EL 107 Group 1 Report - The current development in LPP is the extension

BSEd English 2-A interest in the sociopolitical and ideological nature

of LPP.
OVERVIEW, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND,
LANGUAGE POLICY LANGUAGE PLANNING, OFFICIAL AND
By: Kadokura, Ma. Mayumi V. NATIONAL LANGUAGE, TYPES OF
LANGUAGE PLANNING
Language Planning and Policy - is concerned with By: Collado, Glethea Grace R.
policies both explicit and implicit that influence what
languages are spoken when, how, and by whom. It come Language Planning can be defined as “deliberate
to solve many concerns and conflicts such as multilingual language change; that is, changes in the systems of
geographical spread that may cause miscommunication language code or speaking or both that are planned by
between the people of the same nation. organizations that are established for such purposes or
given a mandate to fulfill such purposes.” This means that
Historical Background there is an effort in influencing the function, structure, and
● 1950s - 1960s acquisition of a language within a speech community.
- As claimed by many pioneers, Einar Haugen was ● Deliberate on the statement above means
claimed as a pioneer in the field of LPP. He “intentionally or consciously” done. Language
defined LPP as “the activity of preparing planning means that there is an intention in
normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary changing the language, which is acted out by any
for the guidance of writers and speakers in a government or responsible body for purposes like
nonhomogeneous speech community”. improving the language. This describes the
- There was no native grammar, orthography, and decision-making about language.
dictionary to some nations so LPP was made to “Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to
solve the issues. influence the behavior of others with respect to the
- Due to colonization, some nations had their acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of their
grammar and dictionary but it was only influenced language codes” (Cooper, 1989, p.45) within a speech
by the colonizers, but with the help of the LPP, community.
they gained independence in language. ● When we say function, it is composed of the
● 1970s - 1980s national and official language in a certain country.
- Language planning was seen as non-political, ➢ On one hand, the national language, a “symbol
non-ideological, and pragmatic. of national identity”, is designed as the main
- Its main objective was to solve language issues language of a political, cultural, and social unit. It
of the newly emergent post-colonial states in is also termed as defacto, a Latin word that means
Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. “from the fact”. It implies that the language is
- The language issues that was mentioned was due widely spoken across the country.
to the colonization (World War II) ➢ On the other hand, official language is used by
- Furthermore, status language concerns at this the government for legal purposes. This can be
time, focused in particular, on establishing denominated as de-jure, also a Latin word, which
diglossic language contexts in which majority means “from the law”.
languages were promoted as public languages of ➢ Let’s have an example of these two. In the
wider communication. Philippines, Filipino is the national language.
- Diglossic language - two dialects are used by a Why? Because it is widely spoken across our
single language community, often one form is nation. Filipino and English are regarded as the
prestige dialect and the other is common dialect official language as they can be used in a more
spoken at home. formal setting.
- HYMES suggested that what needs to be ➢ Take note, a national language can be an
accounted for any acceptable theory of language official language, but an official language cannot
users as well as language use is a speaker’s be a national language.
communicative competence and sociolinguistic ➢ A monolingual country has the same national
knowledge to interact applicably in particular and official language. To give you an example,
sociocultural contexts. countries like France, Thailand, and Turkey are all
● 1990s - PRESENT ERA monolingual.
- Modernization - the unification of languages and ➢ In a multilingual country, the government
suppression of linguistic diversity in third world decides the national and official language
countries. according to how commonly spoken it is, and how
 it can function in an administrative sense. For constantly improve through time. That is why educational
example, the Netherlands has 4 official languages; institutions like in primary school, mother tongue has been
Dutch, Frisian, Limburgish, Papiamento yet 1 added as a subject, when the K-12 curriculum is
national language which is Dutch. The action of implemented.
appointing national and official languages in
countries is called language Supranational measures include, for example, the
planning. UNESCO decision that every child has the right to achieve
literacy in his or her mother tongue.
● Structure means the linguistic form, including - This involves everything that happens across the
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics. globe.
For example, the way the language is being spelled or
written. However, the protection of minority languages against the
● Acquisition is all about how the language is being danger of extinction or marginalization under the pressure
learned. of a nationally dominant language is also a further
measure, just as is the decision to adopt certain languages
MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY - (before the next slide) for negotiation in supranational institutions and for
So, language planning is always done by the government employment in economic, scientific, or cultural networks
or any body of authority, so there can be a “mutual on an international level.
intelligibility” within the society.
- Mutual intelligibility means that this is not only In other words, language planning and language policy
the understanding of your own language but also comprise a multitude of activities
other languages across the country. on every conceivable level from individual localities and
regions all the way to global networks.
Language planning is frequently undertaken for the - Therefore, LPP does not only enhance the
expressed purpose of solving communication problems. dominant languages in a country, but also those
Nevertheless, ill conceived, poorly informed policies can that belong in the minority.
result in negative impacts on those affected by them.
- Hence, it must be carefully done. Dimensions/Types of Language Planning
Language planning happens in a macro (state) and micro
How does language planning differ from a language (community level). There are four (4)
policy? types of language planning:
- Language planning is the implementation of 1. Status Planning (about society)
language policies. It focuses on how.While - It “deals with initial choice of language,
language policies are bodies of ideas, rules, and including attitudes toward alternative languages
laws that influence language and the political implications of various choices”
change. (Bright, 1992, p. 311). This is how a variety of
languages can be converted as standard language.
Every planned intervention by a subnational, national, or - Example: Some of you might be aware that Latin
supranational political organization which is directed is a language widely used in Europe before. But it
toward the otherwise unregulated development of a started to die out in the 6th century shortly after
language or any of its varieties can be regarded as an act the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. It did not necessarily
of language planning and language policy. *next slide* die, but the Latin language only changed over
- Any actions with regards to the improvement of time. That is why, it can still be observed that
language in a smaller community most words in Italian, French, Portuguese and
within a country, the whole country itself, across Spanish have Latin roots.
the national boundaries is called
an LPP. 2. Corpus Planning (about language)
-This refers to the modification of language. This
Subnational measures include the development of a includes selection and codification. The former
regionally or ethnically restricted variety, its expansion for implies that there is a specific language to
communication in various functions and domains, or the enhance, while the latter means it will be
spread of its use in speech and writing, to name just a few. standardized.
- For example, in subnational measures, in the Philippines - Example: changing the lexicon, spelling, and
we do not only have Filipino and English. But we also grammar to adapt in modern society.
have regional languages such as Ilokano, Bikol, Cebuano, - Scenario: Martin Luther (1483—1546) German
Kapampangan/Pampango, Pangasinense, Tagalog, which theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer,
 Martin Luther made choices for standard German
(Hochdeutsch) by taking a dialect that was in wide Language Planning Principles
use in all parts of Germany as a lingua Language planning is any attempt to change a language.
franca/trade language and translating the Bible Thus, various language planners are motivated by these
into it. This was very influential, as it helped in principles; the assimilation, linguistic
the development of the German language. pluralism,vernacularization, and internationalization.

3. Language Acquisition Planning (about learning) 1. Assimilation (should be fluent)

- A type of language planning which is relevant to - This principle states that every person within a society
education. The government or other academic should be fluent in that society’s dominant language.
institutions utilize instructional mediums which - Learners are bound to speak only one language.
influences aspects of language distribution and
literacy through education. EXAMPLE: The English-Only Movement in the United
- This is the time where revised corpuses such as States where everyone should speak English regardless of
books are introduced in schools. It is connected their first language.
with education.
- Example: Have you read or heard the news ● Basta ang tatandaan lang sa ASSIMILATION, is iisang
where Mother tongue will be removed as a subject language lang ang sinasalita at yung language na yon, yun
in the primary level? Yet, they will just be used as yung dominant language sa society nila.
a medium of instruction for subjects like English
and Filipino. 2. Linguistic Pluralism (opposite of assimilation)
- This principle teaches that it is best to have multiple
4. Prestige Planning (about image) languages in one society. To have more than 2 languages
- It is “creating a favorable psychological that the society can speak
background crucial for the long-term success of
language planning activities.” .EXAMPLE: An example for this are those countries who
- When we say prestige, this is related to status or have multiple languages that they use and speak. Just like
level through an achievement or success. the SINGAPORE and SWITZERLAND. Where in
- In language, prestige planning is the merit upon Singapore they speak English, Malay, Tamil, and Chinese.
a dialect or language in a country. Switzerland has French, German, Italian, and Romansh.
- Example: During our history classes, you might
encounter the time where Tagalog was the ● Dito naman sa Linguistic Pluralism, allowed and
Philippines’ national language in 1937. However, speakers na mag speak ng more than 2 language. Unlike
when the constitution was changed in 1973 under the assimilation na isa lang.
the former President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
Tagalog was modified as Filipino. And in the year 3. Vernacularization (restore a native language)
1987, Filipino was accorded as the official - This is the principle that wants to restore a native
language of the Philippines. language to a commonly spoken language. It involves the
restoration or elaboration of native language.

EXAMPLE: Example of this is when the Jews gathered

in Israel and they successfully revived the Hebrew
language.

● Basta ang tatandaan lang dito speakers were trying or

wanting to revive their spoken language noon. Like for
example, sa Tarlac ang native language nila is
Kapampangan but mas nasasalita na ngayon ang Tagalog.
Ngayon ang mga tao sa Tarlac nyan, itatry or irerevive ulit
nila yung native language nila, through speaking it again.
Na mas gamitin pa yon.

LANGUAGE PLANNING PRINCIPLES, THE 4. Internalization (adopting non-indigenous language)

PROCESS OF PLANNING, PURPOSE OF - It promotes adopting a non-indigenous language in order
LANGUAGE PLANNING to communicate easier with other nations.
By: Macasaquit, Jinky Rose L.
EXAMPLE: An example for this is yung paggamit ng - There are certain textbooks or forms of literature that we
English language. English is considered to be a global can use or are being created to preserve the language.
language that is taught worldwide. Nag a-adopt tayo ng
indigenous language para mas lalong makatulong sa 2. Language Revival
communication natin most especially with other nations. - To attempt to turn a language with few or no surviving
native speakers back into a spoken means of
The Process of Planning communication.
1. Selection - It refers to the choice of a language variety - It is the opposite of Language Death, because in
to fulfill certain functions in a given society. language revival the least spoken languages that we have
- Sa process na ito, dito kana mag seselect ng gagawin in one specific country, we are trying to use it back to use,
mong standard language. to preserve it.
- It also enhances a language. -It usually describes situations where a language has
- Choice of language will be going to fulfill certain suffered some loss or shift to a dominant language and
functions in a given society. people are attempting to return it and use it.
- Nirerevive mo yung language, if you could remember
2. Codification - the creation of a linguistic standard or yung sa Vernacularization, they are quite similar to each
norm for a selected linguistic code. other. So, for example in one community meron silang
- Kung sa selection kanina, mag seselect ka ng language particular language doon bago pa mayroong ibang
na you want to standardized, in codification naman it is languages na sumikat. Tapos ngayon, hindi na nagagamit
the method by which a language is standardized. Mag ng mga tao don yung particular language nila noon.
uundergo na siya through different processes. - The Ang gagawin niyan nila, they were trying to revive that
process is by checking the grammar, spelling, word, language, by using it again.
pronunciation, and the system of writing.
3. Language Reform
Three Stages of Codification - To deliberately change specific aspects of a language,
● Graphization - involves the development of a writing like the grammar, spelling, orthography, etc.
system. - In language reform, you’re improving the language, in a
● Grammaticalization - it includes the deciding on the way that it becomes widely used or the speaker will
rules and norms of a grammar. always use it.
● Lexicalization - involves in identifying the vocabulary.
Example: Tagalog is our native language but through the
3. Implementation - promoting of the decisions made in years, Tagalog was improving and started to have its
the stages of selection and codification which can include modification which is the Filipino. So, naging widely used
the marketing strategy, production of books, pamphlets, na ngayon yung Filipino. Remember, Tagalog is the
newspapers, and textbooks using the new codified foundation and pure form of our language and Filipino on
standard. the other hand, is the improved version of it, in a way that
- It promotes selection and codification. speakers can use it.
- This process is done by making the language more
exposed in the society. 4. Language Spread
- So diba, nakapag selecte kana ng language na you want - To attempt to increase the number of speakers of one
to standardized and then it undergoes the process of language at the expense of another.
codification, so after that it is now the time to implement - The process by which languages gain speakers
or to promote that language para mas magamit na siya. .
- The selected language should be used for government Example: Here in the Philippines, English is being taught
publication, in the media, and in the school. to be spoken, just like in classrooms or even to the
children. But the main goal of this is for us to learn the
4. Elaboration - refers to the terminology and stylistics English language, but the expense of it as time goes by
development of a codified language to meet the that we speak and use it, we are starting to adapt it to the
communicative demands of modern life and technology. point that it gain a lot of speakers. The more that the
- Its main area is the production and dissemination of new speaker is using the new language, the expense of it is
terms. na sasacrifice yung isang language.

Purposes of Language Planning 5. Language Unification

1. Language Purification - To develop unified terminologies primarily in technical
- “linguistic purity” of a language domains.
- It protects the language from foreign influences.
- The creation of jargons, such as medical and academic and 90s led many scholars to focus on the relationship
jargons. That every institution/workplace does have between human agency between human agency and social
terminologies. structures, and to investigate how practices can either
individually or collectively reproduce, resist or challenge
6. Language Maintenance the structures that shape them. Agency has also been
- To preserve the use of a group's native language as a first defined as a form of resistance (Giddens, 1984; Ortner,
or second language where pressure causes a decline in the 1984) or an exercise of choice (Pickering, 1995).Agency
status of the language. has been defined as the intention or the capability of an
individual to act, initiate, selfregulate, or make difference
- The speakers were trying to preserve the status of one or changes to their situation. Kaplan (1997) classified four
language as their first or second language. categories of language planning:
● Government agencies
● Magbase tayo sa example sa number 4 (Language ● Education agencies
Spread). For example, the native language is Filipino and ● Non-government agencies
the new language na mas sinasalita na ngayon ng mga ● Other organizations
speakers is English. In language maintenance, tinatry na
ipreserve yung native language. Tinatry na ipreserve yung Example of Language Planners
Filipino language, kasi the moment na naka gain na ng
more speakers yung English, na decline or konti nalang Lexicography: The craft of writing, compiling or
yung gumagamit sa Filipino language. That is why, in editing dictionaries. Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784):
language maintenance the speakers were trying to preserve Wrote a 40,000-word dictionary in 1755. It helped in
the native language. the codification of English. He only required only six
helpers: one from England, and five from Scotland. It
THE LINGUIST’S ROLE IN LANGUAGE stimulated lexicography and raised the status and interest
PLANNING, EXAMPLE OF LANGUAGE of dictionaries as a literary and cultural artifact. It is the
PLANNERS first dictionary to use quotations, give uniquely scholarly
By: Lacandola, Melody G. definitions, and suggested etymologies.

The Linguist’s Role in Language Planning Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858 – 1922): The most
Linguist’s Role – Codification of Orthography—develop a influential proponent of the vernacularization of
writing system, set up normative rules for grammar, Hebrew. He called for using Hebrew and created new
spelling, pronunciation, and usage of vocabulary, etc.; words to be used in everyday situations. Hebrew
Developing Vocabulary; Ensuring Acceptance—ensures became again a spoken living language and the main
language to be adopted by the media to help in gaining the language of the modern state of Israel.
public’s formality with the language.
LANGUAGE CODIFICATION “ORTHOGRAPHY”,
● Language academies, committees and commissions are VOCABUL;ARY EXPANSION, LANGUAGE
interested in language planning. PLANNING, LANGUAGE POLICY
● Individuals can be language planners, too, mainly By: Tagaza Antonette D.
sociolinguists and lexicographers. Language Planning
practices permeate all spheres of life, it is readily Language Codification “Orthography”
observable in the field of education where it is mainly Codification is one of the main concerns of the language
concerned with decisions about the selection of the planners, when we say codification Refers to the methods
medium of teaching (e.g. in Filipino classrooms, the by which a language is standardized. It is divided into
common mediums of teaching are English and Filipino). three stages;
Education is viewed as the cornerstone of political and
social processes of integration. • Graphization- developing a writing system.
•Grammaticalization- deciding on rules/norms of
Any institutionalized choice of a linguistic variety as the grammar.
official medium of formal politics and education has •Lexicalization- Identifying the vocabulary.Orthography
significant stratificational effects on the groups and from the prefix itself ortho means “proper” or “correct,”
individuals whose varieties are systematically excluded while graph means “writing.”- “correct writing.”
and devalued. Giddens (1984, p. 14) defined agency as -It can refer to the study of letters and how they are used
“the capacity of the individual to make a difference to a to express sounds and form words.
pre-existing state of affairs or course of events”. The
social upheavals in Central and Eastern Europe in 1980s
For example, the correct orthography of the flower is
ROSE, not ROWS. The correct spelling of the home you EL 107 Group 1 Report
live in is HOUSE, not HOWSE. BSEd English 2-B

So, when we say language codification orthography it LANGUAGE PLANNING AND POLICY
typically means to develop a writing system, set up
normative rules for grammar, orthography, pronunciation,  It is a deliberate effort to influence the function,
and usage of vocabulary as well as publish grammar books, structure or acquisition of languages or language
dictionaries, and similar guidelines. varieties with in a speech community.
 It is a guiding document on the adoption and
Aside from language codification, we also have integration of specific languages for teaching and
vocabulary expansion When developing the spelling learning in the education system.
system, there were some problems like:
The 1950’s-1960’s
1- Symbols did not correspond to the pronunciation. /ᵑ/ is  LPP came to existence in the Late 1950's.
identified as a single sound and it is different from /g/. In  In 1960's LPP was in giant part of being ‘problem-
Samoan, both are the same. So “tagi” in Samoan is oriented’.
pronounced like “tangi” in Māori but spelt differently  Academic Discipline was setupin1960.
(book, example 8, p:112).  Modernization and Standardization.
 Sociolinguistics
Samoan, and Māori are all Polynesians. They all belong to  Language planning was once understood as a
different islands of Polynesia. Samoans are the natives of department of sociolinguistics
Samoa, Māori are the ancient inhabitants of New Zealand.  The term “language planning” was popularized in the
Tagi and tangi are both means to cry, they are just linguistics literature by means of Haugen
different in pronunciation and spelling. 2-Different views  It is stipulated that early researchers in LPP have
on how to indicate the length of a vowel (double vowel vs. been technical in their approach
macron)  Hornberger and Johnson declare that while early
research presented several macro-level frameworks in
Macron- a symbol (ˉ) written or printed above a vowel to order to account for and guide country wide language
show that it is pronounced with a long sound: For instance; making plans.
"Maori" should be written with a macron on the "a."
The five vowels come in long and short forms; the long THE 1970’s-1980’s
form is sometimes signified in print by a macron (a flat Evolution of LP Paradigms
bar) above the letter.  Duringthe1960s–1970s, the Language
Planning(LP)paradigm was characterized as non-
Vocabulary Expansion political,non-ideological,pragmatic, and technicist.
; when linguist want to expand the vocabulary of a variety  Its primary goal was to address immediate language
to include the H or L functions it lacks, they either Choose; challenges faced by post-colonial states in Africa,
Asia, and the Middle East.
1. A borrowed word from another language.  It establishing secure diglossic language contexts
2. An equivalent in the same language that might not be where majority languages, often ex- colonial
well-known or with a slightly different meaning that can languages (English, French), were Promoted for
be adapted. broader communication..
3. A newly created word from the same language.; when
we say H and L functions. H stands for High, but we LP Paradigm in 1960s-1970s
don’t say high; it means written, Official social functions. Main Features:
By contrast, L stands for the spoken or non-official  Non-Political and Pragmatic
language, such as the daily communication within the  Emergence in Post-Colonial States
family or informal interactions.  Promotion of Majority Languages (English, French)
 Focus on Diglossic Language Contexts
Language Planning and Policy
Language policy may operate at either a governmental or JOHNSON’S PERSPECTIVE
an institutional level in absence of language planning, Johnson's Critique:
language policy covers a wider range of situations than  Challenges in defining LP work during this period.
Language planning, which is government-directed and  Extending beyond corpus/status distinction.
deals with status planning and corpus planning only.  Language planning scholars questioning
 earlier models' practicality. asserted and maintained by the establishment and
continuous reconstruction of structural and cultural
Critique of Classic LP in the 1980s inequalities between English and other languages.

 Classic Language Planning focuses on its top-down, Language Paradigm

prescriptive approach to language management, -calls this new scenario in the principle of language
which often neglects local linguistic and cultural planning “the ecology of languages paradigm.” RICENTO
diversity. (2000)
 This approach acknowledges the social, political, and
cultural factors that influence language dynamics. Revising Language Shift
 There have been many voices criticizing language -A widespread vicinity in this paradigm is occupied with
planning idea of the preceding period. the aid of the Reversing Language Shift mannequin
 The monetary planning model, the so-called “rational FISHMAN (2001)
model,” which was the foundation for basic language
planning theory, was criticized in standard theories of Revising Language Shift
social planning, and planning itself as a realistic
pastime of the kingdom gave way to the forces of the HORNBERGER (2006)
market economy. considers it an example of a mannequin that embodies
 This leads to the idea that grew to become the central three imperative aspects of a newly rising paradigm, these
one on the later ecological strategy in language being ideology, ecology, and agency.
planning.
 To put it another way, various activity organizations WILLIAM (2007)
format language and conversation on more than a few considers it to be the top of language planning, and,
ranges of society in the context of the language pointing to its superb influence, argues that this
planning of other hobby groups of various complexity. mannequin really replaced“language planning.”

THE 1990’s-PRESENT ERA Current developments in LPP further focus on the agency
 Language "modernization" as an early modernization of local social actors in the policy implementational
procedure. spaces. Each of these theoretical developments carries
 Classic language planning principles to the creating with it different methodological and epistemological
countries that have been profitable in the stances.
modernization of European nations,
 The shift in orientation from the "developing Johnson argues that the critical shift in linguistics and
 nations" to the"developed nations", sociolinguistics ultimately influence in the field of
language planning and overtly integrated into critical
New method stimulated with the aid of ecology. language policy in the 1990s, but prior to that, there were
at least three crucial developments:
1. Language Ecology
-Linguistic ecology or language ecology is the study of Three Crucial Developments
how languages interact with each other and the places they a)The attention moved away from “language
are spoken in, and frequently argues for the preservation planning”being understood exclusively as something
of endangered languages as an analogy of the preservation obligatory by governing bodies to a broader focus on
of biological species. activity in several contexts and layers of LPP.
b) An increasing interest in language planning for schools,
2. Linguistic Human Rights including the introduction of acquisition planning by
-Linguistic rights protect the individual and collective Cooper to the original status/corpus distinction.
right to choose one’s language or languages for c) An increased interest in the sociopolitical and
communication both within the private and the public ideological nature of LPP.
spheres.
EL 107 Group 1 Report
Prof.Robert Philipson BSEd English 2-C
- The proponent of the linguistic Imperialism Framework.
HISTORY OF LPP
Linguistic Imperialism -Language planning as an academic discipline has existed
- According to Robert Phillipson we speak of English for about fifty years and at least two periods can be
Linguistic Imperialism when the dominance of English is distinguished within it: “classic language planning” of the
1960s and 1970s,oriented above all toward the “It's convincing… Languages don't just go wandering off
modernization of so-called third world countries. by themselves; they expand because the people who speak
those languages spread.” (Peter Bellwood).
-The field of language planning and policy (LPP) is
concerned with the policies both explicit and implicit that Terminology Unification
influence what languages are spoken when, how, and by To develop unified terminologies, primarily in technical
whom, as well as the values and rights associated with domains.
those languages.
Language Maintenance
LANGAUGE PLANNING To preserve the use of a group’s native language as a first
-It refers to the deliberate effort to influence the function, or second language where pressure causes a decline in the
structure or acquisition of a language within a speech status of the language.
community.
LANGUAGE PLANNING PROCESS
-According to Weinstein (1980),“A government- -According to Haugen (1983) a language plan is a strategy
authorized, long-term, sustained and conscious effort to based on a particular model.
alter a language's function in a society for the purpose
of solving communication problems''. Haugen’s 4 stages of Language Planning includes:

PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING 1. Selection

-The choice of a language variety to fulfill certain
Language Assimilation functions in a given society.
-Van C. Tran defines language assimilation as a ‘one-way
process whereby members of ethnic groups acquired 2. Codification
English and abandoned their mother tongue with the -The creation of a linguistic standard or norm for aselected
endpoint being English monolingualism’. linguistic code. It is divided up into three stages:
1) Graphisation – involves developing a writing system.
Linguistic Pluralism 2)Grammatication – includes deciding on rules/norms of
-refers to the condition that exists when a community or grammar.
country officially recognizes more than one language. 3) Lexicalisation – involves identifying the vocabulary

Vernacularization 3. Implementation
-a principle that wants to restore a native language into a -Promoting of the decisions made in the stages ofselection
commonly spoken language. and codification which can include marketing strategy,
production of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and
Internationalization textbooks using the new codified standard.
It promotes adopting non- indigenous language in order to
communicate easily with other nations. 4.Elaboration
-The stylistic development of a codified language to meet
PURPOSE OF LANGUAGE PLANNING the communicative demands of modern life and
technology.
Language Purification
- maintaining linguistic consistency and standards of a TYPES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING
language, usually through the development of  Status planning (about society) -It deals with the
prescriptive grammars and dictionaries. function of language, allocation of new functions
such as official, provincial, international affecting the
Language revival status, or standing of the language.
- an attempt to reverse the decline of a language or to  Corpus planning (about language structure)- It
bring back an extinct one. deals with linguistic norm selection and codification
setting up official rules for grammar, orthography,
Language reform pronunciation, syntax and vocabulary as well as
- a kind of language planning by widespread change to a publishing grammar books, dictionaries and similar
language. guideline.
Language spread  Prestige planning (image-related)- Prestige
planning is the process whereby each language is
 positioned in a given society according to its status, Language Planning
its image and the self- perception of its speakers -Language Planning can be defined as “deliberate
 Acquisition Planning- It involves the efforts to language change; that is,changes in the systems of
spread and promote the learning of a language. language code or speaking or both that are planned by
organizations that are established for such purposes or
LANGUAGE POLICY given a mandate to fulfill such purposes.”
-refers to a set of guidelines,rules and practices established
by governments, institutions, or communities to regulate Language Policy
the use of languages within a specific context. -Thomas Ricento: Theory and Method (2006, Blackwell)
provides an evaluation of the theoretical dimension of LPP
KEYCOMPONENTSOFLANGUAGEPOLICY studies. On the one hand, the writer claims that political,
INCLUDE: financial, and social theories offer valuable
 Language Rights multidisciplinary equipment to LPP studies. On the other
 Language Access hand, he asserts that the theoretical perspective adopted
 Language Maintenance and Revitalization with the aid of researchers affects their analysis and at the
 Language and Identity equal time has outcomes on the language policies and
practices.Language planning can be divided into three sub
THEDIFFERENCE BETWEEN LANGUAGE dimensions.
PLANNING AND LANGUAGE POLICY
Dimensions/Types of Language Planning
Language Planning
-Language planning refers to the intentional and 1.Status Planning
systematic efforts to influence the structure, functions, and -It “deals with initial choice of language, including
use of a language or languages within a community or attitudes toward alternative languages and the political
society. Language planning involves making decisions implications of various choices” (Bright, 1992, p. 311).
about various aspects of a language, such as its grammar,
vocabulary, orthography (writing system), and 2.Corpus Planning
pronunciation. -This refers to the modification of language. This includes
selection and codification. The former implies that there is
 Status Planning a specific language to enhance, while the latter means it
 Corpus Planning will be standardized.
 Acquisition Planning
3.Language Acquisition Planning
Language Policy - A type of language planning which is relevant to
-Language policy, on the other hand,refers to the decisions, education. The government or other academic institutions
regulations, and guidelines set by governmental or utilize instructional mediums which influences aspects of
institutional authorities to manage language use within a language distribution and literacy through education.
society. Language policy deals with issues such as which
languages are recognized as official, which languages are Who is Bernard Spolsky?
used in education, government, media, and public life, and
how language rights are protected. Bernanrd Spolsky
 His full name is Professor Bernard Dov Spolsky.
 Linguistic Assimilation  Born in New Zealand in 1932 and passed away on
 Bilingualism/Multilingualism August 20, 2022.
 Language Revitalization  he completed his BA and master’s degrees in New
 Cultural Preservation Zealand, worked as a high school teacher in Australia,
and later received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the
Université de Montréal in Canada..
EL 107 Group 2 Report  Bernard was a founding father and a seminal voice in
BSEd English 2-A several subfields of applied linguistics, including
language policy, language testing, second language
LANGUAGE PLANNING AND POLICY THEORIES learning, sociolinguistics, and linguistic landscape.
AND PERSPECTIVE
HISTORY IF HIS EMPLOYMENT
Language Planning & Policy  He took his first academic position in 1961 as an
Assistant
 Professor of Education at McGill University, also in
Canada. EXAMINE PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE
 In 1964, he moved to the United States for a position PLANNING POLICY
at Indiana University and eventually became
Assistant, Associate, and then Full Professor at the Language Policy as:
University of New Mexico.
 In 1980, he relocated to Israel and became a Professor  Language Policy as Practice
at Bar-Ilan University and Director of its Language -Language practices are the observable behaviors and
Policy Research Center. With Professor Elana options –what humans truly do. They are the linguistic
Shohamy of Tel Aviv University, he developed the features chosen, the range of language used.
first language education policy in Israel in 1996.
 With Professor Tamar Levin, also of Tel Aviv  Language Policy as Belief
University, he conducted an exemplary 1998-2002 -language policy is made up of beliefs about language.
national study on academic achievement of The beliefs that are most sizable to our issues are the
immigrants in Israel. values assigned to the types and features. For instance,
 He frequently traveled internationally as consultant given the role performed via language sorts in
and researcher, spending many times as a visiting identification, the range people associate with their most
scholar in Washington DC at the National Foreign essential membership group – whether or not it is their
Language Center and collaborating with the Center nation, their educational class, their region or their ethnic
for Applied Linguistics. heritage – is likely to have the easiest fee for them, whilst
 He retired officially in 2000, and as Professor positive other sorts will be stigmatized.
Emeritus at Bar-Ilan University he continued making
vital contributions to the field, participating in  Language Policy as Management
projects and shaping ideas with his many writings. -The 3rd thing is language management, the express and
 His contributions and achievements in language observable effort by means of anybody or some team that
testing garnered him the Cambridge/ILTA has or claims to have authority over the members in the
Distinguished Achievement Award in 2005. domain to modify their practices or beliefs.

WORKS OF SPOLSKY Exploring the Domains

 All along his 22 years in retirement Professor Spolsky
remained the prodigiously prolific and influential The domains entails a wide variety of defined speech
writer he always was. His most recent publications communities, social levels, or domains, ranging from the
include the book The Languages of the Jews: A family thru a range of social constructions and institutions
Sociolinguistic History (2014, with Cambridge up to and together with the nation- state and supranational
University Press) and a study of the semiotics of groupings, every of which has stress for language choice
public signage (2020, in Linguistic Landscape), and engendered by using inner and exterior language practices,
two more titles which appeared this year: a masterful language trust structures and ideologies, and language
discussion of individual language advocates and policy efforts.
managers (2022, in Language Policy), and the
important book Rethinking Language Policy (2022, HOME DOMAIN
with Edinburgh University Press).
 Professor Spolsky served the profession tirelessly, The practice of the participants such as the parents, their
including as editor- in-chief of Applied Linguistics language beliefs, and their attempts to influence the
(1979-1986) and as co-founder, with Elana Shohamy, practices and beliefs of other members of the home speech
of Language Policy and first sole editor-in-chief of community are critical.
this journal (2002-2007). He was President of TESOL
International Association (1978-1979) and ILTA, the In many families, a monolingual language, the policy will
International Association of Language Testers (1994- be the result of the members of the family having
1995). He held several offices at AILA, the proficiency in one language alonewhich can be observed
Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée through the language practice of that certain family.
or International Association of Applied Linguistics.
He also served AAAL most generously as Secretary More complexity will arise once a second language is
Treasurer (1977-1980) and he was a regular presenter introduced and used, as a result of intermarriage,
and attendee at the Annual Conference. He was a emigration, or a foreign conquest. Inside a bilingual home,
mentor, friend, and supporter to many AAAL with its bilingualism produced by intermarriage, it is an
members. obvious focus for the study of family language policy
 -The participants in a domain are characterized not as
 Besides intermarriage, immigration is one of the main individuals but by their social roles and relationships. In
pressures on family language policy, whether it be in the workplace, they are bosses, employers, workers,
another country or city. employees, foremen, clients, and customers.

 In an immigrant situation, it is common for the PRISON DOMAIN & FITNESS DOMAIN
children to take leadership in the socialization process.
Prison Domain
 Immigrant parents who hold heritage languages -In prison domain, there has been growing pressure to
areobviously more probably to have teenagers who permit the increasing numbers of immigrants to
recognize them, while these who abandon them are recognize the manner of their trials.
encouraging shift (Kopeliovich 2006)
-Adding a new participant (the prison Interpreter)
To add proficiency in every other language, one of the Adding a new participant (the prison Interpreter)
most fantastic strategies is to appoint a nanny who speaks
that language. But the domestic language ecology is RULE 41:
shortly influenced by means of exterior domains . Here are NUMBER 2
examples (Spolsky and Amara): Prisoners shall be informed, without delay and in a
language that they understand, of the nature of the
 The Papua-New Guinea men who introduced Tok accusations against them and shall be given adequate time
Pisin lower back to the village and facilities for the preparation of their defense.

 The Palestinian fathers whose working in Hebrew- NUMBER 3:

speaking environments modified their Arabic. Prisoners shall be allowed to defend themselves in person,
or through legal assistance when the interests at justice
 Once the adolescents are exposed to the require, particularly in cases involving serious disciplinary
languagepractices and beliefs of their friends in the charges. If the prisoners do not understand or speak the
nearby or in school, a new war is established. language used at a disciplinary hearing they shall be
assisted by a competent interpreter free of charge.
 The family, the presumably simplest and most
fundamental area for its impact on natural RULE 80
intergenerational language transmission. NUMBER 1
The prison director, his or her deputy, and the majority of
 This turn out to be open to the have an impact on of other prison staff shall be able to speak the language of the
different domains such as religious greatest number of prisoners, or a language understood by
institutions,workplaces, the legal domain, the health the greatest number of them.
and scientific domain, schools, the military, local and
regional government, national or federal government, Fitness Domain
and supranation- al corporations – the relevance of -In the fitness domain, there are pragmatic reasons for
exterior forces provides to the complexity of the professional participants (doctors and nurses) to be in a
model. position to talk with their patients.

RELIGIOUS DOMAIN & WORKLPLACE DOMAIN Language barriers between nurses, doctors, and patients
increasingly affect nursing practice, regardless of where
Religious Domain care is delivered.
-Religious institutions have their own language policies,
especially influenced by an established belief about the Adding a new participant (medical interpreter)
importance of maintaining the original language of the quires that health care organizations provide interpreter
sacred texts. services to patients with LEP.

-Islam and Pre-Vatican II Roman Catholicism resisted to Telephone interpretation can also work if implemented
use of the vernacular; Judaism allowed and Protestant well.
Christianity favored translation (Spolsky 2003).
Staff members who speak the same language as the patient
Workplace Domain are a common resource for interpretation, but this practice
has its own set of risks.
  Top-down approach
As a general rule, family members, especially children  Bottom-up approach
younger than age 18, shouldn’t serve as interpreters,except  Ecology approach
under extenuating circumstances such as an immediate
threat to life. Using a family member to interpret increases LANGUAGE POLICY: THEORY AND PRACTICE -
the risk that something won’t be translated correctly. AN INTRODUCTION

SCHOOL DOMAIN Language policy refers to the decisions and actions that
-Schooling is, by its very nature, an area dedicated to governments, institutions, and individuals take to shape
language management. The two most important classes language use. It involves both the regulation and
of members are students whose language practices and promotion of languages. In many cases, language policy is
beliefs are to be modified and instructors charged with used to protect endangered languages, promote cultural
the procedure of modification. diversity, and provide equal access to education and
employment opportunities.
BERNARD SPOLSKY
“When I first visited schools on the Navajo Reservation in There are several different approaches to language policy.
the late 1960s, 100% of the college students were One of the most common is linguistic nationalism, which
Navajo speakers with limited, if any, exposure to English involves the promotion and protection of a country's
before they got here to school, whereas over 90% of the language as a way of asserting national identity. Another
teachers were English speakers with virtually no approach is linguistic pluralism, which advocates for the
knowledge of Navajo (Spolsky 1970).” recognition and respect of all languages within a society.

INDIVIDUALS IN THE SCHOOL DOMAIN Implementing language policy can be

1.The Expert Directors- principals and department heads challenging,especially in societies where there are
in schools, provosts and deans, and chairs in universities. multiple languages spoken. Language policies can also be
2.The Non-academic Aid Body of Workers- the bus controversial, as they often intersect with issues of power
drivers, secretaries, cleaners, and cooks. and identity. For example, language
policies that privilege one language over others can be
EL 107 Group 2 Report seen as discriminatory and exclusionary.
BSEd English 2-C
LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING
Theoretical Perspectives in Language Policy: An -There are visible obstacles between language and society.
Overview Language diversity caused this gap.

Language-policy debates are always about more than LANGUAGE CAN LEAD TO MAJOR CONFLICTS.
language. Insights from political, economic, and social
theory can provide scholars in LP research with the tools According to dell hymes, language Diversity comes with
to explain what is at stake, why it matters, and what effect discrimination.
particular policies or policy approaches might (or might
not) have on such debates. FRAMEWORK AND MODEL IN LANGUAGE
POLICY AND PLANNING
The ways) in which LP scholars and researchers define
and use terms such as "language," "language policy," "the HORNBERGER’S FRAMEWROK 1994
state," "equality," and so on have consequences for their
analyses and recommendations on issues which involve STATUS PLANNING
language planning and/or language policies.  (about the uses of language)
 the change in the status of a language
Ideologies about language generally and specific
languages in particular have real effects on language Function: Revival Maintenance Spread
policies and practices, and delimit to a large extent what is
and is not possible in the realm of language planning and ACQUISITION PLANNING
policy-making.  (about the users of language)
 promote the learning of language
THREE MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
IN LANGUAGE POLICY Function: Reacquisition
Maintenance
 -Building on work by Willis (1977), CLP research
CORPUS PLANNING examines how ethnolinguistic minorities may
 (about language) undermine the basic logic of dominant social systems by
 change in the structure of language sustaining alternative social systems.

Function: Renovation Purification POSTMODERNISM IN LANGUAGE POLICY

BERNARD SPOLSKY’S LANGUAGE POLICY What is Language Policy?

MODEL (2007) -SET OF RULES AND DECISIONS MADE BY
GOVERNMENTS OR ORGANIZATIONS ABOUT
 LANGUAGE PRACTICE HOW LANGUAGES ARE USED AND TREATED IN A
 LANGUAGE BELIEFS CERTAIN PLACE.
 LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT
What is Postmodernism?
-Postmodernism is a way of thinking that doubts and
CRITICAL THEORY IN LANGUAGE POLICY questions old ideas and ways of thinking.It doesn't believe
in fixed and always true categories like gender, social
Critical Language Policy (CLP) research is part of a class, race, nationality, or power.
growing field of critical applied linguistics that includes
critical discourse analysis, critical literacy studies, and POSTMODERNISM IN LANGUAGE POLICY
critical pedagogy (Pennycook, 2001). In language-policy -Since postmodernism is all about questions and
research, the term “critical” has three interrelated concerns regarding everything, it creates questions and
meanings: raises concerns in language policy and planning.

(1) it refers to work that is critical of traditional, SOME OF THE QUESTION IT RAISES
mainstream approaches to language policy research; and
(2) it includes research that is aimed at social change; and GOVERMENTALITY
(3) it refers to research that is influenced by critical theory.  Language governmentality encompasses the process
of making language-related choices and
KEY IDEAS FROM CRITICAL THEORY understanding their effects on society.
 How power operates in relationship to the nation-
POWER state, and in particular how governance is achieved
-which refers to the ability to control events in order to through language;
achieve one’s aims – is seen as implicit in all social
relationships. QUESTIONING LANGUAGE ONTOLOGIES
-questioning the language ontologies is rethinking or
STRUGGLE reconsidering our traditional view of language
-Building on the Marxist notion that socioeconomic
classes have fundamentally incompatible interests, many -ontologies are the study of the nature of being.
CLP researchers view the world as consisting of
dominant groups, which usually control the state, and QUESTIONING GRAND NARRATIVES
oppressed groups. -questioning the widely accepted narratives in the field
like linguistic imperialism and language rights.
COLONIZATION
-CLP research examines the processes by which DISINVENTION, LOCAL CONTINGENCIES, AND
ethnocultural groups are impacted on by the policies of THE PERFORMATIVE
dominant institutions of the state (especially schools), as -postmodernism makes us reevaluate and reshape our
well as corporations, international agencies, and other understanding of language and related concepts.
powerful forces.
-Disinvention is reversing or undoing the
HEGEMONY & IDEOLOGY invention
-Gramsci (1988) defines hegemonic practices as
institutional practices that ensure that power remains in ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN LANGUAGE
the hands of the few. POLICY

RESISTANCE The Emergence of Language Economics

Historical Roots: language skills are predictors of income, considering other
Language economics as a recognizable field of study can factors like education and work experience.
be traced back to the mid-1960s. At that time, a significant
portion of early work in language economics was Language Dynamiscs
contributed by Canadian economists, particularly those -it considers factors such as the costs and benefits of
from Quebec. Their research primarily focused on the learning a language, the value of a language in terms of
French- English language issue in Canada. communication, and the role of linguistic diversity. It's
recognized that language can be seen as a "super-public"or
The Emergence of Language Economics "hypercollective" good, meaning its value increases as
Jacob Marschak's contribution: more people use it for communication.
His contribution helped pave the way for the subsequent
growth anddiversification of language economics as an Language and Economic Activity
area of study that considers the economic dimensions of This category explores the role of language in
language and language policy. economic activities like production, consumption, and
exchange. Researchers investigate whether people prefer
Defining the Economics of Language goods and services advertised in their native language and
The economics of language refers to an interdisciplinary whether linguistic diversity enhances or hamperseconomic
field that applies economic concepts and tools to the study efficiency.
of linguistic variables and their impact on economic
variables. It involves examining how language skills affect Policy Implications of these Research
economic outcomes, how economic factors influence The research findings discussed in the content have
language use, and how economic processes influence several policy implications. Policymakers can leverage
language dynamics and policies. these insights to make informed decisions regarding
language education, preservation, and promotion,
3 Main Lines of Inquiry in this Field recognizing the economic value of linguistic diversity and
 How do language variables affect economic variables? the need for comprehensive policy evaluation.
This line of inquiry investigates the impact of
linguistic variables, such as language skills or Human Capital Investment
proficiency, on economic outcomes. Researchers Research in language and earnings suggests that language
explore whether individuals with strong language skills can impact an individual's earning potential.
skills, particularly in second or third languages, Policymakers can consider promoting language education
tend to earn higher incomes. and proficiency programs to enhance the human capital of
their workforce, potentially leading to higher earnings for
 How do economic variables affect linguistic variables? individuals and economic growth for the nation.
This aspect delves into how economic factors
influence language use and language choice. Diversity as an Economic Asset
Researchers examine whether economic Language and economic activity research indicates that
considerations, such as relative prices of goods linguistic diversity can influence production, consumption,
and services, affect language preferences in and exchange. Policymakers may recognize linguistic
certain contexts. diversity as an economic asset that can foster creativity
and market opportunities. Supporting linguistic diversity
 How do essentially economic processes affect in advertising, product labeling, and services can be
language processes, such as language dynamics? beneficial.
It considers how economic factors, like
constrained utility maximization, can impact Distributive Effects
language evolution, maintenance, or decline. This Language policies can have distributive implications, as
interdisciplinary approach recognizes that discussed in the content. Policymakers should be attentive
economic forces can play a significant role in to who gains and who loses from language policies.
shaping linguistic outcomes. Compensation mechanisms may be necessary to ensure
fairness, particularly when policies result in transfers of
Main Strands of Research in Language Economics resources between language groups.

Language and Earnings Political Theory a`nd Language Policy

-It examines how language skills, proficiency, or
bilingualism impact an individual's income or earnings. THEORY /THEORIA
Researchers analyze survey data to understand whether “seeing,” As in “a place for seeing,” Or being a “spectator,
Introduction to Political Theory: EXPLORING LANGUAGE POLICY EQUALITY:
 Political theory traces its origins to Greek  Another core issue in language policy is achieving
philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. greater equality among ethnolinguistic groups.
 Political theorists offer a unique perspective on  Assimilationists argue for English language
political life and focus on questions of significance dominance to promote equality, while pluralists
and meaning rather than just cause and effect. advocate for preserving diverse languages to ensure
equal opportunities.
POLITICAL SCIENCE VS POLITICAL THEORY
WILL KYMLICKA'S MULTICULTURAL
ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE CITIZENSHIP:
 Political theorist Will Kymlicka's work on
CONNECTION TO LANGUAGE POLICY: multicultural citizenship is relevant to this issue.
 Language policy involves using state authority to  Kymlicka's argument centers on individual well-
influence language use and status within a society. being, cultural contexts, and the importance of
 Conflicts in language policy often relate to identity recognizing the rights of diverse cultural communities.
politics, where different groups vie to shape public
perceptions of the political community. DISTINCTION BETWEEN MULTINATIONAL AND
MULTIETHNIC COUNTRIES:
BONNIE HONIG'S PERSPECTIVE ON IDENTITY  Kymlicka distinguishes between "multinational"
POLITICS: countries formed through voluntary or involuntary
 Identity politics at the heart of language policy mergers and "multiethnic" countries with diverse
conflicts are illustrated through the work of political migrations.
theorist Bonnie Honig.  The obligations of the state regarding language policy
 Honig's analysis indicates that conflicting positive differ based on whether the country's diversity is
and negative images of immigrants contribute to the rooted in large- scale migrations or historical
emotional intensity in language policy debates. annexations

Multiple Images of Immigrants in Identity Politics:

 Positive images of immigrants: Immigrants contribute
to the American identity by embodying themes like
economic mobility, community bonds, family values,
and civic consent.
 Negative images of immigrants: Immigrants can also
be seen as opportunistic, clannish, or resistant to
integration, creating tensions in the American identity
narrative.

GOTHIC TALE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY:

 Honig's work suggests that the intertwined positive
and negative images of immigrants form a complex
and intertwined narrative of American national
identity.
 Xenophilia (positive view of foreigners) is connected
to xenophobia (fear or dislike of foreigners) in a way
that reinforces American self-understanding.

APPLYING HONIG'S ANALYSIS TO LANGUAGE

POLICY:
 Applying Honig's insights to the U.S. language policy
debate, it's questioned why some advocate making
English the only official language, despite English's
global dominance.
 The emotional intensity among "English-only"
advocates stems from a belief that immigrants should
follow a specific transformative process to fit into the
American identity.
MODULE 107 giant part been ‘problem-oriented’ that answered to the
needs of the newly installed states; those polities had truly
Chapter 1:Uncover the Origins of Language Planning won independence from their former colonial powers”.
Policy Language planning, i.e. the academic discipline with this
name, was set up at the stop of the 1960s. It obtained
The field of language planning and policy (LPP) is individual features, which will be discussed in what
concerned with the policies both explicit and implicit that follows, and existed in this shape all through the 1970s. In
influence what languages are spoken when, how, and by retrospect it is viable to call this era of language planning
whom, as well as the values and rights associated with “classic language planning” (see, e.g., Ricento, 2000, p.
those languages. LPP scholars focus on understanding the 206).
development of both top‐down and bottom‐up language
policies, but also their implementation and impact at local, The truth that language planning used to be already a
regional, and national levels. While the focus of LPP is on particular discipline at some stage in this period is
how language policies are formed, implemented, and evidenced not solely by way of the truth that its difficulty
sometimes resisted, LPP scholars note that nonlinguistic of research was delimited, and that broadly used lookup
issues often play a critical role. frameworks were developed and the respective lookup
techniques identified, however also that this research was
Language policing and planning (LPP) is one of the institutionalized at a certain degree (in the shape of
fastest developing subdisciplines of utilized linguistics. conferences, projects, representative publications and a
The LPP field used to be shaped in the early Nineteen newsletter) and it received a new attractive name, i.e.
Sixties through language scholars fascinated in fixing the “status planning.” The predominant protagonists of classic
language problems of new, developing and/or post- language planning had been associated with American
colonial nations. academia (C. Ferguson and J. Fishman) and American
funding sources enabled the development of extensive
The ecology metaphor firmly locates LPP analysis within global research. This research used to be oriented above
the broader social, political, and linguistic environment. all towards the language situation in the “Third World,”
These frameworks and metaphors are often used in LPP the multilingual creating countries that had won
research, including in the new and developing areas of independence following the fall down of the colonial
scholarship and debate. LPP routinely utilizes gadget after World War II (primarily after 1960) and were
methodology from a number of subdisciplines, including facing the necessity of rapidly fixing great political,
discourse analysis, corpus analysis, and media studies. economic, social and additionally language problems—the
regularly occurring aim was once their “modernization”
As claimed via many to be the pioneer in the subject of and “development.”
LPP, it used to be Haugen who brought the term language
planning in 1959. Haugen described language planning as Attention used to be focused above all on the linguistic
“the undertaking of preparing normative orthography, elements of the sociocultural unit (“nationalism”) and
grammar and dictionary for the practice of writers and political (administrative) integrity (“nationalism”)
audio system in (Fishman, 1968) and the related applications of literacy,
a non-homogenous speech community”. What Haugen i.e., on “status planning.” In addition, there was the
described used to be later labeled as popularity planning, development of planning oriented towards the structure of
corpus planning and acquisition planning. the language itself, i.e., “corpus planning,” the intention of
which used to be above all the trephination,
A. The 1950’s-1960’s Era standardization and (lexical) modernization of language
(Ferguson, 1968).
The LPP subject came into existence from this duration
and plenty of linguists emerged to offer solutions of Interest in language planning, however, was once
LPPoriented problems in mild of the colonial ruling additionally conditioned via the state of affairs in
globally. Johnson argues that “throughout this era, many linguistics, in which things of language and society moved
linguists have been recruited to assist make bigger into the forefront, and a specific, more frequent
grammars, writing buildings and dictionaries for discipline—sociolinguistics— began to take form.
indigenous languages and, out of this, an hobby in how Language planning was once understood as a department
quality to enlarge the form of a languages, i.e. Corpus of sociolinguistics, and sociolinguists aimed to check their
planning grew.” Lin shares her mind-set on the theories and processes in the social “laboratory” of the
improvement of LPP. She states that “language insurance Third World (see Fishman, 1968).The term “language
and making plans (LPP) as an interest for instructors planning” was popularized in the linguistics literature by
emerged interior the 1950s, and Nineteen Sixties has in means of Haugen (1959) and it is in a certain feel
paradoxical that basic language planning, oriented in the Critique of Classic Language Planning during the 1980’s
main towards the linguistic stipulations in the Third World, and in the following years, there have been many voices
located its guru in an expert whose work had been criticizing language planning idea of the preceding period.
committed to the sociolinguistic state of affairs above all There had been a number of reasons for this. The process
in one European country—Norway, but additionally of modernization of the creating nations, which language
different Scandinavian countries. On the different hand, planning was meant to help, failed in many countries. The
this fact helps the concept that the European way of life of theory of basic language planning had solely a small
language planning was once to a positive diploma also influence on the real practice of language planning. The
existing in traditional language planning. ecosystem in the social sciences was once changing; the
visible diversion from scientifically oriented structuralism
It is stipulated that early researchers in LPP have been used to be accompanied by the growing impact of
technical in their approach, seeing their challenge as one necessary theory.
of planning, standardizing, regulating, containing or
coping with linguistic vary for the country wide The monetary planning model, the so-called “rational
enchantment agendas; these would embody making plans model,” which was the foundation for basic language
for spreading a standardized national language as properly planning theory, was criticized in standard theories of
as modern-day financial development . Moreover, social planning, and planning itself as a realistic pastime
Hornberger and Johnson declare that while early research of the kingdom gave way to the forces of the market
presented several macro-level frameworks economy. Critical voices have been heard even from the
in order to account for and guide country wide language protagonists of classical language planning itself. Rubin
making plans, the ultra-modern necessary methodologies (1986) joins the critique of the “rational model” and in
consciousness on how language insurance policies can be addition to the easy “technical” problems admits the
hegemonic by delineating minority language education. existence of several “wicked problems,” which have no
“stopping rules” evidently due to the fact there are other
Finally, Johnson explains why an excellent deal of the until now unconsidered or unknown factors at play.
until now works in language making plans has had Further she
horrible feedback. “Initial language planning paintings has argues that now not just one actor, but rather, the biggest
been critiqued for various reasons—as it end up feasible number of involved events along with the “target
completely focused on deliberate language making plans population” need to make contributions to the formula of
accomplished through governing states, due to the fact the desires to be achieved.
work modified into subjugated via a structuralist or
positivistic epistemology and because the frameworks This leads to the idea that grew to become the central one
neglected the socio-political context in which language on the later ecological strategy in language planning: in a
making plans takes place”. unique language planning social system, it is essential to
deal with all kinds of languages used and the relationships
B. The 1970’s-1980’s Era between them (Rubin, 1986, p. 119; on the ecological
approach, see, e.g., Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997). Minimally,
During the 1960s–1970s, LP was once viewed as a this raises the following issues: language planning is no
nonpolitical, non-ideological, pragmatic and a technicist longer precise to “developing nations”, however rather, it
paradigm. Its overt goal was to clear up the instant also happens in supposedly “developed” nations. It does
language troubles of the newly emergent post-colonial not take region solely on a nation level, but also on lower
states in Africa, Asia as properly as the Middle East. levels, in other words, now not solely the macro, however
Furthermore, fame language concerns at this time, thus, additionally meso and micro planning (see Canagarajah,
focused in unique on establishing secure diglossic 2005; Liddicoat & Baldauf, 2008).
language contexts in which majority
languages (usually, ex-colonial languages and most It does now not characterize the pastimes of the socially
frequently English and French) had been promoted as non-differentiated societies (nation, state), however is the
public languages of wider communication. eighty-two resultant force of the combat between the pastimes of a
Sociolinguistics - Interdisciplinary Perspectives On the range of groups. To put it another way, various activity
contrary, Johnson argues that “it is difficult to precisely organizations format language and conversation on more
and/or cohesively signify the work for the duration of this than a few ranges of society in the context of the language
length as hobby grew to become more prolix that planning of other hobby groups of various complexity. In
prolonged beyond the corpus/status the analysis of language planning, it is hard to create
distinction, and many language planning teachers abstractions from the social and political conditions,
commenced to query the practicality of previous models together with the applicable ideologies. Hymes similarly
of language planning” (p. 30). explains that it was once all through this time whereby
positivistic linguistics paradigms and structuralist done significant reputation and was once utilized to a wide
principles had been more and more being challenged variety of language situations. Hornberger (2006, p. 35)
among a variety of disciplines. The critical linguistics and considers it an example of a mannequin that embodies
sociolinguistics examined preceding tactics that attempted three imperative aspects of a newly rising paradigm, these
to divorce linguistic information from the sociocultural being ideology, ecology and agency. Even although this
context in which it was once created. Therefore, these two model has a narrower scope than the idea of classic
related, despite the fact that diverse, areas of look up have language planning, Williams (2007, p. 162) considers it to
facilitated in shaping the LPP discipline. be the top of language planning, and, pointing to its superb
influence, argues that this mannequin really replaced
Therefore, he cautioned that what wishes to be accounted “language planning.”
for in any desirable theory of language users as well as
language use is a speaker’s communicative competence, Current developments in LPP further focus on the
which considers no longer only the linguistic company of local social actors in the policy
‘’competence” as described via Chomsky, however also implementational spaces. Each of these theoretical traits
the sociolinguistic understanding to engage applicably in consists of with it extraordinary methodological and
particular sociocultural contexts. epistemological stances. Johnson argues that the necessary
shift in linguistics and sociolinguistics ultimately
C. The 1990s to present Era influenced the field of language planning and openly
integrated into quintessential language policy in the 1990s,
It is language “modernization” as an “(early) however prior to that, there have been at least three
modernization” procedure that meant the unification of indispensable developments: The interest moved away
languages (with the assist of standardization) and the from “language planning” being understood exclusively as
suppression of linguistic diversity in Third World something obligatory by using governing our bodies to a
countries (among other reasons, due to the unfold of broader focal point on exercise in countless contexts and
European languages, in latest decades notably English). layers of LPP; An increasing pastime in language planning
Classic language planning brought principles to the for schools, inclusive of the introduction of acquisition
creating countries that have been profitable in the planning by using Cooper to the original status/corpus
modernization of European nations (“one nation–one distinction. Lastly is an extended interest in the
language”), even although as a discipline itself it had sociopolitical and ideological nature of LPP.
come into being in countries the place post-modernization
was once beginning. The shift in attention from the Synthesis/ Generalization
“developing nations” to the “developed nations,” however,
led to the fact that the post-modern thinking was gradually  As claimed via many to be the pioneer in the subject
being mounted in the considerations of language planning. of LPP, it used to be Haugen who brought the term
The Postmodern language planning type supports version language planning in 1959. Haugen described
and protects plurality (Neus-tupný, 2006 in principle and, language planning as “the undertaking of preparing
e.g., Lo Bianco, 1987 in practice). normative orthography, grammar and dictionary for
the practise of writers and audio system in a non-
Accordingly, new methods stimulated with the aid of homogenous speech community”.
ecology, that is, language ecology (see, e.g., Kaplan &  The LPP field came into existence from this period
Baldauf, 1997, p. 311ff.) and human rights, that is, and many linguists emerged to provide solutions of
linguistic human rights (see, e.g., Skutnabb-Kangas & LPPoriented issues in light of the colonial ruling
Phillipson,1995) have been utilized in theories of language globally.
planning. The protection of the plurality of languages has  Language policy and planning (LPP) as an interest for
led to the reevaluation of the characteristic of the spread of academics emerged in the 1950s, and 1960s has
European largely been ‘problem-oriented. In retrospect it is
languages (above all English) in the world. The linguistic possible to call this era of language planning “classic
imperialism framework that was once developed via language planning”
Phillipson (1992) emphasized the bad influences of these  During the 1960s–1970s, LP was seen as a
languages on the “ecosystem” of a quantity of countries as nonpolitical, non-ideological, pragmatic and a
a phase of globalization processes. Ricento (2000, p. 208) technicity paradigm.
calls this new  As is apparent, it was economic thinking that was
scenario in the principle of language planning “the influential; after all, the solutions to language
ecology of languages paradigm.” A widespread vicinity in  Problems were to ultimately contribute to the
this paradigm is occupied with the aid of the Reversing economic prosperity of developing nations.
Language Shift mannequin (Fishman, 1991, 2001), which
 Critique of Classic Language Planning during the Beliefs about language are a vital element in success in
1980’s and in the following years, there have been language rescue, for a shift of languages regularly depends
many voices criticizing language planning idea of the on the values attributed to competing varieties. It has been
preceding period. counseled (Walker 1993) that Maslow’s hierarchy of
 1990-present era, language “modernization” is needs, viewed as subjective perceptions, accounts for
considered as an “(early) modernization” procedure language choice. (p.410) Languages may additionally be
that meant the unification of languages and the seen as enabling a speaker to stay alive, to be secure, to
suppression of linguistic diversity in Third World belong to a group, to be esteemed in one’s society, or to
countries. acquire selfactualization. While language activists and
managers oftentimes rank these values beginning at the
Chapter 2:Examine properties of Language Planning symbolic end, it is probable that speakers are extra in all
Policy likelihood to start first with pragmatic and instrumental
needs—getting food and shelter, acquiring and keeping a
Language Policy as Practices, Beliefs and Management job—and only when lower wants are met, to deal with the
symbolic values.
As described in the book (Spolsky 2004), language
coverage has three interrelated but independently Natural language is for various reasons a exact factor of
describable components: practices, beliefs, and departure for an investigation of the beliefs which are
management. Language practices are the observable conventional in a culture. It is through language that
behaviors and options –what humans truly do. They are beliefs are usually expressed and communicated. In order
the linguistic features chosen, the range of language used. to serve these purposes bendy language have to in each
They constitute a coverage to the extent that they are tradition be tailored to the beliefs dominant in that culture.
ordinary and predictable, and whilst studying them is
made challenging through the observer's paradox that Language Management
Labov (1972) recognized – for an observer adds an extra
participant and so modifies behavior describing them is The 3rd thing is language management, the express and
the challenge of a sociolinguistic learn about producing observable effort by means of anybody or some team that
what Hymes (1974) known as an ethnography of speaking. has or claims to have authority over the members in the
In one sense, this is the real coverage though participants domain to modify their practices or beliefs. The most
may be reluctant to admit it. obvious structure of language administration is a
constitution or a regulation installed by way of a nation-
What is crucial is that it provides the linguistic context for state determining some issue of official language use: a
all of us mastering language. Children's language requirement to use a unique language as medium of
acquisition relies upon in giant measure on the language instruction or in enterprise with government agencies, for
practices to which they are exposed. For example, example.
immigrant mother and father are regularly upset to find
that their youth do no longer be aware of sure phrases in Language management is a new domain inside the fields
their heritage language, not realizing that they themselves of worldwide method and management.However, the
frequently change them with words borrowed from the interest round the theme seems to be growing amongst
new language. researchers. There are numerous motives for the more
advantageous attention of the price of language in
Language Beliefs business. For example, language can regularly be viewed
as the verbalization of culture, and therefore to a person’s
The second essential thing of language policy is made up way of thinking. Even though language abilities in
of beliefs about language. The beliefs that are most sizable themselves are not an intrinsic goal for worldwide
to our issues are the values assigned to the types and business, they constitute an necessary tool for
features. For instance, given the role performed via conversation and additionally a key to essential
language sorts in identification, the range people associate appreciation of different people’s methods of wondering
with their most essential membership group – whether or and expressing themselves.
not it is their nation, their educational class, their region or
their ethnic heritage – is likely to have the easiest fee for Another instance is the choice of the Roman Catholic
them, whilst positive other sorts will be stigmatized. Of Church at Vatican II to trade the centuries-old policy of
course, beliefs are now not practice: It might also properly requiring Latin for the mass. In the family domain, efforts
be that we use stigmatized forms. with the aid of immigrant mother and father to maintain
their heritage language or to persuade their youth to
examine the new language constitute language
management.

 Children's language acquisition relies upon in

giant measure on the language practices to which they
are exposed.
 Beliefs about language are a vital element in
success in language rescue, for a shift of languages
regularly depends on the values attributed to
competing varieties.
 The beliefs that are most sizable to our issues are
the values assigned to the types and features.
 Beliefs about language are a vital element in
success in language rescue, for a shift of languages
regularly depends on the values attributed to
competing varieties. the express and observable effort
by means of anybody or some team that has or claims
to have authority over the members in the domain to
modify their practices or beliefs.
 In the family domain, efforts with the aid of
immigrant mother and father to maintain their
heritage language or to persuade their youth to
examine the new language constitute language
management.