evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

2
ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi m¤úK©

gvbe mf¨Zvi ïiæ †_‡K eZ©gvb Kvj ch©šÍ gvbyl cÖvK…wZK I gvbe RMr m¤ú‡K© bvbv iKg Ávb AR©b K‡i
P‡j‡Q| hyw³, eyw× I cÖÁv w`‡q Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv cÖkvLv m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxeb‡K
†K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ kv¯¿| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv †h gvby‡li wewfbœgyLx Rxeb I RMr wb‡q †Kvb GKwU
kv¯¿ Av‡jvPbv K‡i bv| GK we`¨v Ab¨ we`¨vi cÖwZØ›Øx bq eis mvgvwRK we`¨v G‡K Ac‡ii m¤ú~iK wn‡m‡e
cwic~Y©Zv AR©b K‡i| ivóªweÁvb GKwU mvgvwRK weÁvb wn‡m‡e Ab¨vb¨ gvbexq weÁv‡bi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e
m¤úK©h³y | G BDwb‡U Avgiv ivóªweÁv‡bi mv‡_ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi m¤úK© wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
Kie|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

 cvV -1 ivó weÁvb I BwZnvm
 cvV- 2 ivóªweÁvb I mgvR ZË¡
 cvV- 3 ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZ
 cvV- 4 ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv¯¿
 cvV- 5 ivóªweÁvb I g‡bvweÁvb
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV -1

ivóªweÁvb I BwZnvm
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ BwZnv‡mi wK m¤úK© Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªweÁv‡bi Aa¨q‡b BwZnv‡mi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

BwZnvm n‡”Q gvbe mf¨Zvi `c©Y| BwZnv‡mi cvZv †_‡K gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK
BZ¨vw` eûwea welq m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| ZvB ivóªweÁvb BwZnv‡mi m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| Aa¨vcK
m¨vi Rb wmwj my›`ifv‡e e‡j‡Qb, ÒivóªweÁvb Qvov BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbv wbùj Ges BwZnvm e¨ZxZ ivóª weÁvb
wfwËnxb (History without political science has no fruit and political science without history has no root)
DB‡jvex h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÒBwZnvmB ivóªweÁv‡bi MfxiZ¡ `vb K‡i‡QÕÕ (History provides the third dimension
of political science)| HwZnvwmK Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i ivóªweÁv‡bi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡cY ~ © ZË¡ M‡o D‡V‡Q| ejvi
A‡c¶v iv‡L bv †h ivóªweÁvb BwZnv‡mi Øviv mÄxweZ|
ivóª I iv‡óªi msMVb Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv BwZnv‡mi weeZ©‡bi ØvivB m„wó n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK ivóª, RvwZ
I miKv‡ii †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q my`xN© BwZnvm| jW© A¨v±b h_v_©B e‡jQb, ÒBwZnv‡mi †mªvZavivq evjyKvivwki g‡a¨
¯^Y‡© ibyi gZ ivRbxwZ weÁvb R‡g D‡V‡Q| ivóªweÁvb ïay BwZnv‡mi wbKU FYx bq, BwZnvmI ivóªweÁv‡bi wbKU
FYx|ÕÕ ivóªweÁvbx wjKK e‡jb, ÒBwZnv‡mi A‡bKLvwb ivóªweÁvbB Ges welqe¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii cwiwa Øviv Ave×|
ivóªweÁvb iv‡óªi AvBb I Ab¨vb¨ bxwZ m¤ú‡K© BwZnvm‡K A‡bK gvj-gmjv †hvMvb †`q|ÕÕ
BwZnv‡mi D‡Ïk¨ nj Av`k© mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv| gvbe mgv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK NUbvejx BwZnv‡m wjwce× Av‡Q|
†m AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ev¯Íe m¤§Z Av`k© ivóª MVb Ki‡Z cvwi| GLv‡bB BwZnv‡mi mv_©KZv wbwnZ
i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K BwZnvmI ivóªweÁvb n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| ivóªweÁv‡bi `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K Av‡jvwPZ bv
n‡j BwZnvm mvaviY NUbv, Mí K_vq cwiYZ n‡e| ivóªweÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv BwZnv‡mi Øviv †hgb mRxeZv jvf
K‡i, wVK †Zgwb BwZnv‡mi welq¸‡jv ivóªweÁv‡bi ch©v‡jvPbv Øviv A_©c~Y© n‡q D‡V| BwZnv‡mi Øviv gvwR©Z I
e¨vL¨vwqZ bv n‡j ivóªweÁvb nq Amvi Avi ivR‰bwZK Zvrch© nviv‡j, †m BwZnvm nq wbQK mvwnZ¨| BwZnvm
Qvov ivóªweÁv‡bi g~j¨ †bB| Avi ivóªweÁvb Qvov BwZnv‡mi dj †bB| myZivs welq `y‡Uv G‡K Ac‡ii Dc‡i
wbf©ikxj| ivóªweÁvb I BwZnvm Dfq‡K hw` c„_K K‡i †`Iqv nq, Zvn‡j BwZnvm g„Z bv n‡jI n‡e weKjv½
Ges ivóªweÁvb n‡e Av‡jqvi gZ AveQvqvgq| Giv ci¯úi m¤ú~iK I Nwbófv‡e m¤úwK©Z|
ivóªweÁvb I BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨ Mfxi m¤úK© we`¨gvb _vK‡jI welq `ywU ¯^Zš¿| HwZnvwmK wd«g¨vb e‡jb, ÔÔmKj
cÖKvi BwZnv‡mi m‡½ ivóªweÁv‡bi m¤úK© †bB| ¯’vcZ¨ we`¨v, wkíKjv I gy`ªvi µgweKv‡ki BZnv‡mi m‡½
ivóªweÁv‡bi †Zgb GKUv m¤ú‡K© †bB| ivRbxwZ ev ivóªZË¡ ïaygvÎ BwZnv‡mi wfwˇZ M‡o D‡Vwb| Gi g~‡j
A_©bxwZ, mgvRZË¡, g‡bvweÁvb, AvBbkv¯¿ BZ¨vw` wel‡qi A‡bK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| BwZnvm Z_¨ I NUbv wbf©i|
BwZnvm wk¶v †`q, fwel¨ZevYx K‡i bv| wKš‘ ivóªweÁvb AZxZ I eZ©gv‡bi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨ZevYx K‡i|
HwZnvwmK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g AZxZ I eZ©gvb mgvR Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ fvj g›` wePvi Kiv hvq| HwZnvwmK
cUf‚wgi mvnv‡h¨ eZ©gvb mgv‡Ri ¯^iƒc Dcjw× Kiv hvq| HwZnvwmK Z_¨ †h cwigv‡Y msM„nxZ n‡e ivóªweÁv‡b
Av‡jvPbv ZZ my›`i I AvKl©Yxq n‡e| jW© eªvBm PgrKvifv‡e e‡j‡Qb,ÔÔivóªweÁvb, BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ AZxZ
I eZ©gv‡bi gv‡S `ÛvqgvbÕÕ|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 22

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mviK_v
BwZnv‡mi µgweeZ©‡bi avivq ivóª, RvwZ I miKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| HwZnvwmK Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ivóªweÁv‡bi
A‡bK ¸iæZ¡cY~ © ZË¡ M‡o D‡V‡Q| ivóªweÁvbx BwZnvm †_‡K ïay †mB mg¯Í Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib hv ivR‰bwZK Rxeb
MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i| mvwe©Kfv‡e BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j ivóª‰bwZK cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| Abyiƒcfv‡e HwZnvwmK NUbvq ivóªweÁv‡bi mwVK Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ivóªweÁvb I BwZnvm G‡K
A‡b¨i m¤ú~iK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| BwZnvm ivóªweÁv‡bi MfxiZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Q- GB e³e¨wU Kvi?
(K) DB‡jvex;
(L) wgj;
(M) ev‡R©m;
(N) jW© G¨±b|

2| ivóªweÁvb Qvov BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbv wbùj Ges BwZnvm e¨ZxZ ivóªweÁvb wfwËnxb- GB Dw³wU Kvi?
(K) jW© eªvBm;
(L) ev‡R©m;
(M) wd«g¨vb;
(N) wgj|

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæbt

1. BwZnvm n‡”Q gvbe mf¨Zvi-------
2. BwZnv‡mi D‡Ïk¨ nj----cÖwZôv Kiv|

DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. L, 3. `c©b, 4. Av`k© mgvR

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. ivóªweÁvb wK?
2. BwZnvm wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. BwZnvm I ivóªweÁv‡bi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ivóªweÁvb Qvov BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvPbv wbõj Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU- 2 c„ôv - 23
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV -2

ivóªweÁvb I mgvRZË¡
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ mgvR weÁv‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóªweÁvb I mgvRweÁvb ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| ivóªweÁvb ivóªwelqK weÁvb Avi mgvRweÁvb mgvR welqK weÁvb|
iv‡óªi Kvh©µg, iv‡óªi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li Rxeb we‡kølY KivB mgvRZ‡Ë¡i welqe¯‘| wba©vwiZ
ivóªxq msMV‡bi mymse× Aa¨qb‡K ivóªweÁvb e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K mgvR, mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv Ges mgv‡R emevmKvix
gvby‡li K…wó, AvPvi AvPi‡Yi myk„•Lj Aa¨qb nj mgvRweÁvb| gvby‡qi Rxeb we‡kølY KivB nj mgvR weÁv‡bi
welqe¯‘| mvgvwRK µgweKv‡ki BwZe„Ë, mKj hy‡Mi mKj mgvR Rxe‡bi eY©bvq mgvR weÁvb mg„×| mgvR
Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q weÁvb m¤§Z Av‡jvPbv mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j KvR| ZvB ejv hvq ivóªweÁvb mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv|
mvgvwRK weÁvb wn‡m‡e ivóªweÁvb gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µg wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mgvR weeZ©‡bi we‡kl ¯Í‡i
ivóªbvgK msMV‡bi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| ivóª mgv‡Ri AšÍM©Z| ZvB ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq mgvR weÁv‡bi we‡kl
cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq| ivóªweÁvb I mgvRweÁvb `ywU wfbœ welq n‡jI ivRˆbwZK I mvgvwRK welqvw` ci¯ú‡ii
g‡a¨ wbwnZ i‡q‡Q| ivóª weÁvb I mgvRweÁv‡bi Mfxi m¤ú‡K©i K_v D‡jøL K‡i Aa¨vcK wMwWsm e‡jb, Ôhviv
mgvRZ‡Ë¡i g~j m~θ‡jv AvqË K‡iwb Zv‡`i ivóªZË¡ wk¶v`vb A‡bKUv wbDU‡bi MwZ Z‡Ë¡i Ávbk~b¨ e¨w³‡K
†R¨vwZ©we`¨v wk¶v †`Iqvi gZB|Õ
ivóª mgv‡Ri AšÍM©Z GKwU cÖwZôvb gvÎ| ivóªweÁvb I mgvRweÁvb G‡K Ac‡ii m¤ú~iK| GKRb Av`k©
ivóªweÁvbx‡K †hgb mgvRweÁvbx n‡Z nq, †Zgwb GKRb Av`k© mgvRweÁvbx‡K ivóªweÁvbx n‡Z nq|
mgvRweÁv‡bi cvV e¨ZxZ ivóªweÁvb Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K| wMwWsm ivóªweÁv‡bi wk¶K‡`i ivóª m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e©
mgvRweÁv‡bi g~j m~θ‡jv AvqË Kivi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| ivóªweÁvb iv‡óªi msMVb I Kvh©vejxi Øviv
mgvRweÁvb‡K AjsK…Z K‡i| Avi mgvRweÁvb ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi DrcwË I weeZ©‡bi Z_¨ `vb K‡i
ivóªweÁvb‡K mg„× K‡i|
ivóªweÁvb ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ mgvR I Kvh©vw`i Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mgvRweÁvb gvbexq weÁvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨
GKwU †gŠwjK weÁvb| cwievi, †Mvôx, RvwZ, ivóª, gvbeRvwZi AvPvi e¨envi ixwZbxwZ cÖf…wZ me©wel‡q
Av‡jvPbv nq mgvRweÁv‡b| mgvRweÁvb msMwVZ AmsMwVZ mKj m¤úÖ`vq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wKš‘ ivóªweÁvb
ïay ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ mgvR I Kvh©vw`i Av‡jvPbv K‡i| ivóªweÁv‡bi cÖavb welqe¯‘ nj bvMwiK Rxe‡bi
AwaKvi I KZ©e¨| wKš‘ mgvRweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq mgvR Rxe‡bi †MvovcËb †_‡K| G Kvi‡Y
mgvRweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi †¶Î A‡bK e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj e‡jb, ÔÔmv¤úÖwZKKv‡j ivóªwPšÍvi RM‡Z
we‡kl K‡i AvB‡bi gZev‡`i †¶‡Î †h eûj I e¨vcK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q Zv mgvRweÁv‡bi wb‡`©wkZ c‡_B m¤úbœ
n‡q‡Q|ÕÕ
iv‡óªi R‡b¥i eû c~‡e©B mgvR M‡o D‡V‡Q| gvby‡li Rb¥, g„Zz¨, weevn I cwievi m¤^‡Ü †h mg¯Í AvPvi I c×wZ
cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Zv ivóª KZ…©K m„ó nqwb| gvbyl ivR‰bwZK †PZbv m¤úbœ nevi A‡bK Av‡MB mgvR MwVZ n‡qwQj|
mgvRweÁvb ivóªweÁvb A‡c¶v cyivZb| mgvRweÁvb GKwU e„nr eUe„¶ Avi ivó«weÁvb ZviB e„nËg kvLv|
Kv‡RB mgvRweÁv‡bi Zzjbvq ivóªweÁv‡bi cwiwa ¶z`ª I mxwgZ|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 24

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ivóªweÁvb M‡elYv I Av‡jvPbvq A‡bK Dcv`vb mgvRweÁvb †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv ivóªweÁvb I
mgvRZ‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ m¤úK© †hfv‡eB †`wL bv †Kb mgvR I ivóª Awe‡”Q`¨ e܇b Ave×| mgvRweÁvbxMY ivóªweÁvb
m¤^‡Ü A‡bK Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Gi fvÛvi c~Y© K‡i‡Qb| d‡j Df‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Nwbó I e¨vcK|

mviK_v
mgvR Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv mgvRZ‡Ë¡i g~j KvR| ivóªweÁvb mgvRweÁv‡bi GKwU
kvLv| ivóªweÁvb gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| ivóªweÁv‡bi wk¶K‡`i mgvRZ‡Ë¡i g~j m~θ‡jv AvqË Kivi Rb¨ †K ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb?
(K) Aa¨vcK wMwWsm;
(L) Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj;
(M) Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi;
(M) Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹|

2| mgvRZ‡Ë¡i wb‡`©wkZ c‡_ ivóªwPšÍv I AvB‡bi cwieZ©‡bi K_v †K e‡j‡Qb ?

(K) Aa¨vcK wMwWsm;
(L) Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi;
(M) Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj;
(N) Dc‡ii †KDB bb|

3| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæbt-

(K) ivóªxq -----mymse× Aa¨qb‡K ivóªweÁvb e‡j;
(L) gvby‡li----we‡kølY KivB nj mgvR weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘;
(M) ivóª mgv‡Ri AšÍM©Z GKwU ------------;
(N) ivóªweÁvb I mgvRweÁvb G‡K Ac‡ii-----|

DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. M, 3. K; msMV‡bi, L. Rxeb, M. cÖwZôvb, N. m¤ú~iK|

iPbvgyjK cÖkœ
1. ivóªweÁvb I mgvRZ‡Ë¡i m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU- 2 c„ôv - 25
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV -3

ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZ
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ A_©bxwZi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZi wKfv‡e G‡K Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AZx‡Z ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZ‡K GKB welq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nZ| cÖvPxb MÖxK `vk©wbKMY GB kv¯¿‡K
cwjwUK¨vj B‡Kv‡bvwg e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Aóv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ A‡bK †jLK A_©bxwZ‡K GKwU c„_K welq
e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Zb bv| Zuv‡`i g‡Z A_©bxwZ ivóªweÁv‡bi GKwU Ask| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †KDB Avi ivóªweÁvb I
A_©bxwZ‡K GKwÎZ e‡j we‡ePbv K‡ib bv| AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`MY A_©bxwZ‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ weÁvb e‡j `vex
K‡ib| hw`I ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb| MÖxK `vk©wbK GwióU‡ji ÔÔThe politics" Mªš’wUi
weivU Ask Ry‡o Av‡Q A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbv| A_©bxwZwe` G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i The Wealth of Nations Ges Rb j‡Ki
ÔmiKv‡ii wØZxq Pzw³Õ MÖš’Øq ivóª‰bwZK A_©bxwZ Av‡jvPbvq mg„×|

ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³

ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZi g~j j¶¨ nj GKwU DbœZ I w¯’wZkxj ivóªMVb| ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ci¯úi
m¤úK©hy³| Avi, Gg, g¨vKvBfvi ÔÔWeb of Government" Mª‡š’ ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZi m¤ú‡K©i K_v my›`ifv‡e
e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb mKj kvmb e¨e¯’v Gi Abyiƒc m¤úwË e¨e¯’vi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| GKwU‡K cwieZ©b
Ki‡j AciwUI cwiewZ©Z nq| ga¨hyMxq BD‡iv‡c mvgšÍZvwš¿K miKv‡ii DÌvb, Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z D`vi‰bwZK
MYZ‡š¿i weKvk Ges wesk kZvãx‡Z mgvRZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi cÖPvi I cÖmvi A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’viB dj¯^iƒc| gvK©mxq
`k©b Ges mgvRZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v A_©‰bwZK Av`‡k©i Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡VwQj| HwZnvwmKfv‡eB ivóªh‡š¿i
Dci A_©‰bwZK cÖfve my¯úófv‡e cwijw¶Z nq|
AvaywbK ivóª RbM‡Yi mw`”Qv I mn‡hvwMZvi Dci cÖwZwôZ| RbM‡Yi mvwe©K DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ ivóª A_©‰bwZK
KvVv‡gv‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i| kvmK‡kªYx ïay cÖkvmwbK `vq `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i bv| eis Drcv`b, e›Ub, fzwgms¯‹vi,
e¨vsK, exgv, evwYR¨Pzw³ g~`ªv cwiKíbv BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vw`I m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| miKv‡ii mdjZv I
e¨_©Zv A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv Ges ev‡R‡Ui Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| GQvov wbe©vPbx djvdjI ivR‰bwZK
`‡ji A_©‰bwZK Kg©mP~ xi wfwˇZ A‡bKUv wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| A_©bxwZ mgv‡Ri wfwË my`„p I myMwVZ Ki‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i| G mKj w`K we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZ ci¯úi wbf©ikxj|

ivóªbxwZ I A_©bxwZ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ

Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi D‡jøL K‡ib †h, miKv‡ii aib, Kvh©Kjvc, A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| AvaywbK
Kj¨vY g~jK ivóª‡K bvbvwea A_©‰bwZK Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z nq| A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q ivóª
A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| myZivs ivóªbxwZ Ges A_©bxwZ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| GwU
AZ¨šÍ my¯úó †h, A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ivóªxq e¨e¯’v‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| †`‡ki kvwšÍ k„•Ljv, iv‡óªi ¯’vwqZ¡
I mg„w× A‡bKUv A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi I AMÖMwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Aciw`‡K Drcv`b, e›Ub, e¨envi I wewbgq
e¨e¯’v AvaywbK hy‡M ivóª Øviv wba©vvwiZ nq| MYZvwš¿K mgv‡R eûwea A_©‡bwZK mgm¨v †`Lv †`q, hvi mgvavb
ivóª e¨ZxZ †Kvb e¨w³we‡kl ev cÖwZôvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ I Gi kZ©vejx ivóªB wba©viY K‡i
_v‡K| AvaywbK iv‡óªi mgm¨vejx g~jZ A_©‰bwZK| m¤úwË e¨e¯’vcbv, wkíe¨e¯’v, RvZxqKiYbxwZ, wkíbxwZ,
ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 26
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
kªwgK gvwjK m¤úK©, gy`ªvùxwZ cÖf…wZ ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Gfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h,
ivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK© we`¨gvb|

mviK_v
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v ivóªxq e¨e¯’v‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| ivóªbxwZ I A_©bxwZ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| ivR‰bwZK
I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| A_©bxwZ‡K c„_K kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nZ bv-
(K) mß`k kZvãx ch©šÍ;
(L) †lvok kZvãx ch©šÍ;
(M) Aóv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ;
(N) Ebwesk kZvãx ch©šÍ;

2| Wealth of Nations cÖš’wUi †jLK †K?

(K) Mvb©vi;
(L) G¨vWvg w¯§_;
(M) gvK©m;
(N) G‡½jm|

DËigvjv: 1.M, 2. L

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ÔivóªweÁvb I A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK© we`¨gvbÕ Dw³wU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU- 2 c„ôv - 27
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV -4

ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv¯¿
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 ivRbxwZ I bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤ú„³Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Avw` Kvj †_‡KB mgvR, ivóª, miKvi I kvmb e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ bxwZwe`¨vi GK Mfxi m¤ú©K we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| MÖxK,
`vk©wbKMY ivóªweÁv‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i Nwbó m¤ú©‡Ki K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv Zvi Mªš’ ÔThe
Republic' G Av`k© wfwË wnmv‡e ‰bwZKZvi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib Ges ivóªweÁv‡bi mv‡_ bxwZ kv‡¯¿i
GKwU my›`i wPÎ Zz‡j a‡ib| b¨vqbxwZ n‡”Q DbœZ mgvR e¨e¯’vi wfwË| MÖxK `vk©wbKMY ivóª‡K GKwU ˆbwZK
cÖwZôvb e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z kvmK ˆbwZK Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix n‡j kvmb e¨ve¯’v Kj¨vYgyLx nq|
bxwZkv¯¿ gvby‡li b¨vq Ab¨v‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ my›`i Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨
(The state continues to exist for the sake of good life)| GwióUj ˆbwZKZvi gvcKvwV w`‡qB ivóªxq †`vl ¸b
wePvi K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨ †h, ivóªweÁvb bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ wVK K‡i †`q| bxwZwe`¨v gvby‡li wPšÍv I Kv‡R
ewntcÖKv‡ki gvb`Û wba©viY K‡i †`q| ivóª KZ©„K cªYxZ AvBb¸‡jvi ˆeaZv bxwZkv‡¯¿i gvcKvwV‡Z wePvi Kiv
nq| ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv¯¿ Df‡qiB D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li me©v½xb DbœwZ I Kj¨vY mvab|
HwZnvwmK jW© A¨v±b bxwZ kv‡¯¿i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i e‡jb, ÒmiKvi wK Ki‡Q Zv †`Lvi †P‡q eis miKv‡ii
wK KiYxq Zv ivóweÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nIqv DwPrÓ (The great question for politics is to discover not
what government prescribes but what they ought to prescribe)|
Avgv‡`i g~j¨‡eva, b¨vq Ab¨vq aviYv g~jZ ˆbwZKZvi gvcKvwV‡Z wePvi Kiv nh| bxwZi w`K w`‡q hv AmsMZ
Zv ivóªweÁv‡b wewa wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Aa¨vcK AvBfi eªvDb e‡jb ˆbwZK ZË¡‡K ev` w`‡q ivR‰bwZK
ZË¡ Amvi| Avevi ivóª ZË¡ Qvov ˆbwZK ZË¡ Am¤ú~Y©| ÔÔEthical theory is incomplete without political theory,
political theory is idle without ethical theory" ZvB ejv nq ivóªbxwZ ¯úóZ bxwZ weÁvb| ˆbwZK gvb`Û‡K
D‡c¶v K‡i †Kvb ivóªB bvMwi‡Ki mwZ¨Kvi Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †cø‡Uv I GwióUj ivóª‡K GKwU DËg
Rxeb hvc‡bi m‡e©vËg msMVb e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| iv‡óªi g~j KvR nj mybvMwiK ˆZix Kiv| ˆbwZK †PZbv
m„wói ga¨ w`‡q ivóª Av`k©gwÛZ gvbyl M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g| ˆbwZK gvb`Û‡K D‡c¶v K‡i ivóª gvby‡li mwZ¨Kvi
Kj¨vY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK eÜb I mvgvwRKZv ivRbxwZ I bxwZkv¯¿‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i‡Q|
†Kvb& KvRwU b¨vqmsMZ, †Kvb& KvRwU Ab¨vq, †Kvb&wU MÖnYxq †Kvb&wU eR©bxq Zv bxwZkv‡¯¿ Av‡jvwPZ nq| †Kvb
ˆbwZK Av`k© me©Rb ¯^xK…Z n‡j Zv ivóªxq AvB‡b iƒc jvf K‡i| Avevi †Kvb AvBb ˆbwZKZvi cwicš’x ev
wecixZ agx© n‡j Zv ev¯Í‡e iƒc jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wPšÍvwe` d· h_vh_B e‡j‡Qb ÒbxwZi w`K w`‡q hv Ab¨vq
Zv ivR‰bwZK w`K w`‡q b¨vq n‡Z cv‡i bvÓ (What is morally wrong can never be politically right).
Dfq kv‡¯¿i wfZi Nwbó m¤úK© _vKv m‡Ë¡I welq e¯‘i w`K w`‡q bxwZkv¯¿ I ivóªweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb|
ivóweÁvb gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc I evwn¨K AvPvi AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| GwU gvby‡li Af¨šÍixY
Kvh©Kjvc I wPšÍvaviv wbqš¿Y K‡i bv| bxwZkv¯¿ gvby‡li ˆbwZKZv Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges evwn¨K I Af¨šÍixY AvPvi-
AvPiY wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| nem, jK , iæ‡kv cÖgyL wPšÍvwe`‡`i `k©b ivóªweÁvb‡K bxwZkv¯¿ †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i
GKwU c„_K kv‡¯¿ DbœxZ K‡i‡Q| g¨vwKqv‡fjx Zuvi ivóª `k©‡b ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i cwie‡Z© myweavev` Av`k© cÖPvi
K‡ib| wZwb ivRbxwZ †_‡K ˆbwZKZv‡K wew”Qbœ Kivi cÖqvm Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e ivRbxwZ‡K bxwZkv¯¿ †_‡K
Avjv`v K‡i ¯^Zš¿ gh©v`vq wb‡q G‡m g¨vwKqv‡fjx AvaywbK ivRbxwZi cy‡ivav wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 28

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ˆØZ bxwZi K_v e‡j wZwb wKš‘ cÖKvšÍ‡i bxwZkv‡¯¿i ¸iæZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Dfq kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
_vKv m‡Ë¡I ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv¯¿ GK Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤ú‡K© Ave×|

mviK_v
ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv‡¯¿i Df‡qiB j¶¨ nj gvby‡li me©v½xY DbœwZ I Kj¨vYmvab| ˆbwZK gvb`ЇK D‡c¶v K‡i
†Kvb ivóªB bvMwi‡Ki mwZ¨Kvi Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kvb ˆbwZK Av`k© me©Rb¯^xK…Z n‡j Zv AvB‡b
iƒc jvf K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ my›`i Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨- GB e³e¨wU Kvi?
(K) GwióU‡ji;
(L) †cø‡Uvi;
(M) jvw¯‹i;
(N) j‡Ki|
2| ÒEthical theory is incomplete without political theory, political theory is idle without
ethical theory”- †K e‡j‡Qb?
(K) jW© G±b;
(L) g¨vKvBfvi;
(M) GwióUj;
(N) AvBfi eªvDb|
3| ivRbxwZ‡Z ˆbwZK Av`‡k©i cwie‡Z© myweavev` Av`‡k©i cÖPvi K‡ib-
(K) jW© eªvDb
(L) Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi
(M) g¨vwKqv‡fjx
(N) iæ‡kv
5| ÒThe great question for politics is to discover not what government prescribes but what they
ought to prescribe" G Dw³wU Kvi?
(K) †cø‡Uv;
(L) Gwi÷Uj;
(M) jW© A¨v±b;
(N) AvBfi eªvDb|

DËigyjK: 1.K, 2.L, 3.M, 4.M,

iPbvg~j cÖkœ
1. ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU- 2 c„ôv - 29
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV -5

ivóªweÁvb I g‡bvweÁvb
D‡Ïk¨
G cvVwU c‡o Avcwb 
 ivóªbxwZi mv‡_ g‡bvweÁv‡bi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

ivóªweÁv†bi m‡½ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Nwbó m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| AvaywbK Kv‡j ivóªweÁvbxiv g‡bvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ c×wZi
mvnv‡h¨ ivRbxwZi RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡”Qb| kZ eQi c~‡e© cwÛZ †eRnU& Zvui Physics and Politics
bvgK MÖ‡š’ g‡bvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ ivóªweÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| MÖvnvg Iqv‡jm Zvui Human Nature
in Politics bvgK MÖ‡š’ ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ g‡bvweÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i K_v we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| jvmI‡qj
Politics-who gets, what, when and how MÖ‡š’ g‡bv‰eÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z ivóªZ‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i
ivóªweÁvbx‡`i wPšÍvi †¶Î cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Qb| jW© eªvBm h_vh_ e‡j‡Qb, ÒivóªweÁv‡bi wkKo i‡q‡Q
g‡bvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨Ó (Political Science has its roots in psychology)| eZ©gvbKv‡j A‡bK †¶‡Î
ivóª‰bwZK Kvh©vejx g‡bvweÁv‡bi `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K we‡kølY Kiv hvq|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq Rbg‡Zi f‚wgKv LyeB Zvrch©gwÛZ| RbgZ MV‡b g‡bvweÁv‡bi m~θ‡jv
we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Ki| †Kvb †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v †m †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi Avkv AvKv•¶vi m‡½ mvgvÄm¨c~Y© bv n‡j
Zv mydj e‡q Av‡b bv| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK Mvb©v‡ii e³e¨ cÖvwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb kvmb e¨e¯’vq Rbmvavi‡Yi
a¨vb aviYvi h_v_© cÖwZdjb NU‡jB miKvi RbwcÖq I ¯’vqx nq| miKv‡ii g‡a¨ kvwm‡Zi gvbweK aviYv Ges
ˆbwZK wek¦v‡mi cÖwZdjb bv NU‡j miKvi `xN©¯’vqx I w¯’wZkxj n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY msµvšÍ
mgm¨vq g‡bvweÁvb c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb mdjZvi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| RvZxqZvi aviYv, ivR‰bwZK `j, RbgZ,
wbev©Pb BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv Av‡eM Abyf‚wZi Øviv we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ `j-Dc`j I
MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ msNl© g‡bvweÁv‡bi m~Î a‡i we‡kølY Kiv nq| hy×-wecøe I †kªYx ¯^v‡_©i A‡bK mgm¨v g‡bvweÁv‡bi
cÖwZwôZ c‡_ mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi g~j mgm¨v nj ¶gZvi Ø›Ø| gvbyl †Kb ¶gZv Pvq? Kvi nv‡Z
¶gZv b¨¯Í n‡j ¶gZvi mwVK e¨envi n‡e, ¶gZvi e¨envi wKfv‡e nIqv DwPr? wecøe †Kb nq? wKfv‡e wecøe‡K
cÖwZnZ Kiv hvq BZ¨vw` welq g‡bvweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K ivóªweÁvbxiv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GK_v mZ¨ †h, ivRbxwZ †Kej wePvieyw× cÖmZ
~ bq| gvbyl hyw³ev`x I we‡eKm¤úbœ Rxe n‡jI A‡bK mgq wewfbœ
†`‡k †h MYAv‡›`vjb msMwVZ n‡q Zv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Zv fvev‡e‡Mi GK we‡kl Awfe¨w³ gvÎ|
ivóªweÁvbx †je e‡jb, Ògvbe gb‡K †R‡bB ivóª‡K Rvb‡Z n‡eÒ| ivóª bvMwiK‡`i gb-gvbwmKZv‡K ivóªxq bxwZ
I K‡g©i Øviv cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z m¶g| Rvg©vbxi wnUjvi, BZvjxi gy‡mvwjbx Rbmvavi‡Yi Kg©KvÛ‡K wKfv‡e wbqš¿Y
I DØy× K‡iwQj Ges mgvRZvwš¿K iv†óªi Kg©cš’v wKfv‡e wbqwš¿Z n‡q‡Q Zv Gi cÖK…Z D`vniY|
ivóªweÁv‡bi m‡½ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Mfxi m¤úK© we`¨gvb _vKv m‡Ë¡I ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î memgq
g‡bvweÁvb c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| g‡bvweÁvb gvbwmK Ae¯’v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Av`k© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i bv|
gvby‡li mg¯Í ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc g‡bvweÁv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Kiv m¤¢e bq|

ivóªweÁvb : ivóªZË¡ c„ôv - 30

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mviK_v
ivóªweÁvbxiv g‡bvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i ivRbxwZi A‡bK RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡”Qb| gvby‡li
AvPvi AvPiY msµvšÍ mgm¨vq g‡bvweÁvb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM mdjZvi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| AvaywbK Kv‡j ivóªxq
Kvhv©ejx g‡bvweÁv‡bi `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K m¤úbœ n‡”Q| wk¶vi gva¨‡g gvby‡li g‡bi MwZ‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
Kiv m¤¢e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| kZ eQi c~‡e© †K g‡bvweÁv‡bi m‡½ ivóªweÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb?
K. j¨vmI‡qj;
L. I‡qevi;
M. †eRnU;
N. MÖvnvm Iqvjvm|
2| ÒPolitics: who gets, what, when and howÓ MÖš’wUi †jLK †K ?
K. †cø‡Uv;
L. jW© eªªvBm;
M. MÖvnvg Iqvjvm;
N. j¨vmI‡qj|
3| Political science has its roots in psychology-G e³e¨wU Kvi?
K. GwióUj;
L. m‡µwUm;
M. jW© eªvBm;
N. †eRnU|
4| ÔÔgvbe gb‡K †R‡bB ivóª‡K Rvb‡Z n‡eÕÕ- K_vwU †K e‡j‡Qb?
K. Mvb©vi;
L. †je;
M. iæ‡kv;
N. j¨vmI‡qj|

DËigvjv: 1(M), 2(N), 3(M) 4(L),

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
ivóªweÁv‡bi mv‡_ g‡bvweÁv‡bi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU- 2 c„ôv - 31