alternatives
5. Select the best alternative
6. Implementing the chosen alternative
7. Monitor results to ensure the desired results are
achieved
ROLES OF A PROJECT ENGINEER

Ø Supervises the implementation of work.

Ø Foresees potential problems and inform the Project
Manager accordingly.
Ø Reviews the Contractor’s request for any changes in
the Project and makes recommendation.
Ø Supervises the testing of materials and prepares and
submits a summary of the monthly testing results.
ROLES OF A PROJECT ENGINEER

Ø Assists the Project Manager in the overall

construction administration that basically includes
identifying the problems and resolving it.
Ø Monitor closely the performance of the Contractor
from the approved schedule to the actual progress.
Ø Prepares and submits progress reports, supervises
the implementation of the work and recommends to
the Project Manager accordingly.
ROLES OF A PROJECT ENGINEER

Ø Checks the materials and workmanship.

Ø Records all approved deviations and review the as-
built plans.
Ø Recommends turnover and acceptance.

Cabral, n.d
 EARTHWORKS - HEAVY EQUIPMENT

Excavators Rippers Extractor-Haulers Compactors

Intermittent Multibucket (trencher) Bulldozers Rollers

Tampers
Power Transm. Rotary
Vibrators
Mechanic
Graders
Hydaulic

Attachments
Bucket-line (ladder)
Loaders
Scrapers
Excavators

Grips

Jaws
2 Construction Equipment for Engineers, Estimators, and Owners

TABLE 1.1
Level of Equipment Use by Type of Construction
Types of Level
Construction of Use Work Activities

Residential Light Finish site work, foundation excavation, ground material moving, up to three-story
lifting, pneumatic assembly tools
Commercial Moderate Rough and finish site work, stabilizing and compacting, multiple story material and
man lifting, ground and on-structure material moving, miscellaneous types of
assembly and support equipment
Industrial Heavy Large volume rough and finish site work, stabilizing and compacting, ground
and on-structure material moving, multiple story heavy lifting and precision placing,
numerous miscellaneous special types of equipment for assembly and support
Highway Intense Mass dirt and material excavating and moving, stabilizing and compacting, ground
material moving and hoisting, concrete and asphalt paving and finishing,
miscellaneous special types of equipment for support
Specialty Intense Pipeline, power, transmission line, steel erection, railroad, offshore, pile driving,
logging, concrete pumping, boring and sawing, many others
RELATIONSHIPS FOR EQUIPMENT SELECTION:
ü As equipment productivity increases so does the initial
purchase price, operating, and maintenance costs.
ü As equipment capacity increases, so does the hourly
production.
ü As equipment productivity increases, the unit cost
(Php/cubic yard, Php /square foot, Php/ton,
ü Php/load) for the work decreases.
Earthmoving equipment:
Ø Bulldozers
Ø Front-end loaders
Ø Motor graders
Ø Scrapers
Ø Trucks
A bulldozer is a tractor unit with a
blade attached to its front. The
blade is used to push, shear, cut,
and roll material ahead of the
tractor.
Ø Typically are tractor powered and
operate on tires.
Ø They are typically articulated and
very maneuverable, making them
ideal for constricted areas.
Ø They are used primarily for
material moving and re-handling.
Ø This type of equipment has been
around since the start of road
building, though originally
powered by a team of oxen,
mules, or horses.
Ø The need for a smooth stable
travel surface has always been
an important part of a road
system.
Ø Scrapers are designed to load,
haul, and dump loose material.
Ø They are a compromise between
a bulldozer, an excavator, and a
dump truck.
Ø Scrapers are articulated, tractor
powered, and pull a bowl that
holds the soil.
CLASSIFICATIONS:
Ø Single engine: A tractor pulling a bowl that can operate
under its own power or be push-assisted.
Ø Tandem or twin engine: This type has a second engine
mounted in the rear and can develop greater power.
Ø Push–pull scraper: This type is designed with a push block
mounted on the rear and a bail mounted on the front to
assist other scrapers or be pushed by other scrapers.
Ø Elevating: These are self-contained loading and hauling
units.
 Scrapers

5 4 6 2 1

8 3

1. single-axle tractor 3. bowl 5. ejector 7. bowl cylinder

2. articulation 4. apron 6. apron cylinder 8. ejector cylinder

Hauling excavated soil Discharging bowl, spreading soil

Ø Trucks are an extremely
important part of the earthmoving
and material-moving process.
Ø Trucks are typically used with
excavators and loaders for
excavation and soil haul off or
delivery.
Ø Trucks designed for hauling on
the highway are designed for
less rigorous conditions.
Two basic considerations for choosing a truck trailer:
1. the method of dumping
2. the class of material hauled.
EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT SELECTION:
Ø Excavators
Ø Backhoes
Ø Front Shovels
Ø The excavator combines
digging and lifting abilities.
Ø Bucket size, boom length, and
operating speed are primary
considerations for choosing
the proper excavator.
Ø Excavators are ideal for
digging and dumping into a
dump truck or a pile.
Ø Backhoes are probably the
most common piece of
construction equipment found
on commercial construction
projects.
Ø Backhoes can be used as a
hoe or a loader and can
accommodate many different
accessories and attachments
for different operations.
 Backhoe excavators

view

1. wheel tractor
2. backacter
3. arm
4. slewing boom
5. boom cylinder
6. arm cylinder
7. bucket cylinder
8. slewing mechanism
9. suspension (base) plate
10. outrigger
11. front attachment (loader)
 Backhoe excavators Backhoe excavators

Features:

 multifunctional
(universal excavator)
 base (frame): wheel or
track mounted
 attachment slewing
ability: ± 90 o
 auxiliary attachment:
front bucket or blade

Features:
• Multifunctional front showel
• Draw beam (telescopic arm)
• Transversely slidable boom

Backacter’s working range (trajectory)

Ø They are designed to dig
above grade into the face of
the excavation, not to scoop at
ground level.
Ø These shovels typically
operate on tracks for better
traction when pushing the
bucket into the face to be
excavated.
Just send me your questions and / or
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