gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3
weÁv‡bi aviYv wkÿY c×wZ

Awa‡ekb- 23 : gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i weÁvb wkL‡bi Dcvq

wba©viY
Awa‡ekb- 24 : gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii weÁvb wkÿ‡Y Am‡evY© I DBUªK-Gi
MvVwbK wkLbZË¡ Ges fvB‡MvUm&Kxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK
wkLbZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM
Awa‡ekb- 25 : e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv †_‡K weKwkZ weÁvb m¤úwK©Z
aviYvi mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb
Awa‡ekb- 26 : gva¨wgK weÁvb wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi e¨envi we‡kølY
Awa‡ekb- 27 : mvaviY åvšÍ aviYv Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav nq
Ggb aviYvmg~n
Awa‡ekb- 28 : AbymÜvbg~jK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZi gva¨‡g
ÔÔej I MwZÓ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb
Awa‡ekb- 29 : `jxq Av‡jvPbv ev aviYvi mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m wkL‡bi
AMÖMwZ c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M ÔÔe¯‘ I e¯‘i Ae¯’vÕÕ kxl©K
welqe¯‘ cvV`vb
Awa‡ekb- 30 : †cv÷e·, aviYv gvbwPÎ I aviYvØ›Ø c×wZi gva¨‡g
Rx‡ei ‰ewkó¨ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb
Awa‡ekb- 31 : fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi
gva¨‡g ÔÔ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ekÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb

207
weÁvb wkÿY- 1

208
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 23

wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx Kivi Dcvq

weÁvb wkLb‡K mv_©K I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK wewfbœ c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb|
Giƒc †Kvb c×wZB mdj n‡e bv hw` wkÿv_x©iv weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx n‡q bv D‡V| GRb¨
wkÿK‡K wewfbœ Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡b weÁv‡bi cÖwZ AvKl©Y
R‡b¥ Ges weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V| GRb¨ wkÿK‡K Ggb me Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU weÁvb wkLb GKwU Avb›` `vqK, ˆewPÎgq I wPËvKl©K KvR
wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| G Awa‡ek‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi Dcvq
wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 weÁvb wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi Dcvq wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †Ljvi gva¨‡g weÁvb wkL‡bi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i weÁvb wkL‡bi gva¨‡g weÁv‡bi cÖwZ AvKl©Y m„wó Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 nv‡Z Kj‡g Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx Kivi Dcvq
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿv_x©‡`i AwaKvs‡kiB aviYv weÁvb GKwU KwVb welq| ZvQvov weÁvb
wkÿ‡Yi MZvbyMwZK c×wZ e¨env‡ii d‡j wkÿv_x©iv weÁvb‡K Zvi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ev
ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Zv‡`i Kv‡Q weÁvb n‡”Q RwUj wnmve
wbKvk, e¨vL¨v we‡kølY BZ¨vw`‡Z fvivµvšÍ GKwU KwVb welq Qvov wKQzB bq| myZivs
weÁvb wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg‡K Avb›``vqK K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx K‡i
Zzj‡Z n‡e| wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, weÁvb wkLb Avb›` `vqK n‡Z n‡j wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vewji
Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ _vK‡Z n‡e Zvi GKwU aviYv wPÎ AuvKzb|

209
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g wkLb

Avb›``vqK weÁvb †Ljvi Q‡j

wkLb wkLb

ce©- L: †Ljvi Q‡j weÁvb wkL‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i AvMÖnx K‡i

 †Zvjv
wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wói Rb¨ Ggb †Kvb †Ljvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡e †hLvb
†_‡K weÁv‡bi †Kvb welq wkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e| †hgb: †Lvjv gv‡V wkÿv_x©‡`i wb‡q
wM‡q GKRb GKRb K‡i GKwU †Uwbm ej Dci w`‡K Qy‡o gvi‡Z ejyb| Gevi mevB‡K
Av‡jvPbv K‡i wVK Ki‡Z ejyb Kvi ej me‡P‡q DuPz‡Z D‡V‡Q| wkÿv_x©iv nqZ GKgZ
n‡Z cvi‡e bv| Gevi Avcwb ejyb mevi †ÿ‡Î ejwU †Kv_vq G‡m †_‡g‡Q? Gevi mevB
GKgZ n‡e †h ejwU gvwU‡Z wd‡i G‡m‡Q| GLb Avcwb wR‡Ám Kiæb ejwU gvwU‡Z wd‡i
Avmvi KviY Kx? AZ:ci wb‡RB e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiæb|

wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, Gevi Ggb GKwU c×wZ †ei Kiæb †hLv‡b wkÿv_x©iv †Ljvi gva¨‡g
ÔMwZÕ ev ÔKvRÕ m¤ú‡K© aviYv MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

210
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- M: ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv


wcÖq wkÿv_x©, Avgiv hLb †Kvb wKQz wkwL Ges Zv Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b †`L‡Z cvB ev
AwfÁZv w`‡Z eyS‡Z cvwi ZLb †m wkLb mnR nq Ges wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wó nq| wcÖq
wkÿv_x©e„›`, Gevi Ggb GKwU wkLb Kvh©µg †ei Kiæb †hLv‡b wkÿv_x©iv ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi
gva¨‡g evZv‡m Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

211
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 23

g~j wkLbxq welq

wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb wkL‡b AvMÖnx Kivi Dcvq

weÁvb m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv n‡”Q GwU GKwU RwUj welq| ZvQvov MZvbyMwZK wkÿY
 c×wZ‡Z wkÿK e¨vL¨v we‡kølY K‡ib wkÿv_x© Zv ï‡b †evSvi †Póv K‡i| d‡j A‡bK
†ÿ‡ÎB weÁvb wkL‡b wkÿv_x©iv †Kvb Avb›` cvq bv| cwiYv‡g weÁvb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q GKwU
KwVb wel‡q cwiYZ nq| weÁvb wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AvMÖnx Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿY-wkLb
Kvh©µ‡g wbgœwjwLZ c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e-
 †Ljvi Q‡j weÁvb wkLb
 mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g weÁvb wkLb
 ev¯Íe AwfÁZv w`‡q weÁvb wkLb
 nv‡Z Kj‡g Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g weÁvb wkLb
 cwi‡ek †_‡K weÁvb wkÿY|
wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖnYg~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g weÁvb wkÿY
weÁvb wkL‡bi Rb¨ Ggb wKQz Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_x©iv wb‡Riv AskMÖnY
K‡i weÁv‡bi wewfbœ aviYv ev m~Î MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z weÁvb wkL‡b †hgb AvMÖn ˆZwi
n‡e Ab¨w`‡K †ZgbB wkLb ¯’vqx n‡e|
ÔÔKvRÕÕ Gi aviYv MVb
wkÿv_x©‡`i hw` ejv hvq fi I mi‡Yi ¸YdjB n‡”Q ÔÔKvRÕÕ| Z‡e wkÿv_x©iv nqZ eyS‡Z
cvi‡e wKš‘ Avb›` bvI †c‡Z cv‡i Ges wkL‡b AvMÖnx bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‘ wkÿv_x©‡`i GKwU mnR Dcv‡q mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ÔÔKvRÕÕ Gi aviYv †`Iqv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: wkÿK GKwU †Ljvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿK †kªwYi K‡qKRb
wkÿv_x© evQvB Kiæb| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb‡K Avcbvi †Uwej A_ev GKwU †Pqvi av°v w`‡q
miv‡Z ejyb| Ab¨Rb‡K ejyb †Uwej/†Pqvi KZUzKz m‡i‡Q Zv wnmve Ki‡Z| Avi
GKRb‡K ejyb †Uwej/†Pqv‡ii AvbygvwbK IRb KZ Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z| Gevi Avcwb
e¨vL¨v Kiæb †Uwej †h cwigvY m‡i‡Q Zv †Uwe‡ji miY Ges †Uwe‡ji IRb n‡”Q fi|
Ges †h wkÿv_x© †Uwej av°v w`‡q mwi‡q‡Q Zvi K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvc n‡”Q †Uwe‡ji IRb
 †Uwe‡ji miY|
GLb Avcwb ÔÔKvRÕÕGi aviYv e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiæb|
evZv‡m Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY wbY©q

212
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 24

gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii weÁvb wkÿ‡Y Am‡evY© I DBUªK-Gi MvVwbK wkLbZË¡

Ges fvB‡MvUmKxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLbZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM

f~wgKv
Avgiv mevB Rvwb, weÁvb wkÿv GKwU Pjgvb, MwZkxj I m`v cwieZ©bkxj cÖwµqv|
myZivs weÁvb welqK †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿY-wkLb cªwµqvI ˆewPΨgq I cwieZ©bgyLx| hy‡M
hy‡M wkÿvwe`, wkÿvµg we‡klÁ, g‡bvweÁvbxMY weÁvb welqK wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv wb‡q
M‡elYv K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb| ¯’vb, Kvj I mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi wbwi‡L Zuviv
mg‡qvc‡hvMx wewfbœ wkLbZË¡ I Z_¨ D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| G Aa¨v‡q mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡ji
GiKg K‡qKRb g‡bvweÁvbx I wkÿvwe` Am‡evY© I DBUªK, fvB‡MvUmKxi wkLbZË¡ Ges
beg-`kg †kªwYi djcÖm~ weÁvb wkÿY-wkL‡b Gme Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Rvbe|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 Am‡evY© I DBUªK Gi MvVwbK gZev` I fvB‡MvUmKxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Gi
g~jfve ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MvVwbK I mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx gva¨wgK weÁvb cvV`v‡b wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq
KvR¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii 6ô-10g †kªwYi weÁvb cv‡V Am‡evY© I DBUªK Gi MvVwbK gZev`
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 6ô-10g †kªwYi weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ fvB‡MvUmKxi wkLbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K cVb-cvV‡bi
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: Am‡evY© I DBUªK Gi MvVwbK gZev` I fvB‡MvUmKxi
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Gi g~jfve
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki cÖavb KvR Kx? Avcbviv wbðqB ej‡eb- mdjfv‡e
wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Kiv| Avi cÖwkÿY †k‡l Avcwb wbðqB GKRb mdj
wkÿK n‡Z AvMÖnx| G c‡e©i wkÿvwe`M‡Yi MvVwbK gZev` I mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`
GKRb `ÿ wkÿK n‡Z Avcbv‡K we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡e| G Awa‡ek‡bi g~j wkLbxq
welq n‡Z Gme wkÿvwe`‡`i gZev`mg~n g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co–b, Zvici G msµvšÍ
wbgœiƒc Kv‡Ri DËi wb‡Pi e‡· wjLyb|

213
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

KvR- 1: MvVwbK Ges mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`

1. Am‡evY© I DBUª‡Ki MvVwbK wkLbZË¡wU Kx?

DËi:

2. fvB‡MvUmKxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLbZË¡ Kx?

DËi:

3. mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv Kx?

DËi:

ce©- L: MvVwbK I mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx gva¨wgK weÁvb

 cvV`v‡b wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq KvR
Am‡evY© I DBUª‡Ki MvVwbK gZev` Ges fvB‡MvUmKxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK ZË¡ m¤ú‡K©
ce©- K G Avcbviv cÖv_wgK aviYv †c‡q‡Qb| G c‡e© †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g G
`ywU gZev` weÁvb wkÿK‡K Kxfv‡e mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i Zv AviI mywbw`©ófv‡e, we¯Í…Z
cwim‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| wkÿv_x© eÜziv, GRb¨ g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mnvqZv wb‡q KvR- 2
Gi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi mh‡Zœ Avcbviv wbR wbR LvZvq wjLyb| AZ:ci Avcbvi ˆZwi
DËi¸‡jv m¤¢ve¨ Dˇii mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wKbv Zv wgwj‡q wbb|

214
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

KvR- 2: MvVwbK I mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Ges †kªwY‡Z gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki
KiYxq

1. MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx msNwUZ wkLbd‡ji ˆewkó¨ Kx?

DËi:

2. MvVwbK ZË¡ Abyhvqx wWRvBbK…Z †kªwY‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i Áv‡bi weKvk Kxfv‡e NU‡e?
DËi:

3. AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb †kªwY‡Z wkÿK Ges wkÿv_x©i KvR Kx?

DËi:

4. mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv wkÿY-wkL‡b wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv Kx?

DËi:

ce©- M: 6ô-10g †kªwYi weÁvb cv‡V MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖ‡qvM


Avcbv‡`i wbðqB g‡b Av‡Q, welqe¯‘ wfwËK c~e©Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i bZzb Ávb
ms‡hvwRZ nIqvi gva¨‡g †h wkLb nq Zv‡KB MvVwbK gZev` ejv nq| G gZev‡`i g~j
cÖwZcv`¨ welq Abyhvqx wkL‡bi ˆewkó¨ Kx? wkÿv_x©i KiYxq Kx? welq¸‡jv G Awa‡ek‡b
B‡Zvc~‡e© AwR©Z wkL‡bi mvnv‡h¨ AwaKZi ¯úó Kiæb| Gevi mßg †kªwYi Ôwb‡lK cÖwµqvÕ

215
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

welqK wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg m¤úwK©q wb‡gœ KvRwUi DËi wbR LvZvq wjLyb| Avcbvi DËi
m¤¢ve¨ Dˇii mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lyb|

KvR- 3: wb‡lK cÖwµqv msµvšÍ cv‡V MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖ‡qvM

1. wb‡lK cÖwµqv welqK c~e©Ávb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Kx cÖkœ Ki‡eb?
DËi:

2. cvV-Dc¯’vcb c‡e© `jMZ KvR msMV‡bi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi mvnvh¨ †b‡eb|
DËi:

3. Kxfv‡e `j msMVb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb?

DËi:

ce©- N: 6ô-10g †kªwYi weÁvb welqK wkÿY-wkL‡b fvB‡MvUmKxi

 mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLb gZev‡`i cÖ‡qvM

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, G c‡e©i ïiæ‡ZB Avcbviv cybivq mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLb gZev`wU Mfxi
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co–b| Zvici beg-`kg †kªwYi RxeweÁvb wel‡q G gZev`wU cÖ‡qv‡Mi
j‡ÿ KvR- 4 Gi DËi ˆZwi Kiæb|

KvR- 4: ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi wkÿY-wkL‡b mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`

 NUbv ev e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mgvR †_‡K cÖvß cÖv_wgK aviYv msµvšÍ cÖkœ:
1. cÖK…wZ‡Z Kx ai‡bi ˆRe I A‰Re Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q?
2. cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iÿvq Gme Dcv`vb Acwinvh© Kx?
3. Avcbvi GjvKvi eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v cuvP¸Y e„w× †c‡j Kx Kx cwi‡ekMZ I
mvgvwRK mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i?
4. my›`ieb iÿvq miKvixfv‡e D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kb?

216
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 Ôev¯‘ms¯’vbÕ msµvšÍ cÖkœ:

1. cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Rxe I R‡oi ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi m¤úK©‡K Kx
e‡j?
2. Avgv‡`i meyR cÖK…wZ ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡j ev¯‘ms¯’v‡b Kx cÖfve co‡e?
3. Lv`¨ k„•Lj Kx I †Kb?
4. M„n cwi‡ek I RjR cwi‡e‡ki Lv`¨ k„•Lj cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lvb?
5. Lv`¨Rv‡ji cÖevnwPÎ ˆZwi Kiæb|
6. ev¯‘ms¯’vb wewNœZ n‡j Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek Kxfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡e?
7. Lv`¨ I Lv`‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ k„•Lj m¤úbœ Kiæb?
8. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvq Avcbvi f~wgKv Kx?

 Ô`j MVb I cwiPvjbvÕ msµvšÍ cÖkœ:

1. `j MV‡b †Kvb †Kvb w`K we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e?
2. `jMZfv‡e mgm¨v mgvav‡bi d‡j wkÿv_x©iv Kxfv‡e DcK…Z nq?
3. mgvR MV‡b `jMZ weÁvb wkÿY-wkLb Kx f~wgKv ivL‡e e‡j g‡b K‡ib?
4. weÁvb, cÖhyw³ I mgvR welqK aviYv ms‡ÿ‡c e¨³ Kiæb?

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
KvR- 1: MvVwbK gZev` I mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`
1. wkÿv_x©i wkLb AwR©Z nq, Zv‡`i c~e©Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i, A_©vr c~e©Ávb I bZzb
Áv‡bi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ˆZwii gva¨‡g|
2. wkÿv_x©iv mgvR †_‡K NUbv, e¯‘ ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv †c‡q _v‡K|
wkÿ‡Ki KvR †Kej mwVK DcKiY, D`vniY I e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
cÖv_wgK aviYvi mv‡_ weÁvb welqK aviYvi †hŠw³KZv hvPvB‡qi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv|
3. mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z wkÿ‡Ki KvR `jMZ KvR ev mgm¨v
mieivn Kiv, `jMZ Av‡jvPbvq wkÿv_x©‡`i AbycÖvwYZ Kiv| Zv‡`i gZvg‡Zi
g~j¨vqb Kiv|

KvR- 2: MvVwbK I mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Ges †kªwY‡Z gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki
KiYxq
1. MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkLbdj n‡e
 Nonlinear  A‰iwLK
 Openended  D›gy³
 Unpredictable ˆewPΨgq

2. MvVwbKZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿv_x©iv `jxq Kg©KvÐ I Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q
aviYv jvf Ki‡e| wkÿK cÖ‡qvRbxq D`vniY I e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g AwZwi³
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

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3. AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb †kªwY‡Z wkÿv_x©iv

 `jMZ KvR I `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i wkÿYxq wel‡q
Ávb I `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e|
 cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g PgrKvi wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi
Ki‡e|

wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡e

 `jxq KvR †`qv I wkÿv_x©‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
 wkLbevÜe cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i wPšÍvi †LvivK †RvMv‡bv|
 eÜzZ¡myjf mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i g~j¨vqb Kiv|

4. mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkLb mvgvwRK Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i bZzb Ávb ev
wkLb AwR©Z nq| G gZev` Abyhvqx wkÿ‡Ki KZ©e¨ n‡jv-
 `jMZ KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv|
 welqe¯‘ wfwËK †h mKj aviYv ev fvebv wPšÍv wkÿv_x©iv B‡Zvg‡a¨ mvgvwRK
cwigÐj n‡Z jvf K‡i‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i mwµqZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ð cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv I Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv| wkL‡b mvgvwRK
Áv‡bi Dci me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv|
 KviY I NUbvi inm¨ D`NvU‡b weÁvbm¤§Z cixÿv-wbixÿvi AeZviYv Kiv|
c×wZMZfv‡e NUbvi RU Lyj‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i DrmvwnZ Kiv|

KvR- 3: wb‡lK cÖwµqv msµvšÍ cv‡V MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖ‡qvM

1. wb‡lK cÖwµqvq c~e©Ávb hvPvB msµvšÍ cÖkœ:
 dzj Kx Ges Gi KvR Kx?
 civM‡iYy Kx Ges Gi KvR Kx?
 ¯¿x-†Kk‡ii wPÎ †`‡L wewfbœ As‡ki bvg mbv³ Kiæb|
 civMvqb Kx I †Kb?
 civMvq‡bi cieZx© cÖwµqvi bvg Kx?

2. `jMZ KvR:
 wb‡lK cÖwµqvq wPÎ ch©‡eÿY K‡i wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Kiæb|
 civM‡iYyi cys‡Kvl I Mf©vk‡qi wW¤^‡Ki wgjb‡K Kx e‡j?
 wb‡l‡Ki d‡j wK Drcbœ nq?
 cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y wb‡l‡Ki f~wgKv Kx?

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

3. `j msMVb:
 wkÿv_x©‡`i myweav, RbmsL¨v, cviMZv, †RÛvi BZ¨vw` welq we‡ePbv K‡i `j MVb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 `jxq Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv I eÜzZ¡c~Y© mn‡hvwMZv w`‡Z n‡e|
 `jxq Kg©ZrciZv g~j¨vqb I Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 4: Ôev¯‘ms¯’vbÕ msµvšÍ wkÿY-wkL‡b mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖ‡qvM

 NUbv I e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© mgvR †_‡K cÖvß cÖv_wgK aviYv msµvšÍ cÖkœ:
(K) cÖK…wZ‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ ˆRe c`v_© n‡jv bvbviKg cÖvYx I Dw™¢` Ges A‰Re e¯‘
n‡jv- Av‡jv, evZvm, gvwU, cvwb, M¨vm BZ¨vw`|
(L) cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ iÿvq Dw™¢`, cÖvYx Ges A‰Re c`v_©mg~‡ni AvbycvwZK
Dcw¯’wZ GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
(M) Avgvi GjvKvi eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v cuvP¸Y e„w× †c‡j †h me cÖvK…wZK mgm¨v m„wó
n‡e, Zvn‡jv-
 evm¯’vb msKzjvb n‡e bv
 Lv`¨msKU †`Lv †`‡e
 e„ÿ wbab n‡e
 Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx †hgb- nvm, gyiMx, cvwL, Miæ-QvMj, e¨vO, gvQ, †cvKvgvKo
aŸsm n‡e|
 cvwbi Afve n‡e, RjR cÖvYx aŸsm n‡e|

mvgvwRK mgm¨v
 weaŸ¯’ I ÿwqòz mgv‡R gvbyl mKj cÖKvi †gŠwjK Pvwn`vi Afv‡e ax‡i ax‡i
g„Zz¨i w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e|

(N) c„w_exi me©e„nr g¨vb‡MÖvf d‡i÷‡K euvwP‡q †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨
iÿv Kiv Ges mvgvwRK cÖkvwšÍ Avbqb Kiv|

 ev¯‘ms¯’vb msµvšÍ cÖkœ:

(K) ev¯‘ms¯’vb

(L) Drcv`‡Ki Afve n‡e| †mŠikw³ e¨envi K‡i meyR Dw™¢` Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡e bv|
cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨vb¨ Rxe Lv‡`¨i Afv‡e gviv hv‡e| ev¯‘ms¯’vb wejyß n‡e|

(M) Lv`¨ I Lv`‡Ki ga¨Kvi mij ˆiwLK m¤úK©‡K Lv`¨ k„•Lj ejv nq| Lv`¨ k„•Lj
m¤úbœ n‡j ev¯‘ms¯’vb AUzU _v‡K| d‡j cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K|

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

(N) M„n cwi‡e‡ki Lv`¨ k„•Lj

AvUv I we¯‹zU  †Zjv‡cvKv  wUKwUwK  gyiMx  gvbyl
RjR cwi‡e‡ki Lv`¨ k„•Lj
ˆkevj  RjR‡cvKv  †QvU gvQ  GKUz eo gvQ  eK
Lv`¨ Rvj: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Lv`¨ k„•L‡ji cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©

gay  gkv  †Zjv‡cvKv  wUKwUwK  gyiMx  gvbyl

Nvm  Nvm dwos  e¨vO  mvc  CMj

(P) ev¯‘ms¯’vb wewNœZ n‡j

 cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡e
 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †`Lv †`‡e
 Dw™¢`Kzj aŸsm n‡e
 cÖvYxKzj Lv‡`¨i Afv‡e gviv hv‡e|

(Q) Lv`¨ I Lv`‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ k„•Lj m¤úbœ Kwi| Avgvi g„Zz¨i
ci we‡qvRK g„Z‡`‡ni ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_© ivmvqwbKfv‡e †f‡½ gvwUi De©iv kw³ e„w×
K‡i| gvwUi cywó e¨envi K‡i bZzb Dw™¢` Rb¥vq| Gme Dw™¢` Drcv`K wn‡m‡e
ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi Lv‡`¨i †hvMvb †`q| d‡j ev¯‘ms¯’vb Kvh©ÿg _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK I cwi‡ekMZ
fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K|

`j MVb I cwiPvjbv:
(K) wkÿv_x© msL¨v, †RÛvi, civM I wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_x©i mgš^q N‡U|
(L) mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve m„wó I Db¥y³ g‡bi AwaKvix nq; wb‡Riv AwaKvsk mgm¨vi
mgvavb K‡i e‡j AvZ¥wek¦vm, mš‘wó, mwµqZv e„w× cvq| wkÿv_x©i wkLb ¯’vqx nq-
m„wókxjZv e„w× cvq|
(M) MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfv‡ei D‡b¥l NUv‡e| †hŠw³K wPšÍb `ÿZv Ges wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv
e„w× Ki‡e|
(N) cixÿv, wbixÿv Ges c×wZMZfv‡e Avwe®K…Z ÁvbB nj weÁvb| weÁvb welqK
†h me D™¢veb hLb gvbe Kj¨v‡Y e¨eüZ nq †mUv n‡jv cÖhyw³| †hgb: DbœZ cÖRvwZi
avb Pvl K‡i- av‡bi ev¤úvi djb cvIqv hv‡”Q| d‡j Lv`¨ mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡”Q|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 24
g~j wkLbxq welq
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii weÁvb wkÿ‡Y Am‡evY© I DBUªK-Gi MvVwbK wkLbZË¡ Ges
fvB‡MvUmKxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLbZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM

Am‡evb© I DBUª‡Ki MvVwbK gZev`: GUv wkL‡bi Ggb gZev` hv wkÿv_©x‡`i

 c~e©Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i bZzb Ávb AR©‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| GB gZev` Abyhvqx
wkÿv_©x‡`i bZzb Ávb Avni‡bi mnR Dcvq n‡”Q H welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi †h c~e©
Ávb i‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i wkÿvi my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki
KZ©e¨ n‡”Q †h ‡Kvb welq wkÿ‡Yi c~‡e© H welq m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©i c~e© Ávb hvuPvB Kiv|
GRb¨ wkÿK `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †`‡eb| wkÿv_©xiv G‡K Ac‡ii mwnZ
Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g wkL‡e| wkÿK ïay mn‡hvwMZv
cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Ges Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †`‡eb| Gici hZUyKy A¯úóZv _vK‡e
†mwU wkÿK c~iY K‡i †`‡eb| GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿv_xi wkLb AwR©Z n‡e `jMZ Kv‡R
AskMÖn‡Yi g‡a¨ w`‡q| Áv‡bi weKvk NU‡e evwn¨K e¯‘ ev NUbvejxi mvnv‡h¨ hv wkÿv_©xi
wPšÍv I hyw³i AeZvibvi my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †`‡e|
Am‡evb© I DBUªK-Gi ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿv_©xiv welqe¯‘i fvev_© D×vi Ki‡eb Zv‡`i
c~e©Áv‡bi mvnv‡h¨| myZivs wkÿY ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv‡`i c~e© Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i| GUv
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i c~e©Ávb Ges bZyb Áv‡bi g‡a¨ Ø›Ø ˆZwii gva¨‡g| wkÿK ïay
cÖwkÿYv_©xi Rvbv Ávb‡K mg_©b K‡i Ø›Ø wb¯úwËi e¨vcv‡i mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Ges
P~ovšÍ Ávb AR©‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡eb| A_©vr Zvi KvR n‡e Zv‡`i `jMZ KvR I
wPšÍvi †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZv `vb, Av‡jvPbvi †ÿÎ ˆZwi, BwZevPK g‡bvfve cÖKvk,
wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv ev e³‡e¨i cÖwZ mg_©b Ávcb, Drmvn cÖ`vb, cÖksmv Kiv Ges cvV‡K
Avb›``vqK Kiv I wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K mve©ÿwYK AvM‡j ivLv|
fvB‡MvUm&Kxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`: fvB‡MvUm&Kx n‡”Qb ivwkqvi g‡bvweÁvbx|
wZwb n‡”Qb mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLb ZË¡we`| mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`wU wPšÍvq I gb‡b
MvVwbK gZev` †_‡K GK avc GwM‡q| wkÿv_©xi Ávb I cÖÁvi weKvkgvb gb¯ÍvwË¡K wPšÍvi
Dci wfwË K‡i GB gZev` ‰Zwi n‡q‡Q| GB ZË¡ wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb cÖwµqv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| MvVwbK gZev` Gi gZ mvgvwRK MvVwbK ZË¡ wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK
weÁv‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb cÖwµqvi Dci mgv‡Ri ixwZbxwZ ev
mvgvwRK cÖwµqv cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| myZivs GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb ‰Zwi n‡e
mgv‡Ri †cÖÿvcU wePvi we‡ePbv K‡i ev mvgvwRK Ávb ev cÖwµqvi Av‡jv‡K| mvgvwRK
MvVwbK ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkLb msMwVZ n‡e mvgvwRK wPšÍv I fvlvi ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j|
wkÿv_©xiv mgvR †_‡K wKQy wPšÍv wb‡q Av‡m| wkÿK Zv‡`i GB wPšÍv‡K fvlv Øviv ev
e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvB wkLb msNwUZ nq mgv‡Ri ga¨¯ÍZvi
gva¨‡g| G‡ÿ‡Î nq wkÿv_x©i c~e© Ávb Ges cÖK…Z Áv‡bi g‡a¨ Ø›Ø ˆZwi nq A_ev `ywU
Ávb cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z _v‡K| ZvB aviYv ˆZwi nq mgv‡Ri ga¨¯ÍZvi gva¨‡g, cvi¯úwiK

221
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

gZ wewbgq, we‡kl K‡i wkÿK I mncvwVi mwnZ gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î
wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K KvR A_ev Av‡jvPbvi †ÿÎ ˆZwi Kiv, mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb
Kiv, wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Kv‡R mswkøó Kiv Ges e¨vL¨v I D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g aviYv ®úó Kiv|
wkL‡bi MvVwbK gZev`:
†h gZev` Abyhvqx wkL‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i bZzb Ávb ms‡hvwRZ nq
Zv‡K MvVwbK gZev` e‡j|

MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖe³v:

GB gZev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb Am‡evb© I DBUªK|
MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx msMwVZ wkLbd‡ji ˆewkó¨:
MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx msNwUZ wkL‡Yi ˆewkó¨ n‡e Nonlinear, Openended,
Unpredictable.
MvVwbK ZË¡ Abyhvqx wWRvBbK…Z K¬v‡m wkÿv_x©‡`i Áv‡bi weKvk ‡hfv‡e NU‡e:
MvVwbK ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkL‡Y wkÿv_©xiv `jMZ KvR I Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘i
aviYv ¯úó Ki‡e, G‡K Aci‡K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e, wkÿ‡Ki D`vniY Ges e¨vL¨vi
gva¨‡g wkLb AwR©Z n‡e|
AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb †kªwY‡Z wkÿK Ges wkÿv_©xi KvR:
AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb †kªwY‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i KvR n‡e `jMZ KvR Ges `jxq Avjvc
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY K‡i wkÿYxq welq AvqZ¡ Kiv, G‡K Aci‡K
mn‡hvwMZv Kiv Ges gZvgZ wewbgq Kiv|
wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡e `jxq KvR cÖ`vb I `jxq Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv, Av‡jvPbv
R‡g DVvi Rb¨ cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv, wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍvi †LvivK †RvMv‡bv, wKQyUv mn‡hvwMZv
cÖ`vb Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv|
aviYv Ø›Ø:
c~e© Ávb Ges bZzb Áv‡bi g‡a¨ msNl©‡KB aviYv Ø›Ø e‡j|
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev`:
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkL‡b mvgvwRK Áv‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G
gZev‡`i cÖe³v e‡jb wkÿv_©xiv mgvR †_‡K wKQy wPšÍv wb‡q Av‡m| wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡e
D`vniY I e¨vL¨v Øviv †mB wPšÍv‡K fvlvq iƒc †`qv|

mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖe³v:

G gZev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb ivwkqvb g‡bvweÁvbx fvB‡MvUm&Kx|
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkL‡bi wfwË:
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkLb mvgvwRK Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i bZzb Ávb ev
wkLb AwR©Z nq|

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wPšÍv I fvlvi g‡a¨ m¤úK©:

wkÿv_©xiv mgvR †_‡K †Kvb NUbv ev e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fvebv wPšÍv we`¨vj‡q enb K‡i Av‡b|
Zviv Zvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK Zv‡`i †mB wPšÍvi welqwU‡K DcKiY
Ges e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g aviYv ¯úó K‡ib|
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv cv‡V wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv:
GB gZev` Abyhvqx cv‡V wkÿ‡Ki KZ©e¨ `jMZ KvR ev mvgvb¨ mieivn Kiv, wkÿv_©x‡`i
Kv‡R mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv, †kªwY‡Z Ny‡i Ny‡i Kv‡Ri Z`viKx I mn‡hwMZv Kiv
Ges m‡e©vcwi e¨vL¨v I D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g avibv ¯úó Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK me mgq
wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv‡KB cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡Kb|
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkL‡b Áv‡bi ¸iæZ¡:
mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev` Abyhvqx wkL‡b mvgvwRK Áv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk|
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖvYxiv hv‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj:
cÖvYxiv Dw™¢‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj|
Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi wbf©ikxjZv:
Dw™¢` I cÖvYx cwi‡e‡ki Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj|
g„Z Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`n cP‡bi ci hv ˆZwi nq:
g„Z Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`n cP‡bi ci wKQz mij ˆRe †hŠM I wKQz †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i AveZ©b
N‡U|
ev¯‘ms¯’vb:
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †Kvb wbw`ó A‡ji Rxe m¤cÖ`vq H A‡ji Ro cwi‡e‡ki mwnZ
mywbw`ó AvšÍm¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡j| GB mywbw`ó AvšÍm¤úK©B ev¯‘ms¯’vb|
Am‡evb© I DBUª‡Ki MvVwbK wkLb ZË¡: GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb AwR©Z nq
Zv‡`i c~e© Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i A_©vr c~e© Ávb I bZzb Áv‡bi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ˆZwii
gva¨‡g|
fvB‡MvUm&Kxi mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLY ZË¡: wkÿv_©xiv mgvR †_‡K NUbv, e¯‘ ev welqe¯‘
m¤ú‡K© wKQy wPšÍv fvebv wb‡q Av‡m| we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡Ki KvR DcKiY e¨envi,
D`vni‡Yi e¨envi I e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g fve‡K fvlvq iƒc`vb Kiv|
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv: mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY
wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z wkÿ‡Ki KvR `jMZ KvR ev mgm¨v mieivn Kiv, `jMZ
Av‡jvPbvq wkÿv_©x‡`i DØy× Kiv, mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, Zv‡`i gZvgZ mg_©b Kiv Ges
Z`viKx I g~j¨vqb Kiv|

g~j¨vqb:
 1. MvVwbK wkLb gZev‡`i cÖavb ˆewkó¨ Kx?
2. mvgvwRK MvVwbK wkLb gZev‡`i g~j e³e¨ Kx?
3. 6ô-10g †kªwYi †h †Kvb welqe¯‘ D‡jøL K‡i mvgvwRK MvVwbK gZev‡`i cÖ‡qvMg~jK
Kg©cÎ ˆZwi Kiæb|

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BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 25

e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv †_‡K weKwkZ weÁvb m¤úwK©Z aviYvi mgm¨v I

Zvi mgvavb
f~wgKv

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, weÁv‡bi QvÎ wnmv‡e Avcbviv wbðqB †h †Kvb e¯‘‡K ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½
wb‡q ch©‡eÿY, cixÿv-wbixÿv I djvdj AbymÜvb Ki‡Z Pvb- ZvB bv? G Awa‡ek‡b
Avcbviv weÁvb m¤úKx©Z KwZcq aviYvi mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb Gi my‡hvM cv‡eb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb

 Roe¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q welqK aviYvi mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gvbe‡`‡ni Z¡‡Ki Abyf~wZ MÖnY wel‡q cixÿv K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `nb I evqyi Dcv`vb Gi KviY D`NvUb m¤úKx©q cixÿv K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n

 ce©- K: Roe¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv wK KLbI †Lqvj K‡i‡Qb †h mylg bq Ggb AwbqwgZ e¯‘i
AvqZb wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv nq| ¯ŒzMR ev wgUvi †¯‹j w`‡q wK Zv‡`i mwVKfv‡e AvqZb
wbY©q m¤¢e? †Kb m¤¢e bq Pjyb Avgiv cixÿvwU Kwi, Mfxifv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kwi, hyw³w`‡q
wPšÍv Kwi Ges c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ Avgiv wPšÍv wgwj‡q †`wL|

DcKiY: 1wU gvc †PvO, cvwb, AwbqwgZ e¯‘, myZv|

KvR- 1: mylg bq Ggb AwbqwgZ e¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q|

 gvc‡Pv‡Oi 2/3 Ask cvwb fwZ© Kiæb|

 AwbqwgZ e¯‘wU myZvq †eu‡a gvc‡Pv‡Oi cvwb‡Z m¤ú~Y© Wywe‡q w`b|
 gvc‡Pv‡Oi cvwbi D”PZv cwieZ©‡bi cvV wbb|
 e¯‘wUi AvqZb wbY©q Kiæb|

224
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wPÎ: gvc‡PvO|

Gevi cixÿY m¤úKx©q wb‡Pi cÖkœ `yBwUi DËi LvZvq wjLyb:

1. wgUvi ev ¯ŒzMR w`‡q wK e¯‘wUi AvqZb cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e? †Kb?
2. Dc‡ii c×wZ‡Z †h †Kvb e¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q m¤¢e wK?

ce©-L: gvbe‡`‡ni Z¡‡Ki Abyf~wZ MÖnY

 wkÿv_x© eÜziv, cÖwZwbqZ Avgiv Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b wewfbœ AwfÁZv AR©b KiwQ,
†`LwQ, ïbwQ Zvi KqwU Avgiv ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½‡Z wPšÍv KiwQ ejyb‡Zv?
G c‡e© Avcbviv Avcbv‡`i e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZ ev Abyfe I wPšÍb `ÿZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q
wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ˆZwi Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi Av‡kcv‡ki Ab¨ Kv‡iv m‡½
Av‡jvPbv K‡iI Avcwb wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †`L‡eb Avcbv‡`i fv‡jv jvM‡Q,
weÁvb wkÿvi cÖwZ AvMÖn evo‡Q Ges weÁvb wkL‡b aviYv ¯úóZi n‡”Q|

KvR- 2: gvbe‡`‡ni Z¡‡Ki Abyf~wZ

 Avcbvi kix‡i GKwU wPgwU KvUzb, †Kgb jv‡M? G ai‡bi Abyf~wZ †Kgb K‡i nq?
 Mi‡gi mgq Kcv‡ji GKUz Nvg Av½y‡ji WMvq wb‡q wRnŸvq jvMvb| †Kvb ¯^v` cvIqv
hvq wK? wK‡mi ¯^v`?
 Mig cvwbi cv‡Î nvZ Wywe‡q c‡i ïwK‡q wb‡j Kx iKg Abyf~wZ nq?
 GKwU Av½yj wfwR‡q evûi Dci-wbP †Rv‡i †Rv‡i Nl‡j evû †_‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Auv‡ki
gZ wKQz DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| G¸‡jv Kx? Gi KvR Kx?

225
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

ce©- M: `nb I evqyi Dcv`vb

 wkÿv_x© eÜziv, evZv‡m KZfvM Aw·‡Rb Av‡Q- Zv wb‡Pi cixÿYwUi gva¨‡g Avcwb nv‡Z
Kj‡g cixÿv K‡i cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| evqyi MVb Dcv`vb Aw·‡Rb `n‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i
ZvI cÖgvY K‡i †`L‡Z cvi‡eb|

DcKiY: †gvgevwZ, eo evwU I Møvm|

KvR- 3: `nb I evqyi Dcv`vb|
 GKwU eo evwUi g‡a¨ GKwU R¡jšÍ †gvgevwZ ¯^h‡Zœ emvb|

wPÎ: Aw·‡R‡bi `nb cixÿv|

 mveav‡b evwU‡Z cvwb †X‡j †gvgevwZi A‡a©K ch©šÍ Wyevb|

 GKwU Lvwj Møvm †gvgevwZi Dci Ggbfv‡e Dcyo K‡i emvb †hb Møv‡mi gyL cvwbi
wb‡P _v‡K| cvwbi DcwiZj eivei Møv‡m GKwU `vM w`b|
 Kx N‡U Zv ch©‡eÿY Kiæb Ges LvZvq wjLyb|
 NUbvwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
KvR- 1: Ro e¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q|

1. †Kvb e¯‘ mylgfv‡e †MvjvKvi, Pvi‡KvYvK…wZ ev wmwjÛvi AvK…wZ bv n‡j Avgiv Zv‡K
AwbqwgZ e¯‘ e‡j _vwK| wgUvi †¯‹j ev ¯ŒMR w`‡q KLbI AwbqwgZ e¯‘i wewfbœ
¯’v‡bi ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ I e¨vm mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e bq| d‡j AvqZb cwigvc

226
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

KivI m¤¢e bq| GRb¨ †h †Kvb AvKv‡ii wbqwgZ ev AwbqwgZ e¯‘i AvqZb
cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î KvR-1 Gi c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †kªq|

KvR- 2: gvbe‡`‡ni Z¡‡Ki Abyf~wZ MÖnY|

1. Avgv‡`i kix‡i wPgwU KvU‡j Avgiv e¨v_v Abyfe Kwi| mœvqyi gva¨‡g Avgiv e¨v_vi
Abyf~wZ Abyfe Kwi| Z¡‡Ki i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ †jvg| †jv‡gi †Mvovq mœvqycÖvß Ae¯’vb
K‡i| †jvg ¯úk© Ki‡jB †jv‡gi †Mvov b‡o D‡V Ges mœvqy ZLbB KvR ïiæ K‡i|
†`‡ni wfZi evB‡i Zvc PjvPj K‡i Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡g| myZivs VvÐv-Mig Pvgov w`‡qB
†evSv hvq|
2. Mi‡gi mgq Avgv‡`i †`‡n Nvg nq| ewn:Z¡‡Ki wVK wb‡P Ng©MÖwš’ _v‡K| Nv‡gi mv‡_
†`n †_‡K jeY, cvwb I `~wlZ c`v_© †ei nq| GRb¨ Nv‡gi ¯^v` g~jZ jeYv³|
3. Mig cvwb‡Z nvZ wfwR‡q c‡i ïKv‡j nvZ‡K VvÐv g‡b nq| nvZ ïKv‡j nv‡Zi cvwb
ev®úxf~Z nq| ev®úxfe‡bi mgq Zv‡ci `iKvi nq| GB Zvc nvZ †_‡K MÖnb Kiv
nq| d‡j nvZ ax‡i ax‡i VvÐv n‡Z _v‡K|
4. GKwU Av½yj wfwR‡q evûi Dci-wbP Nl‡j ÿz`ª ÿz`ª †h Z¡K Auv‡ki gZ DV‡Z _v‡K
Zv g~jZ Z¡‡Ki evB‡ii ¯Í‡ii g„Z †Kvl| evB‡ii GB ¯ÍiwUi bvg ewn:Z¡K| ewn:Z¡‡K
i‡q‡Q g„Z‡Kvl| GB †Kvl †`n‡K AZ¨waK ZvcgvÎv, VvÐv, m~‡h©i ÿwZKi iwk¥,
†ivMRxevYy I ÿZ BZ¨vw` †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

KvR- 3: `nb I evqyi Dcv`vb|

cixÿYwU Kivi ci †`Lv hv‡e-

1. evwZwU wKQzÿY ci wb‡e †Mj|

2. Møv‡mi wfZ‡ii cvwb ax‡i ax‡i Dc‡i DV‡Q|
3. wKQzÿY ci Møv‡mi Lvwj As‡ki (Avm‡j evqyc~Y© wQj) cuvP fv‡Mi GK fvM cvwb‡Z
4
f‡i †M‡Q| Gi A_© Møv‡mi fvM Lvwj i‡q‡Q| Møv‡mi meUzKz evqy e¨q nqwb ev cy‡o
5
1
hvqwb| evqyi †h GK cÂgvsk ev fvM `n‡b e¨q n‡q‡Q, weÁvbxiv Gi bvg
5
w`‡q‡Qb Aw·‡Rb| myZivs evZv‡mi cuvP fv‡Mi GK fvM n‡jv Aw·‡Rb| Aw·‡Rb
Qvov Av¸b R¡‡j bv| †m Kvi‡Y wKQzÿY ci evwZwU wb‡e †M‡Q| evqyi Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨
Aw·‡Rb Ab¨Zg hv `nb Kv‡h© mvnvh¨ K‡i|

227
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 25
g~j wkLbxq welq

e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv †_‡K weKwkZ weÁvb m¤úwK©Z aviYvi mgm¨v I Zvi

mgvavb

cÖkœ: GKRb ‡dwiIqvjv Zvi Kuv‡a euvK wb‡q gvjvgvj enb K‡i| euv‡Ki Dfq cv‡k¦© †h
 fi ivLv nq †mwUi fvimvg¨ ‡m wKfv‡e eRvq iv‡L ?
DËi: 8g †kªwYi Ômij hš¿Õ Aa¨v‡qi wjfv‡ii g~jbxwZ †`Lyb|

weÁvb m¤úwK©Z aviYvi mgm¨v I Zvi mgvavb:

weÁvb wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© AbymwÜrmy I ch©‡eÿY ÿgZvi
weKvk mvab| weÁvb wkÿv wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯^”Q I hyw³m¤§Z wPšÍv Ki‡Z I wbR nv‡Z KvR
Kivi `ÿZv AR©‡b mnvqZv `vb K‡i| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv weÁvb m¤úwK©Z bvbv
ai‡bi NUbv Ae‡jvKb Kwi| wKš‘ †m NUbv¸‡jv Avgiv cÖK…wZMZ e¨vcvi g‡b K‡i mš‘wó
cÖKvk Kwi ev A‡bK †ÿ‡Î AvMÖn cÖKvk Kwi bv| weÁvb wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i DwPr
Dchy³ wkÿY c×wZi gva¨‡g Gme NUbvejx wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv Ges AvMÖnx
K‡i †Zvjv|

mylg bq Ggb AwbqwgZ e¯‘i AvqZb wbY©q:

AwbqwgZ e¯‘ ej‡Z †evSvq †h e¯‘ mylgfv‡e †MvjvKvi, Pvi‡KvbvK…wZ ev wmwjÛvivK…wZ
bq| AvKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î hvi g‡a¨ RwUjZv Av‡Q| wgUvi †¯‹j ev ¯ŒzMR Øviv KLbI AwbqwgZ
e¯‘i wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ ev e¨vm mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e bq| †m‡ÿ‡Î
mwVKfv‡e AvqZb cwigvc KivI m¤¢e bq|

gvbe †`n-Z¡K:
kix‡ii Dci w`‡q wcuc‡o †nu‡U †M‡jB †Ui cvB| Mig, VvÛv nvIqv eyS‡Z cvwi| †KD
Quy‡jB Rvb‡Z cvB| Gi me wKQyB kix‡ii Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡g cvB| Z¡‡KB AmsL¨ mœvqy _v‡K|
mœvqy me Lei wb‡q hvq, w`‡q hvq| Z¡‡KB i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ †jvg| †jv‡gi †Mvovq _v‡K
mœvqyi cÖvšÍ| †jvg ¯úk© Ki‡jB Gi †Mvov b‡o I‡V| †Mvovi mœvqy ZLbB KvR ïiæ K‡i|
†`‡ni wfZ‡i-evB‡i Zvc PjvPj K‡i Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡gB| ZvB VvÛv-Mig Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡gB
†evSv hvq|
Mi‡gi mgq Avgv‡`i †`‡n Nvg nq| ewnZ¡‡Ki wVK wb‡P Ng©MÖwš’ _v‡K| Nv‡gi mv‡_ †`n
†_‡K jeb, cvwb I `~wlZ c`v_© †ei nq| GRb¨ Nv‡gi ¯^v` g~jZ jebv³|

228
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Mig cvwb‡Z nvZ wfwR‡q c‡i ïKv‡j nvZ‡K VvÛv g‡b nq| nvZ ïKv‡j nv‡Zi cvwb
ev®úxf~Z nq| ev®úxfe‡bi mgq Zv‡ci `iKvi nq| GB Zvc nvZ †_‡K MÖnY Kiv nq|
d‡j nvZ ax‡i ax‡i VvÛv n‡Z _v‡K|
GKwU Av½yj wfwR‡q evûi Dci-wbP Nl‡j ÿz`ª ÿz`ª †h Z¡K Auv‡ki gZ DV‡Z _v‡K Zv
g~jZ Z¡‡Ki evB‡ii ¯Í‡ii g„Z †Kvl| evB‡ii GB ¯ÍiwUi bvg ewnZ¡K| cy‡iv ewnZ¡‡K
i‡q‡Q giv †Kvl| GB †Kvl †`n‡K, AZ¨vwaK ZvcgvÎv, AZ¨vwaK VvÛv, m~‡h©i ÿwZKi
iwk¥, †ivMRxevYy, ÿZ BZ¨vw` †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

g~j¨vqb:
 1. AwbqwgZ e¯‘i AvqZb wbY©vqK cixÿvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
2. gvbe‡`‡ni Z¡‡Ki Abyf~wZ MÖnY m¤úwK©q ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v w`b|

229
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 26

gva¨wgK weÁvb wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi e¨envi we‡kølY

f~wgKv
c„w_exi mKj Rxe I Ro cÖK…wZi m¤ú`| Avgiv †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖK…wZi wewfbœ
Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| myZivs Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZ‡K Rvbv, Zv‡K e¨envi
Kiv Ges Rq Kiv Avgv‡`i GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| GKUz jÿ¨ Kiæb, cÖK…wZ‡Z memgq NU‡Q
bvbviKg NUbv, KLbI AwZe„wó, KLbI ev Abve„wó| Avi eRªcvZ, eb¨v, mvB‡K¬vb, U‡Y©‡Wv
BZ¨vw`‡Zv N‡UB P‡j‡Q| mwVKfv‡e msiÿY bv Ki‡j Avcbvi Lv`¨`ªe¨ cu‡P hv‡e|
dm‡ji †ÿ‡Î †iv‡Mi Avµg‡Y djb bó n‡”Q| GB †h bvbv iK‡gi NUbv Anin NU‡Q
Gi KviY Kx? Gme cÖvK…wZK wewfbœ NUbv Ges Gme NUbv NUvi KviY AbymÜvb KivB nj
weÁvb| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cixÿv, ch©‡eÿY I c×wZMZfv‡e AwR©Z ÁvbB nj weÁvb|
G Awa‡ek‡b Avcbviv gva¨wgK mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿvµg we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ cvV¨m~wP‡Z KZUv cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q Zv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mv‡_ wkÿvµ‡gi Pvwn`vi Miwgj mbv³
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Aóg †kªwYi mvaviY weÁvb eB‡qi RxebwfwËK mgm¨vi KviY I Zv
`~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq cixÿv K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|
D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii mvaviY weÁvb wkÿvµ‡gi †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ wkLbdj
mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 9g-10g †kªwYi mvaviY weÁvb cvV¨cy¯ÍK wkLbd‡ji Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv
Zv mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvaviY weÁv‡bi Rxeb-wfwËK mgm¨vi KviY I Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cixÿv,
wbixÿv I ch©‡eÿY K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: 9g-10g †kªwYi mvaviY weÁvb wkÿvµ‡gi †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ï‡k¨i
mv‡_ wkLbdj mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, wkÿve¨e¯’v Z_v wkÿvi †h †Kvb iKg Dbœqb mva‡bi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb
wkÿvµg Dbœqb| weÁvb welqK mKj wPšÍv-fvebv, RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb welqK a¨vb
aviYv, RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK Pvwn`v, RvZxq `k©b I g~jbxwZ mewKQzi mgš^‡q iwPZ nq
weÁvb wkÿvµg|

230
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

eÜziv, Avcbviv Gevi g~j wkLbxq welq n‡Z mvaviY weÁvb wkÿvµ‡gi †kªwYwfwËK
D‡Ïk¨mg~n we‡kølY Kiæb| AZtci wbgœiƒc QK c~iY K‡i wkÿvµg wi‡cv‡U© cÖ`Ë
wkLbd‡j, †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ KZUv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv hvPvB K‡i wbb|
KvR- 1: wkLbd‡j †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖwZdjb
we‡kl †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ wkLbd‡j cÖwZdjb
D‡Ï‡k¨i
µwgK bs m¤ú~Y© †gvUgywU AvswkK mvgvb¨ †gv‡UB bv
5 4 3 2 1
3.116 Dw™¢` RM‡Zi mvaviY
cwiwPwZ
3.116 Dw™¢‡`i MVb ˆewkó¨ I
cÖKvi‡f`
3.116 cwi‡ek I gvbe Rxe‡b
wewfbœ Dw™¢‡`i ¸iæZ¡

wkLbd‡j †kªwYwfwËK cÖwZdj‡bi kZKiv nvi KZ?

 ce©- L: 9g-10g †kªwYi mvaviY weÁvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mv‡_ wkÿvµ‡gi

Pvwn`vi Miwgj mbv³ Kiv
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, G c‡e©i ïiæ‡ZB Avcbviv Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡Z RbmsL¨v I
cwi‡ek Aa¨vqwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co–b| cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ‡Z¨K c¨vivi wk‡ivbvg LvZvq wj‡L
wbb| Gevi wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP wi‡cv‡U© cÖ`Ë G Aa¨v‡qi wkLbdj g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
jÿ¨ Kiæb| wkLbd‡ji †Kvb †Kvb welq¸‡jvi cÖwZdjb cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Av‡Q Ges
†Kvb¸‡jv †bB Zv mbv³ K‡i wbgœiƒc Pv‡U© DËi ˆZwi Kiæb|

KvR- 2: cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘ web¨v‡m wkÿvµ‡gi Pvwn`vi Miwgj

RbmsL¨v I cwi‡e‡ki welqe¯‘ web¨v‡m wkLbd‡ji cÖwZdjb
wkLbdj
wgj Miwgj
3.2.20.1
3.2.20.2
3.2.20.4
3.2.20.5
3.2.20.6

231
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

ce©- M: 8g †kªwYi mvaviY weÁvb wel‡qi cvwbi ÿiZvi KviY I Zv

 `~i Kivi Dcvq cixÿv Kiv
cvwb Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© GKwU Dcv`vb| Avgv‡`i RxebwfwËK eû
mgm¨vi KviY wnmv‡e G cvwb `vqx| Avevi wbivc` cvwb e¨env‡i A‡bK mgm¨v mn‡R
mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| GgbwK wbivc` cvwb e¨envi Ki‡j †ewkifvM mgqB †Kvb mgm¨v
ˆZwi nq bv| Avgv‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Kvco-†Pvco †avqv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i eû wRwbmcÎ
cwi®‹vi Kivi Kv‡R Avgiv mvevb ev wWUvi‡R›U e¨envi Kwi| Avgv‡`i e¨envh© cvwb‡Z
hw` †K¬vivBW ev mvj‡dU jeY Gi cwigvY †ewk _v‡K Zvn‡j cvwb ÿi nq, d‡j mvev‡bi
Dcv`vb¸‡jv mn‡R wµqvkxj n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges KvcoI cwi®‹vi nq bv| Avmyb G c‡e©
Avcbviv wb‡Riv cvwbi ÿiZv `~i Kivi cixÿvwU Kwi|

DcKiY msMÖn: cwi®‹vi Pz‡bi cvwb, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW M¨vm (gy‡Li evZv‡m _v‡K),
cøvw÷K cvBc, †nvwgIc¨v_ wkwk|

KvR- 3: Licvwb ˆZwi Kiv

cixÿY ch©‡eÿY gšÍe¨
1. K‡qK †dvUv cwi¯‹vi Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z cøvw÷K
bj w`‡q wKQzÿY dz w`b|
2. †Nvjv Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z cøvw÷K bj w`‡q dz
w`‡Z _vKzb|

Gevi ˆZwiK…Z Li cvwb‡Z mvevb cvwb †hvM K‡i cixÿv Kiæb|

KvR- 4: Licvwb g„`y Kiv

Kg©c×wZ ch©‡eÿY gšÍe¨
1 wm.wm VvÐv †dvUv‡bv cvwb‡Z
mvevb cvwb †dvUvq †dvUvq †gkvb|
1 wm.wm ˆZwiK…Z Li cvwbi mv‡_
mvevb cvwb †dvUvq †dvUvq †gkvb

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, ÔKvR- 3Õ I ÔKvR- 4Õ G Li cvwb ˆZwi I cvwbi ÿiZv `~ixKiY m¤úKx©q
cixÿv m¤úbœ Ki‡jb-
 GUv GKUv ev¯Íe mgm¨v †Kb?
 8g †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡Z Aa¨vqwU fvj K‡i co–b| wkLbdj wfwËK Aa¨vqwU wjwLZ
n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i wbb|
 wkÿvµ‡gi mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘ web¨v‡mi Miwgj mbv³ Kiæb (G ai‡bi
wel‡q c~‡e©i Awa‡ek‡b KvR K‡i‡Qb)

232
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
KvR- 1
we‡kl †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ïk¨ wkLbd‡j cÖwZdjb
D‡Ï‡k¨i
µwgK bs m¤ú~Y© †gvUgywU AvswkK mvgvb¨ †gv‡UB bv
5 4 3 2 1
3.116 Dw™¢` RM‡Zi 
mvaviY cwiwPwZ
3.116 Dw™¢‡`i MVb 
ˆewkó¨ I cÖKvi‡f`
3.116 cwi‡ek I gvbe 
Rxe‡b wewfbœ
Dw™¢‡`i ¸iæZ¡
12  100
wkLbd‡j †kªwYwfwËK D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖwZdjb %=  80%
15
KvR- 2
RbmsL¨v I cwi‡e‡ki wkLbdj welqe¯‘ web¨v‡m wkLbd‡ji cÖwZdjb
wgj Miwgj
3.2.20.1 3.2.20.1 3.2.20.2
3.2.20.2 3.2.20.3 3.2.20.4
3.2.20.4 3.2.20.5
3.2.20.5 3.2.20.6
3.2.20.6
KvR- 3: Licvwb ˆZwi Kiv
cixÿY ch©‡eÿY gšÍe¨
1. K‡qK †dvUv cwi¯‹vi Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv cwi¯‹vi Pz‡bi cvwb Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi
Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z cøvw÷K bj nj mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i A`ªeYxq K¨vjwmqvg
w`‡q wKQzÿY dz w`b| Kve©‡bU ˆZwi K‡i|
2. †Nvjv Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z †Nvjv Pz‡bi cvwb A`ªeYxq K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡b‡U AwZwi³ Kve©b-
cøvw÷K bj w`‡q dz w`‡Z cwi¯‹vi n‡q WvB-A·vBW Pvjbv Ki‡j `ªeYxq K¨vjwmqvg
_vKzb| †Mj| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (A_©vr CaHCo3) ˆZwi
nq|
KvR- 4: Licvwb g„`y Kiv
Kg©c×wZ ch©‡eÿY gšÍe¨
1 wm.wm VvÐv †dvUv‡bv cvwb‡Z mvevb †dvUvi msL¨v KZ Zv †dbv ˆZwi nq bv, AZGe
cvwb †dvUvq †dvUvq †gkvb| D‡jøL Kiæb| Li cvwb|
1 wm.wm ˆZwiK…Z Li cvwbi mv‡_ mvevb †dvUvi msL¨v KZ Zv †dbv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q AZGe
cvwb †dvUvq †dvUvq †gkvb D‡jøL Kiæb| g„`y cvwb|

233
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 27

mvaviY åvšÍ aviYv Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav nq Ggb aviYvmg~n

f~wgKv
weÁvb nj cÖgvY mv‡c‡ÿ mZ¨ Avwe®‹vi ev mZ¨ D`&NvU‡bi welq| GLv‡b cÖgvYwenxb
wek¦vm ev Kzms¯‹v‡ii †Kvb ¯’vb †bB| †QvU †mvbvgwb‡`i iv‡Zi †ejv Puv` †`wL‡q gv
e‡jb- ÒH †`L Puv‡` e‡m Puv‡`i eywo m~Zv KvU‡QÓ| †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Puv‡`i gv‡S
Kv‡jv Kv‡jv `vM †`‡L gv‡qi †mB K_vq wek¦vm K‡i| GLbI Avgv‡`i MÖvgv‡j mvaviY
gvbyl wek¦vm K‡i wbwkiv‡Z nvIo-evIo ev wej GjvKvq f~‡Zi Av‡jv R¡‡j| Avm‡j Kx
ZvB? wkÿv_x© eÜziv- GiKg AviI A‡bK åvšÍ aviYv ev Kzms¯‹vi i‡q‡Q, hvi my¯úó
ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v Avgv‡`i mK‡ji Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wkÿv_x©‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav nq, weÁvb m¤úwK©Z Ggb aviYvmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 weÁvb m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ wel‡qi wkÿv_x©‡`i aviYvi A¯úóZvi KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb welqK mwVK aviYv Dcjwä Kiv‡Z GKRb wkÿ‡Ki KiYxqmg~n
wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: wkÿv_x©‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav nq, weÁvb m¤úwK©Z Ggb
aviYvmg~n Ges Zvi KviY
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, MÖv‡gi Rjvf~wg‡Z iv‡Zi †ejv A‡bK mgq Av¸b R¡j‡Z †`Lv hvq| MÖv‡gi
¯^í wkwÿZ †jv‡Kiv G Av¸b‡K wK‡mi Av¸b e‡j? Av‡jqvi Av¸b ev Rxb f~‡Zi Av¸b|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G Av¸b wg‡_b M¨vm n‡Z m„ó| KviY K`©gv³ gvwUi wb‡P wewfbœ Dw™¢` ev
cÖvYx‡`‡ni cP‡bi d‡j GK ai‡bi M¨v‡mi m„wó nq| m„ó M¨v‡mi Pvc †e‡o †M‡j Zv
Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m Ges evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m R¡‡j D‡V| cÖwkÿYv_x©e„›`- G
c‡e© wVK Ggwbfv‡e Avcbv‡K weÁvb m¤úwK©Z A¯úó aviYvmg~‡ni KviY D‡jøL K‡i
wbgœwjwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 1: weÁvb m¤úwK©Z A¯úó aviYv I G mKj aviYvi KviY wba©viY|

wb‡gœi cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi `jMZfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡j mywe‡a nq| wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡mi
mncvVx‡`i wb‡q A_ev Avcbvi wbKUZg cÖwZ‡ekx mncvVx‡`i wb‡q `j ˆZwi K‡i

234
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wb‡gœi cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi fyj n‡Z cv‡i Zvi
GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb| c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ Avcbv‡`i DËi wgwj‡q †`Lyb|
1. ˆe`y¨wZK †Kv‡l `ywU cÖvšÍ _v‡K| GKwU cwRwUf, Ab¨wU †b‡MwUf| †KvlwU GKwU
eZ©wb‡Z ms‡hvM w`‡j eZ©wbi wfZi we`y¨r cÖev‡ni w`K †Kvb w`‡K n‡e? †Kb?
2. evRv‡i IR‡bi wnmv‡e †Kvb wKQz wKb‡Z †M‡j Avgiv †KwR‡Z cwigvc Kwi| GUv
fyj bv mwVK?
3. e¨vcb I Awfmªeb Kv‡K e‡j?
4. GKwU `Ð Pz¤^K gy³fv‡e Szwj‡q w`‡j †mwU †Kvb w`‡K gyL K‡i _v‡K? †Kb?
5. Avgiv †ijMvox‡Z Po‡j MvQ¸‡jv‡K wecixZ w`‡K QzU‡Z †`wL, wKš‘ AvKv‡ki
Zviv‡`i GKB w`‡K QzU‡Z †`wL †Kb?
6. `ywU ei‡di UzKiv GKm‡½ †i‡L wKQzÿY Pvc †`qvi ci †Q‡o w`‡j UzKiv `ywU Kx
†Rvov †j‡M hvq? †Kb?
7. Avqbvi mvg‡b `vov‡j Avgiv wK Wvb nvZ‡K evg nvZ Ges evg nvZ‡K Wvb nvZ
†`wL? †Kb?

 ce©- L: wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb welqK mwVK aviYv Dcjwä Kiv‡Z

wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq
wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb welqK fyj ev A¯úó aviYv `~i K‡i mwVKfv‡e aviYv¸‡jv Dcjwä
Ki‡Z wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avcbvi KiYxqmg~n mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿ‡Ki g~j KvR Kx?
†kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Kiv| weÁvb welqK mwVK aviYv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡K bvbvb †KŠkj I w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcbv‡K cixÿv-
wbixÿvi, hyw³-Z‡K©i gva¨‡g mwVK aviYv w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤¢e n‡j nv‡Z bv‡Z KvR
Kwi‡q A_ev cwi`k©‡bi gva¨‡g A¯úó aviYv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_x©‡`i eqm, cwi‡ek,
gb-gvbwmKZv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Kzms¯‹vi `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡P Giƒc K‡qKwU †KŠkj
I w`K D‡jøL Kiv nj| Avcwb AviI wKQz †KŠkj wPšÍv K‡i †ei Kiæb Ges Zv wb‡Pi
duvKv RvqMvq wjLyb|

KvR- 2: weÁvb welqK mwVK aviYv Dcjwä Kiv‡Z wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq

 cixÿv, wbixÿv I ch©‡eÿY Gi my‡hvM †`qv|
 AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g DËi w`‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 m„Rbkxj g‡bvfve ˆZwi Kiv|
 c×wZMZfv‡e KvR Kiv‡bv|

235
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 27

g~j wkLbxq welq

mvaviY åvšÍ aviYv Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav nq Ggb aviYvmg~n

 MÖv‡gi Rjvf~wg‡Z iv‡Zi †ejv A‡bK mgq Av¸b R¡j‡Z †`Lv hvq| MÖv‡gi ¯^íwkwÿZ
 †jv‡Kiv G Av¸b‡K wK‡mi Av¸b e‡j? cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GUv wK‡mi Av¸b? †Kb Giƒc
nq?
 MÖv‡gi ¯^íwkwÿZ gvby‡liv G Av¸b‡K Av‡jqvi Av¸b ev R¡xb-f~‡Zi Av¸b
e‡j| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G Av¸b dmwdb M¨vm n‡Z m„ó| KviY dmwdb M¨vm evZv‡mi
Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e cÖ¾¡wjZ nq| K`©gv³ gvwUi wb‡P wewfbœ
Dw™¢` ev cÖvYx†`‡ni cP‡bi d‡j Gai‡Yi M¨v‡mi m„wó nq| m„ó M¨v‡mi Pvc
†e‡o †M‡j Zv Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m Ges evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G†m R¡‡j
I‡V|
 ˆe`y¨wZK †Kv‡l `ywU cÖvšÍ _v‡K| GKwU cwRwUf, Ab¨wU †b‡MwUf| †KvlwU GKwU
eZ©wb‡Z ms‡hvM w`‡j eZ©bxi wfZi we`y¨r cÖev‡ni w`K †Kvb w`‡K n‡e? †Kb?
 we`y¨r cwRwUf †_‡K eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡q †b‡MwU‡fi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡e| KviY GwU
GKwU cÖPwjZ cÖ_v|

wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: Dc‡iv³ cÖ‡kœi wkÿv_x©iv `ywU DËi w`‡q _v‡K| ‡KD
e‡j, †b‡MwUf †_‡K cwRwUf| Avevi †KD e‡j, cwRwUf †_‡K †b‡MwUf| A_©vr GLv‡b
aviYvi A¯úóZvi Rb¨ G ai‡Yi `ywU DËi n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv Rvwb B‡jKUª‡bi cÖev‡ni
d‡j we`y¨r ev Zwor cÖev‡ni m„wó nq| GKwU mij Zwor †Kvl we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,
B‡jKUªb †b‡MwUf `¯Ívi cvZ n‡Z eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡q cwRwUf Zvgvi cv‡Z hv‡”Q| GwUB
B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni cÖK…Z w`K| A_v©r we`y¨r cÖev‡ni w`K nIqv DwPr †b‡MwUf ‡_‡K
cwRwUf w`‡K, wKš‘ Zv bv n‡q D‡ëvUv ejv n‡”Q| Gi KviY hLb B‡jKUªb Avwe®‹vi
nqwb, ZLb g‡b Kiv nZ we`y¨r D”P wefe ev cwRwUf n‡Z wbgœ wefe ev †b‡MwUf w`‡K
cÖevwnZ nq| GwU‡K ejv nq cÖPwjZ cÖev‡ni w`K| B‡jKUªb Avwe®‹v‡ii c~e© ch©šÍ gvbyl
G aviYv‡ZB wek¦vmx wQj| Gi ci B‡jKUªb Avwe®‹vi n‡j gvbyl cÖK…Z mZ¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
hv‡nvK, we`y¨r cÖev‡ni w`K wn‡m‡e mviv we‡k¦ cÖPwjZ cÖev‡ni w`K AbymiY Kiv nq| †m
wn‡m‡e AvgivI cÖK…Z cÖev‡ni w`K we‡ePbv bv K‡i cÖPwjZ cÖev‡ni w`K A_©vr cwRwUf
n‡Z †b‡MwUf w`‡K cÖev‡ni aviYvwU MÖnY K‡iwQ|

 evRv‡i IR‡bi wnmv‡e †Kvb wKQy wKb‡Z †M‡j Avgiv †KwR‡Z cwigvc Kwi? GUv fyj
bv mwVK? †Kb?
 GwU fyj| KviY IR‡bi GKK KLbI †KwR bq, IR‡bi GKK nj wbDUb|

236
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: IRb ev e‡ji wbDU‡bi m~ÎwU nj- F = ma,
hvi GKK nj, (†KwR  wgUvi/ †m‡KÛ2 = wbDUb)| †KwR g~jZ: f‡ii GKK| fi
(m) -†K gva¨Kl©YRwbZ Z¡iY (a) Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j IRb cvIqv hvq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b
Avgiv mvaviYZ: fi I IR‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ Kwi bv| GRb¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ wØav-
Ø›Ø KvR K‡i| hv‡K Avgiv IRb ewj Zv Avm‡j fi| †mRb¨ hvi IRb Avgiv 1 †KwR
ewj, cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Zvi IRb nj 19.8 = 9.8 wbDUb|

 e¨vcb (Diffusion) I Awfmªeb (Osmosis) Kv‡K e‡j?

e¨vcb A_© Qwo‡q cov| GKB ZvcgvÎv I evqygÛjxq Pv‡c †Kvb c`v‡_©i
AwaKZi Nb ¯’vb n‡Z Kg Nb ¯’v‡b we¯Ívi jvf I mgNb‡Z¡ cwiYZ nIqvi
cÖwµqv‡K g~jZ: e¨vcb e‡j| †hgb, cvwb‡Z wPwb †gkv‡j wPwbi Nb Aby Kg Nb
cvwbi Abyi wfZi me©Î mgfv‡e wg‡k hvq| †ejyb dzUv‡j †ejy‡bi AwaK
NbZ¡h³y evZvm †ejy‡bi evB‡i Kg NbZ¡hy³ evZv‡m wg‡k hvq| DØvqx e¯‘
Kc~©‡ii Nb Aby Kg NbZ¡hy³ evZv‡m M¨vmxq AvKv‡i wg‡k hvq| e¨vcb Zi‡j-
Zi‡j, Zi‡j-M¨v‡m, M¨v‡m-M¨v‡m, KwV‡b-M¨v‡m, KwV‡b-Zi‡j msNwUZ nq| ‡h
cÖwµqvB GKwU Aa©‡f`¨ ev ‰elg¨‡f`¨ wSjøxi ga¨ w`‡q nvjKv Nb‡Z¡i `ªeY n‡Z
`ªveK AwaK Nb `ªe‡Yi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K AwfmªeY e‡j| `y‡Uv `ªe‡Yi
NbZ¡ mgvb bv nIqv ch©šÍ G cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K| †hgb, GK evwU cvwb‡Z GKwU
wKmwgm wKQyÿY †i‡L w`‡j †`Lv hv‡e wKmwgkwU cvwb †kvlb K‡i UmU‡m
n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wKmwg‡mi †LvmvwU Aa©‡f`¨ wSjøxi KvR K‡i‡Q Ges cvwb
(`ªveK) wKmwg‡mi wfZi AwaK Nb‡Z¡i wPwbi `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Awfmªeb
ïaygvÎ Zi‡j-Zi‡j msNwUZ nq| AwfmªeY GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi e¨vcb|

wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: Awfmªe‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©iv cÖvqk: aviYv K‡i
†h, Nb `ªeY n‡Z `ªveK nvjKv Nb‡Z¡i `ªe‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l Dfq `ªeY
mgNb‡Z¡ cwiYZ nq| e¨vc‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI A‡bK mgq wkÿv_x©iv Dëvfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i
_v‡K| Avm‡j Dfq‡ÿ‡Î aviYvi Dcjwä mwVKfv‡e bv nevi Kvi‡Y GgbwU nq| GRb¨
cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|

 GKwU `Û Pz¤^K gy³fv‡e Szwj‡h w`‡j ‡mwU †Kvb w`‡K gyL K‡i _v‡K? †Kb?
`Û Pz¤^KwU DËi-`wÿY gyL K‡i _v‡K| Avgiv Rvwb, f~-Pz¤^‡Ki `wÿY †giæ
†fŠMwjK DËi w`‡K Ges f~-Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæ, †fŠMwjK `wÿY w`‡K _v‡K|
d‡j `Û Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæ, f~-Pz¤^‡Ki `wÿY †giæi w`‡K AvK…ó nq Ges `wÿY
†giæ, f~-Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæi w`‡K AvK…ó nq| GRb¨ `Û Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæ
†fŠ‡MvwjK DËi w`‡K Ges `wÿY †giæ †fŠ‡MvwjK `wÿY w`‡K gyL K‡i _v‡K|

wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: Dc‡iv³ cÖ‡kœi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©iv 1g As‡ki
DËi mwVKfv‡eB †`q| wKš‘ 2q Ask DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKQyUv A¯úóZv †`Lv hvq|

237
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

Zviv e‡j _v‡K, `Û Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæ †fŠMwjK DËi w`‡K Ges `wÿY †giæ †fŠMwjK
`wÿY w`‡K gyL K‡i _v‡K| KviY GwUB Pz¤^‡Ki ag©| f~-Pz¤^K m¤ú‡K© mwVK Dcjwäi
Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y wkÿv_x©iv Gai‡Yi A¯úó DËi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

 Avgiv †ijMvox‡Z Po‡j MvQ¸‡jv‡K wecixZ w`‡K QyU‡Z †`wL, wKš‘ AvKv‡ki
Zviv‡`i GKB w`‡K QyU‡Z †`wL †Kb?
 Gi KviY, †Uªb †_‡K MvQ ev Zviv‡`i †KŠwbK miY ev Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡bi
nvi| †KŠwbK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi nvi hZ †ewk n‡e, `„k¨gvb e¯‘ ZZ `ªæZ
wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hv‡e| †KŠwbK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi nvi hZ Kg n‡e, `„k¨gvb
e¯‘ ZZ ax‡i wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hv‡e| Mv‡Qi †ÿ‡Î †KŠwbK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi
nvi Lye †ewk, †m Kvi‡Y MvQ¸‡jv Lye `ªæZ wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hvq| Ab¨ w`‡K
Zviv‡`i †ÿ‡Î †KŠwbK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi nvi AZxe bMY¨, †m Kvi‡Y Zviv‡`i
GKB w`‡K QyU‡Z †`Lv hvq|

wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: Ò†KŠwbK Ae¯’vbÓ I Ò†KŠwbK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi
nviÓ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡`i aviYv A®úó _vKvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î A®úóZv
†`Lv hvq|

 `ywU ei‡di UzKiv GKm‡½ †i‡L wKQyÿY Pvc †`qvi ci †Q‡o w`‡j UyKiv `ywU Kx
†Rvov †j‡M hvq? †Kb?
ei‡di UzKiv `ywU †Rvov †j‡M hvq| KwVY c`v‡_©i MjbvsK Pv‡ci Dci
wbf©ikxj| †`Lv †M‡Q, hv‡`i AvqZb Mj‡bi d‡j n«vm cvq, Pvc e„wׇZ Zv‡`i
MjbvsKI n«vm cvq| eid wVK GRvZxq c`v_©| ei‡di UzKiv `ywU GKm‡½ †i‡L
Pvc w`‡j, Pv‡ci cÖfv‡e UzKiv `ywUi ga¨¯’‡j ei‡di MjbvsK n«vm cvq| A_©vr
ga¨¯’‡ji ZvcgvÎv 00 †mjwmqv‡mi wb‡P †b‡g hvq| wKš‘ Av‡kcv‡ki ZvcgvÎv
00 †mjwmqvmB _v‡K| GB Ae¯’vq ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eid wKQy‡ZB KwVb Ae¯’vq
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv| wKQyUv M‡j wM‡q cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq| Avi wVK Gmgq Pvc
†`qv eÜ Ki‡j Pvc n«v‡mi d‡j MjbvsK †e‡o hvq| d‡j ms‡hvM¯’‡ji cvwb
cybivq RgvU †eu‡a ei‡d cwiYZ nq Ges UzKiv `ywUI †Rvov †j‡M hvq|

wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: Dc‡iv³ cÖ‡kœi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©iv 1g As‡ki DËi
ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z mwVKfv‡eB †`q, wKš‘ 2q As‡ki DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î A¯úóZv
†`Lv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Pv‡ci ms‡M Mjbvs‡Ki m¤úK© m¤ú‡K© A¯úó aviYvi Kvi‡YB DËi
cÖ`v‡b mwVKZv Kg _v‡K|

 Avqbvi mvg‡b `uvov‡j Avgiv wK Wvb nvZ‡K evg nvZ Ges evg nvZ‡K Wvb nvZ
†`wL? †Kb?

238
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 Avqbvi mvg‡b `uvov‡j Avgiv Wvb nvZ‡K evg nvZ Ges evg nvZ‡K Wvb nvZ
†`wL| Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ni evgcvk¦© cÖwZwe‡¤^i Wvbcvk¦© e‡j g‡b nq Ges cÖwZwe‡¤^i
Wvbcvk¦© ‡`‡ni evgcvk¦© g‡b nq|
cªwZwe‡¤^i GB cwieZ©b‡K cvk¦©xq cwieZ©b e‡j| GB cvk¦©xq cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y
GgbwU g‡b nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Avqbv †_‡K Avgiv hZ `~‡i
`uvwo‡q _vwK, cÖwZwe¤^Uv Avqbv †_‡K ZZ`~i g‡b nq| cÖwZmg e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î cvk¦©
cwieZ©b †evSv hvq bv, wKš‘ AcÖwZmg e¯‘i ‡ÿ‡Î cvk¦© cwieZ©b †evSv hvq| †hgb-
ÔKÕ AÿiwU Avqbvi mvg‡b ai‡j Zv D‡ëvfv‡e †`Lv hvq|
wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b fy‡ji aiY: cÖwZwe‡¤^i cvk¦© cwieZ©‡bi aviYvwU A‡bK mgq
wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU ¯úó bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y DËi cÖ`v‡b fyj nq|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i wel‡qi aviYv h_vh_ Dcjwä‡Z Ges A®úó ev åvšÍ aviYv `~i Ki‡Z
GKRb wkÿK‡K cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvbvb †KŠkj I w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| wb‡Pi
Q‡K GiKg wKQy ‡KŠkj I w`K D‡jøL Kiv nj|
 wkÿv_x©i eqm I Zvi gvbwmK eqm  ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK Áv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q;
we‡ePbv;  ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK Áv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q;
 wkÿvi ¯Íi we‡ePbv;  `ÿZvi ms‡M hš¿cvwZ e¨envi;
 g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z c×wZi e¨envi;  m„Rbkxj wPšÍv I cixÿv D™¢ve‡b
 ev¯Íe D`vniY; mn‡hvwMZv;
 DcKi‡Yi e¨envi;  g~j aviYvi weKvk mvaY;
 mwµqKiY;  djvd‡ji myÿ we‡kølY;
 `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM I mn‡hvwMZv  AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g DËi cÖ`v‡b
Kiv; mn‡hvwMZv;
 Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv;  mwVK `„wófw½ MV‡b mnvqZv`vb;
 aviYv Dcjwä‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv;  mwVKfv‡e ch©‡eÿY;
 mgm¨vi mgvav‡b wPšÍvg~jK cÖ‡kœi D‡`ªK  wPÎvsKY I †jLwP‡Îi e¨envi;
Kivb;  cvV¨cy¯ÍK I Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK cy¯Í‡Ki
 nZvkv `yi I Drmvn`vb; e¨envi;
 cvV`v‡b ‰ewPΨZv Avbv;  Kz-ms¯‹vi gy³ Kiv;
 cixÿ‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó; ---------BZ¨vw`|

g~j¨vqb:

1. weÁvb m¤úwK©Z A¯úó aviYv hv wkÿv_x©iv mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i bv, †m¸‡jvi ZvwjKv
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi wK?
2. weÁvb m¤úwK©Z A¯úó aviYvi KviY D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi wK?
3. wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb welqK mwVK aviYv MV‡b wkÿK wnmv‡e Avgvi KiYxqmg~n
wPwýZ K‡iwQ wK?

239
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 28

AbymÜvbg~jK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZi gva¨‡g

ÔÔej I MwZÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘i cvV`vb
f~wgKv
AvaywbK Kv‡j wkÿvwe`MY me wel‡qi wkÿY-wkL‡b wkÿv_x©-wkÿv_x© ev wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wkLb welq‡K mwµq K‡i †Zvjvi cÖwZ AwaK ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡Kb| mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkL‡bi me‡P‡q eo myweav nj wkÿv_x©iv wb‡R‡`i
g‡a¨ AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i
AvZ¥wek¦vm, wPšÍb ÿgZv I `ÿZv DˇivËi e„w× cvq| GwU Kvh©Kix weÁvb wkL‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| Ab¨w`‡K AbymÜvbg~jK wkLb cÖwµqvq wkÿv_x©iv weÁvb welqK
Áv‡bi Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q, ¯úó I cwi¯‹vi aviYv jvf K‡i|
GQvov weÁvb welqK AwR©Z Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i beZi D™¢veb ÿgZv e„wׇZI
AbymÜvbg~jK weÁvb wkLb mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

c×wZMZfv‡e cixÿv, wbixÿv I ch©‡eÿY Gi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv weÁv‡bi Ávb I `ÿZv

AR©b K‡i _vwK| Gfv‡e KvR K‡i mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv‡K M‡elYv ejv nq| weÁv‡bi Ávb
g~jZ: M‡elYvagx©| GLv‡b wkÿv_x©iv wkÿ‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq cÖKí MÖnY K‡i Ges wkÿ‡Ki
wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx AbymÜvbKvh© m¤úbœ K‡i|

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv wbKU cwi‡ek ev cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡Z weÁvb welqK †h †Kvb mgm¨v
mbv³ Kiæb ev cÖKí wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiæb| av‡c av‡c g~j¨vqb K‡i †R‡b wbb mgm¨v
mgvav‡b Avcwb KZUv mdj n‡q‡Qb Ges cieZx©‡Z Avcwb Kxfv‡e G¸‡eb| †hgb-
ÔÔAvcbvi †Mvjvc evMv‡b AvkvcÖ` dzj dzU‡Q bvÕÕ- GwU GKwU mgm¨v| Avcwb GKRb
weÁvbx wn‡m‡e Kx Ki‡eb? Aek¨B †Mvjvc Áv‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj c×wZMZfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i
fvj †Mvjvc Drcv`b cÖwµqv AbymÜvb Ki‡eb| †kªwYKÿ, wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv I
AbymÜvbg~jK I M‡elYvagx© gb wb‡q cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| G Awa‡ek‡b, Avcbviv
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK I AbymÜvbg~jK wkLb c×wZi gva¨‡g MwZ, `~iZ¡, miY, `ªæwZ, †eM,
Z¡iY, g›`b, ej I wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î eY©bv, e¨vL¨v I ev¯Íe D`vniY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 wkÿv_x©‡`i weÁvb wkÿY-wkL‡b AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡eb;
 weÁvb welqK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK I AbymÜvbg~jK wkÿY-wkLb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 MwZ, `~iZ¡, miY, `ªæwZ, †eM, Z¡iY, g›`b, ej I wbDU‡bi MwZm~Î eY©bv, e¨vL¨v I
ev¯Íe D`vniY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

240
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: MwZ m¤úwK©Z aviYv
 wkÿv_x© eÜziv, MwZ welqK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK I AbymÜvbg~jK wkÿY-wkLb wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ Avcbv‡K 9g-10g †kªwYi †kªYxKÿ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤¢e bv n‡j evwo‡Z Gme
†kªwYi wKQz wkÿv_x©‡K msMwVZ K‡i Avcwb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| `j MV‡bi
mgq wkÿv_x©‡`i cuvPwU `‡j Ggbfv‡e wef³ Ki‡eb †hb cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j cyiæl gwnjvmn
weÁv‡bi wZbwU cÖavb kvLvi wkÿv_x© _v‡K| cÖwZ `‡j GKRb `j‡bZvi †bZ…‡Z¡ m`m¨MY
KvR Ki‡eb| Gici wZwb w¯cÖs Gi GKwU †Ljbv gUiMvox Pvwj‡q cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb Ges
wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K wbgœiƒc cÖkœcÎ cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb|

KvR- 1
MwZ welqK aviYv
 MvwowU wK MwZjvf K‡i‡Q?
 MwZ Kx?
 MvwowU Kx iKg MwZcÖvß n‡q‡Q?
 MwZ KZ cÖKvi? D`vniY w`b|

Gevi wkÿv_x©‡`i KvR- 1 wb‡q `jMZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z w`b| Avcwb
cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j Ny‡i Ny‡i Zv‡`i Kg©ZrciZv ch©‡eÿY Kiæb| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mn‡hvwMZv
Kiæb| wkÿv_x©iv `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi mgq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mvnvh¨ wb‡”Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ
Kiæb| KvR †k‡l `j‡bZv‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb| mKj `‡ji cvi¯úwiK
gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g mwVK DËi ˆZwi‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb|

ce©- L: `~iZ¡, miY, `ªæwZ I †eM

 KvR- 2:
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq wb‡gœi cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi ˆZwi Kiæb| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi GKwU K‡i
D`vniY w`b|

1| `~iZ¡ I miY Kx? G‡`i GKK D‡jøL Kiæb|

2| `ªæwZ I †eM Kx? G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|

241
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

ce©- M: Z¡iY I g›`b


KvR- 3: Z¡iY I g›`b
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq wb‡gœi cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi ˆZwi Kiæb| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi GKwU K‡i
D`vniY w`b|

1| Z¡iY Kx? Gi GKK D‡jøL Kiæb|

2| g›`b Kx? Gi GKK D‡jøL Kiæb|

3| mgZ¡iY I mgg›`‡bi aviYv w`b|

ce©- N: †jLwP‡Îi ch©‡eÿY I we‡kølY

 KvR- 4: †jLwP‡Îi e¨envi
GKwU Mvwo w¯’i Ae¯’v n‡Z Pj‡Z ïiæ Kij-
wb‡Pi †jLwPÎ ch©‡eÿY K‡i wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|

1| 1g N›Uvq MvwowU Kx cwigvb `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i‡Q?

242
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

2| 2q N›Uvq Kx cwigvb?

3| 1g `yB N›Uvq Gi `ªæwZ KZ?

4| åg‡bi evwK mg‡q `ªæwZi †Kvb cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q wK?

1
5| 1 N›Uv ci MvwowU KZ `~i †M‡Q?
2

6| 175 wK: wg: `~iZ¡ †h‡Z MvwowU KZ mgq wb‡q‡Q?

KvR- 5 †jLwP‡Îi ch©‡eÿY I we‡kølY

wb‡Pi (K) I (L) †jLwPÎ `ywU Mvwoi MwZ wb‡`©k Ki‡Q-

†jLwPÎ `ywU ch©‡eÿY K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

KvR- 6: g›`b

wb‡Pi eY©bv Abyhvqx `ywU †jLwPÎ AvuKzb|

(K) mylgfv‡e g›`bkxj GKwU Mvwoi MwZ|

(L) GKwU Mvwo mg MwZ‡Z Pj‡Q, ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ †_‡g cybivq mg `ªæwZ‡Z Pj‡Z ïiæ
K‡i‡Q wKš‘ c~‡e©i †P‡q axi MwZ‡Z|

243
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 28
g~j wkLbxq welq

AbymÜvbg~jK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZi gva¨‡g ÔÔej I MwZÕÕ kxl©K

welqe¯‘i cvV`vb

AbymÜvbg~jK wkLb c×wZ:

†kªwY wkÿ‡Yi GKwU eo D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q mKj wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© AbymwÜrmy
 g‡bvfve RvwM‡q †Zvjv Ges welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© ®úó I ev¯ÍewfwËK aviYv †`qv| G‡ÿ‡Î
wkÿK wkL‡bi Dchy³ cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡eb| wkL‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î
wkÿK †kªwY k„•Ljvmn cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg© wb‡`©kbv I wkÿv DcKi‡bi e‡›`ve¯Í Ki‡eb
†h¸‡jv e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv wkLb m¤úbœ Ki‡e| welq m¤ú‡K© aviYv `„p Kivi
Rb¨ wkÿv_x‡`i g‡b bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi D‡`ªK nq| wkÿv_x©iv AbymwÜrmy gb wb‡q Gme
cÖ‡kœi DËi Luy‡R †c‡Z PvB| †h †h gva¨g †_‡K wkÿv_x©iv Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi Luy‡R †c‡Z
cv‡i †m¸‡jv nj- cvV¨cy¯ÍK, cÎ-cwÎKv, Rvb©vj, weÁvb K¬ve, weÁvb †gjv, †idv‡iÝ eB,
mvÿvrKvi, cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ weÁvb msµvšÍ Z_¨, ey‡jwUb, g¨vMvwRb, B›Uvi‡bU, Z_¨Á
e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©, cwievi I mgvR, M‡elYvi gva¨‡g, cixÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g, cwi‡ek I
cÖK…wZ, †hŠw³K wPšÍv K‡i, cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I gZ wewbgq BZ¨vw`| wkÿK cÖ`Ë
mgm¨v A_ev wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î D™¢yZ †h †Kvb mgm¨v wkÿv_©xiv Gme wkLb gva¨g e¨envi
K‡i AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g mgvav‡bi †h cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq ZvB nj AbymÜvbg~jK wkLb c×wZ|

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZ:

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb c×wZ njÑ ‡Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©iv `jxqfv‡e
cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv, wbf©iZv Ges wewfbœ Kg©ZrciZvi gva¨‡g mgm¨vwU mgvav‡b m‡Pó
nIqv| †Kvb wkÿv_x© ïaygvÎ wb‡R wkL‡jB Pj‡e bv eis `‡ji Ab¨iv wkLj wKbv
†mw`‡KI †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Ges wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| `‡ji mKj m`m¨B Zv‡`i mvg_© gZ
Ae`vb ivL‡e| mK‡j mK‡ji Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb Ki‡e| cvi¯úwiK kª×v I Av¯’v _vK‡e
Ges wbw`©ó j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQy‡Z ev mgm¨v mgvav‡b GKgZ n‡e| wkÿK G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq
mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|

244
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 29
`jxq Av‡jvPbv ev aviYvi mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ (Scaffolding)
c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M ÔÔe¯‘ I e¯‘i Ae¯’vÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb

f~wgKv
AvaywbK wkÿY wkLb cªwµqvq AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ ev †KŠkj LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| B‡Zvg‡a¨
wewfbœ Awa‡ek‡b G †KŠkj mg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Avcbviv ev¯Íe aviYv jvf K‡i‡Qb|
AskMÖnYg~jK wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ `jMZ Av‡jvPbv c×wZ LyeB Kvh©Kix GKwU †KŠkj|
we‡kl K‡i weÁvb welqK ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK aviYv jvf I `ÿZv AR©‡b mgm¨v mgvavb
Kivi Rb¨ `jxq Av‡jvPbv Acwinvh© GKwU †KŠkj wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ| `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©iv A‡bK RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb wb‡RivB K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z K‡i
wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AvšÍwiKZv, AvMÖn I AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq hv GKK wkL‡b KLbI m¤¢e
bq| weÁvb welqK mgm¨v¸‡jv cÖ‡R± AvKv‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i `jMZ Kv‡R fvM K‡i w`‡j
mydj A‡bK †ewk cvIqv hvq| G Awa‡ek‡b Avcbviv Ôe¯‘ I e¯‘i Ae¯’vÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘
`jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e iß Kiv m¤¢e †m m¤ú‡K© ch©vß cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡eb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 `j MV‡bi wbqg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkL‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
Dcvq msMwVZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †cWvMwRi Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i `jxq Av‡jvPbv msMwVZ K‡i ÔÔe¯‘ I e¯‘i
Ae¯’vÕ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡`i wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv cwiPvjbvi cvi`kx©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq e¯‘, AvšÍ:AvbweK kw³ Ges e¯‘i iƒcvšÍi I e¯‘i cÖKvi‡f‡`i
eY©bv, e¨vL¨v I ev¯Íe D`vniY w`‡Z mÿg n‡eb|

ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: e¯‘ I c`v‡_©i aviYv
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, c`v‡_©i aviYv welq wkÿY-wkLb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© cvi`kx©Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨
LyeB fvj nq| hw` Avcwb †Kvb we`¨vj‡qi gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii, lô †kªwY‡Z AwZw_ wkÿK
wnmv‡e K¬vk wb‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K †e‡Âi wkÿv_x©‡`i wb‡q `j MVb Kiæb| cviM I
wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_x©‡`i mgš^‡q `j MVb Kiæb| AZ:ci KvR- 1 †ev‡W© wj‡L w`b|
wkÿv_x©‡`i `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g DËi ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb| wkÿv_x©iv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
mvnvh¨ wb‡q DËi ˆZwi Ki‡e| Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb| mgq iÿvi Rb¨ DËi

245
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î GK GKwU c‡e© GK GKwU `j‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z w`‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZ
ce© Dc¯’vcb †k‡l Avcbvi mn‡hvwMZvq mgMÖ †kªwY Av‡jvPbv msMwVZ Kiæb|
KvR- 1: e¯‘ ev c`v‡_©i aviYv
1. GKwU Kjg †`wL‡q cÖkœ Ki‡eb-
GUv‡K e¯‘ ejv hvq? Gi ˆewk󨸇jv Kx?
2. Møv‡mi cvwb †`wL‡q-
GUv‡K e¯‘ ejv hvq? Gi ˆewk󨸇jv Kx?
3. dzjv‡bv †ejyb †`wL‡q-
GUv‡K e¯‘ ejv hvq? Gi ˆewk󨸇jv Kx?
4. Av‡jv wK †Kvb e¯‘? †Kb?
5. Zvc wK †Kvb e¯‘? †Kb?
6. Zvn‡j e¯‘ ev c`v‡_©i m¤ú~Y© aviYv w`b|

ce©- L: KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq c`v_©

 G c‡e©i KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ c~e© MwVZ `‡j KvR- 2 mieivn Kiæb| wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K
`jMZ ch©‡eÿY, cixÿY Ges Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z ejyb| Avcwb
cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb|
KvR- 2: KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq c`v_©
1. wb‡Pi e¯‘My‡jvi ga¨ n‡Z KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq e¯‘mg~n Avjv`v K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv
LvZvq wjLyb:
KvV, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, evwj, cvwb, wPwb, Kv`v gvwU, Kve©b WvB A·vBW, cv_i, Aw´‡Rb,
†Zj, wPwbi mieZ, Av‡gi AvPvi, evqy|
2. Dc‡iv³ e¯‘mg~n ZvwjKvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Avcbvi hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
3. AvšÍ-AvYweK kw³ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? GKB e¯‘ wfbœ wfbœ ZvcgvÎvq wfbœ Ae¯’v cÖ`k©b
K‡i †Kb?
4. KwVb, Zij ev M¨vm †KvbwU‡Z AvšÍ-AvbweK kw³ †ewk ev Kg?
5. wb‡Pi Qwe `ywU e¨vL¨v Kiæb:

wPÎ- 1

246
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wPÎ- 2

ce©- M: e¯‘i iƒcvšÍi ev Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b


wkÿv_x© eÜziv, G c‡e© g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i KvR- 3 Gi cÖkœ¸‡jv †kªwY wkÿv_x©‡`i co‡Z
ejyb| wb‡R wb‡R DËi ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b evi evi co‡eb Ges DËiwU wb‡Ri
wPšÍvi m‡½ wgwj‡q cÖ‡qvR‡b DbœZ Ki‡Z ejyb| Gici `‡ji Ab¨‡`i wPšÍvi m‡½ wb‡Pi
wPšÍv‡K wgwj‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i GKwU wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z ejyb| wkÿK wnmv‡e Avcwb
mn‡hvwMZv Kiæb|

KvR- 3:
1. †jvnv‡K wcwU‡q P¨vÞv Kiv hvq| GUv‡K wK ‡jvnvi iƒcvšÍi ejv hvq? †Kb?
2. †jvnv‡K eûw`b Av`©ª evZv‡m ivL‡j gwiPv c‡o| gwiPv‡K wK †jvnvi iƒcvšÍi ejv hvq?
†Kb?
3. e¯‘i iƒcvšÍi ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
4. GKwU e¯‘i iƒcvšÍwiZ Ae¯’v KqwU? D`vniY w`b|
5. Ggb †Kvb c`v_© ev c`v_©mg~n Av‡Q wK hvi iƒcvšÍwiZ Ae¯’v `ywU? D`vniY w`b|
Giƒc nIqvi KviY Kx?

247
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

ce©- N: c`v‡_©i cÖKvi‡f`


wkÿv_x© eÜziv, c`v‡_©i cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Avcwb g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
wb‡Pi KvR-4 Gi cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv †kªwY wkÿv_x©‡`i `‡j wPšÍv Ki‡Z ejyb| LvZvq DËi
wjL‡Z ejyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b AveviI wPšÍv K‡i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv †`L‡Z
ejyb| Avcwb †`L‡eb `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AwZ mn‡R wkÿv_x©iv RwUj RwUj cÖ‡kœi
DËi mgvavb K‡i †dj‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm Rb¥ nq| wkÿvi cÖwZ
AvMÖn ev‡o Ges wkLb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|

KvR- 4:
1. c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
2. mKj c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb wK GK RvZxq? D`vniY w`b|
3. LvuwU c`v_© ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? D`vniY w`b?
4. Zvgv ev cvwb wK LuvwU c`v_©? †Kb? G‡`i‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv †M‡j Kx
N‡U? Dcv`vb I ag© Abymv‡i G‡`i‡K Kx bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q?
5. wgkªY ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
6. evwj I wPwb GK‡Î wgkv‡j G‡K wK wgkªY ejv hvq? †Kb?
7. jeb I cvwb wgwk‡q `ªeY ˆZwi Ki‡j G‡K wK wgkªY ejv hvq? †Kb?
8. Dc‡ii `ywU wgkªY wK GKB ai‡bi? G‡`i‡K Kx ai‡bi wgkªY ejv hvq?
9. wgkªY KZ ai‡bi? wewfbœ ai‡bi wgkª‡Yi D`vniY w`b|

248
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 29

g~j wkLbxq welq

`jxq Av‡jvPbv ev aviYvi mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ (Scaffolding)
c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M ÔÔe¯‘ I e¯‘i Ae¯’vÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb

cÖkœ: c`v‡_©i ‰ewk󨸇jv Kx?

  c`v‡_©i fi Av‡Q|
 c`v_© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i|

cÖkœ: Av‡jv wK †Kvb c`v_©? †Kb?

 Av‡jv †Kv‡bv c`v_© bq| KviY Zvi fi bvB Ges ¯’vbI `Lj K‡i bv| Av‡jv
GK cÖKvi kw³| cÖkœ: Zvc wK †Kvb c`v_©? †Kb?
 Zvc †Kv‡bv c`v_© bq, KviY Zvi fi bvB Ges ¯’vbI `Lj K‡i bv| Zvc GK
cÖKvi kw³|

cÖkœ: wb‡Pi c`v_©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ n‡Z KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq c`v_©mg~n Avjv`v K‡i GKwU
ZvwjKv LvZvq wjLyb:
KvV, nvB‡Wv‡Rb, evwj, cvwb, wPwb, Kv`v gvwU, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW, cv_i,
Aw´‡Rb, †Zj, wPwbi mieZ, Av‡gi AvPvi, evqy|
 KwVb c`v_©: KvV, evwj, wPwb, Kv`v gvwU, cv_i;
Zij c`v_©: cvwb, †Zj, wPwbi mieZ;
M¨vmxq c`v_©: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Kve©b WvB A·vBW, Aw·‡Rb, evqy;
Av‡gi AvPv‡ii `ywU Ask- GKwU Ask Zij I Aci Ask KwVb|

cÖkœ: Dc‡iv³ c`v_©mg~n ZvwjKvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Avcbvi hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiæb|

 KwVb c`v_©: KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi, wbw`©ó AvqZb Ges Kg‡ewk `„pZv
A‡Q| Lye mn‡R KwVb c`v‡_©i AvKvi AvqZ‡bi cwieZ©b nq bv| ej cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡jB KwVb c`v_© mvaviYZ †f‡½ hvq bv| A_©vr KwVb c`v‡_©i `„pZv Av‡Q| G
`„pZv c`v_©‡f‡` wewfbœ cwigv‡b nq| KwVb c`v‡_©i Abymg~n ci¯ú‡ii AwZ
mwbœK‡U _v‡K Ges wbw`©ô ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z _v‡K| †hgb, cv_i, evjy, BZ¨vw`|
 Zij c`v_©: Zij c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvqZb Av‡Q, wKš‘ wbw`©ó AvKvi bvB| hLb †h
cv‡Î ivLv nq, †m cv‡Îi AvKvi aviY K‡i| wKš‘ cv·f‡` fi ev AvqZ‡bi
†Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| Zij c`v‡_©i Abymg~n ci¯ú‡ii AwZ mwbœK‡U _v‡K , Z‡e

249
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi AvKl©b KwVb c`v‡_©i gZ cÖej bq| Abymg~n ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
cv‡i e‡j Zij c`v‡_©i wbw`©ô †Kvb AvKvi bvB| †hgb, cvwb, †Zj BZ¨vw`|
 M¨vmxq c`v_©: M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó †Kvb AvKvi ev AvqZb bvB| †Kvb wbw`©ó
cwigvb M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i, Zv hZ Aí †nvK bv ‡Kb, †Kvb eo ev †QvU cv‡Î ivLv
n‡j, Zvi mKj ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Ges †mB cv‡Îi AvKvi aviY K‡i| wKš‘ cv‡Îi
AvKvi ev AvK…wZ‡f‡` f‡ii †Kvb ZviZg¨ nq bv| M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i Abymg~‡ni
g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ A‡bK †ewk, ZvB AvKl©Y kw³ A‡bK Kg, d‡j Zviv cÖvq m¤ú~Y©
gy³fv‡e PjvPj K‡i| †hgb: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Kve©b WvB A·vBW BZ¨vw`|

cÖkœ: AvšÍ-AvYweK kw³ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? GKB c`v_© wfbœ wfbœ ZvcgvÎvq wfbœ Ae¯’v
cÖ`k©b K‡i †Kb?
 †h †Kvb e¯‘ AYy bvgK AwZ ÿz`ª KYv Øviv MwVZ| AYymg~‡ni ga¨Kvi AvKl©Y‡K
AvšÍ-AvbweK kw³ e‡j| AvšÍ-AvbweK kw³i Kvi‡Y Abymg~n ci¯ú‡ii mwbœK‡U
_vK‡Z Pvq| Avevi AYymg~n me©`v K¤úgvb| ZvcgvÎv hZ ev‡o, K¤úbI Z‡Zv
ev‡o| Zvc kw³i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i g‡a¨ MwZ mÂvi nq hvi d‡j AYymg~n ci¯úi
n‡Z wew”Qbœ n‡Z Pvq| AvšÍ-AvbweK kw³i Zzjbvq AYymg~‡ni MwZ kw³ A‡bK
Kg n‡j Ab~mg~n wbw`©©ó Ae¯’v‡b weivR K‡i| ZLb KwVb Ae¯’vi m„wó nq|
ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j K¤úb kw³ e„w× †c‡q Ggb Ae¯’vq †cuŠ‡Q †h AYymg~n Avi
wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b weivR K‡i bv| PjvPj K‡i| ZLb Zij Ae¯’vi m„wó nq|
ZvcgvÎv AviI e„w× †c‡j AYymg~‡ni MwZ GZ e„w× cvq †h Zviv ci¯úi n‡Z
`y‡i m‡i hvq Ges cÖvq gy³fv‡e PjvPj K‡i| ZLb M¨vmxq Ae¯’v m„wó nq|

cÖkœ: KwVb, Zij ev M¨vm †KvbwU‡Z AvšÍ-AvbweK kw³ †ewk ev Kg?

 KwVb c`v‡_© AvšÍ-AvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q †ewk, Gici Zij c`v‡_© Ges me‡P‡q
Kg M¨vmxq c`v‡_©|

cÖkœ: wb‡Pi Qwe `ywU e¨vL¨v Kiæb:

 evw`‡Ki Qwe: wZbwU †evZ‡ji wfZi cv_‡ii UzKiv¸‡jv‡K c`v‡_©i 3wU

Ae¯’v‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 1g †evZ‡j †QvU cv_‡ii UzKiv¸‡jv KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vq
Av‡Q, †hLv‡b cv_‡ii UzKiv¸‡jv c`v‡_©i AYy wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b

250
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

AvšÍ-AvYweK kw³ †ewk Ges AYy¸‡jv KwVb Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| 2q †evZjwU

Avbyf~wgKfv‡e I cv_‡ii UzKiv¸‡jv wKQyUv Qov‡bv Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| †evZjwU
Mov‡j cv_‡ii UzKiv¸‡jvI Zi‡ji b¨vq Movq| GLv‡b AvšÍ-AvbweK kw³
KwV‡bi Zzjbvq Kg Ges cv_‡ii UzKiv ev AYy¸‡jv Zij Ae¯’vq A‡Q| 3q
†evZjwU SuvKv‡bvi Kvi‡Y cv_‡ii UzKiv¸‡jv mg¯Í †evZj Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges
ci¯úi †_‡K wew”Qbœ Ae¯’v ev gy³ Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| GwU M¨vmxq Ae¯’v
wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|
 Wvb w`‡Ki Qwe:

cÖkœ: †jvnv‡K wcwU‡q P¨vÞv Kiv hvq| GUv‡K wK †jvnvi iƒcvšÍi ejv hvq? †Kb?
 G cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ‡jvnvi ïay evwn¨K AvKvi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| †jvnv bZzb †Kvb
e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ nqwb|

cÖkœ: †jvnv‡K eûw`b Av`©ª evZv‡m ivL‡j gwiPv c‡o| gwiPv‡K †jvnvi wKiƒc cwieZ©b
ejv hvq? †Kb?
 GLv‡b †jvnvi ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q †jvnv evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb I Rjxq
ev‡¯úi ms‡M wewµqv K‡i cvwbhy³ †dwiK A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ nq hv‡K Avgiv
gwiPv ewj| gwiPvi ag© †jvnv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ Ges mn‡R c~e©ve¯’vq A_©vr
†jvnv‡Z cwiYZ Kiv hvq bv|

cÖkœ: c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?

 mvaviYZ KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc w`‡j Zv Zij c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq Ges Zij c`v‡_©
AviI Zvc w`‡j Zv M¨v‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| kxZj Ki‡j M¨vm Zi‡j Ges AviI
kxZj Ki‡j Zij c`v_© KwVb c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq| Gai‡Yi NUbv‡K c`v‡_©i
Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b e‡j| G cwieZ©‡bi d‡j c`v‡_©i ïay evwn¨K AvKvi ev Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, bZzb †Kvb c`v‡_© cwiYZ nqwb|

cÖkœ: GKwU c`v‡_©i evwn¨K ev †fŠZ Ae¯’v KqwU? D`vniY w`b|

 mvaviYZ GKwU c`v‡_©i evwn¨K ev †fŠZ Ae¯’v wZbwU| KwVb, Zij I M¨vm|
†hgb, eid‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq ivL‡j KwVb, eid‡K Zvc w`‡j cvwb Ges
cvwb‡K AviI Zvc w`‡j Zv ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq|

cÖkœ: Ggb †Kvb c`v_© ev c`v_©mg~n Av‡Q wK hvi iƒcvšÍwiZ Ae¯’v `ywU? D`vniY w`b|
Giƒc nevi KviY Kx?

251
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

 †hgb- b¨vc_vwjb, Kc~©i, Av‡qvwWb, wbkv`j(A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW) BZ¨vw`|

Gme c`v_©‡K DØvqx c`v_© e‡j| DØvqx c`v_© e¨vcb (Diffusion) cÖwµqvq KwVb
Ae¯’v †_‡K mivmwi M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nq I Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o|

cÖkœ: c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

 †Kvb c`v_© †h me †gŠwjK KYv wb‡q MwVZ Zv‡`i‡K Dcv`vb e‡j|

cÖk:œ mKj c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb wK GK RvZxq? D`vniY w`b|

 mKj c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb GK RvZxh bq| †hgb, Kv‡Vi MVb Dcv`vb Ges B‡Ui
MVb Dcv`vb GK bq|

cÖkœ: LvuwU c`v_© ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? D`vniY w`b?

 wbw`©ó I AcwiZ©bxq ivmvqwbK mshyw³ (Composition) I ag© wewkó c`v_©‡K
LuvwU c`v_© ejv nq| †hgb, weï× †mvbv, weï× cvwb BZ¨vw`|

cÖk:œ Zvgv A_ev cvwb wK LuvwU c`v_©? †Kb? G‡`i‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv †M‡j
Kx N‡U? Dcv`vb I ag© Abymv‡i G‡`i‡K Kx bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q?
 Zvgv A_ev cvwb LuvwU c`v_©| KviY G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ivmvqwbK mshyw³ I ag©
wbw`©ó I AcwieZ©Yxq| Zvgv‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i Zvgv Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb
Dcv`v‡b mn‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv qvq bv| Avevi cvwb‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e we‡kølY
K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb bv‡g `ywU Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq| G `ywU †gŠj wbw`©ó
fi Abycv‡Z ci¯úi hy³ n‡q cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
Dcv`vb I ag© Abymv‡i Zvgv‡K †gŠj ev †gŠwjK c`v_© e‡j| †gŠwjK c`v_© nj
†mB c`v_© hv‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i H c`v_© Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb c`v_©
cvIqv hvq bv| †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i †ÿ‡Î Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v GKwU Ges ¯^vaxb Ae¯’vq
wbR ag© Aÿzbœ ivL‡Z cv‡i|
Aciw`‡K cvwb‡K †hŠM ev †hŠwMK c`v_© e‡j| †hŠwMK c`v_© nj †mB c`v_© hv‡K
ivmvqwbKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wfbœ ag© wewkó †gŠwjK c`v_©
cvIqv hvq|

cÖk:œ wgkªY ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?

 `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c`v_©‡K †h †Kvb Abycv‡Z GK‡Î wgkv‡j hw` wbR wbR ag© eRvq
†i‡L cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i, Z‡e D³ Ae¯’v ev mgv‡ek‡K wgkªY e‡j|

cÖkœ: evwj I wPwb GK‡Î wgkv‡j G‡K wK wgkªY ejv hvq? †Kb?

252
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 evwj I wPwb GK‡Î wgkv‡j Zv‡K wgkªY ejv hv‡e| KviY wgkª‡Yi ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Ask
cixÿv Ki‡j evwj I wPwbi c„_K `vbv wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î evwj I wPwb
wbR wbR ag© eRvq †i‡L cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|

cÖkœ: jeb I cvwb wgwk‡q `ªeY ˆZwi Ki‡j G‡K wK wgkªY ejv hvq? †Kb?
 jeY I cvwb wgwk‡q `ªeY ˆZwi Ki‡j G‡K wgkªY ejv hv‡e| KviY `ªe‡b jeY I
cvwb Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv bv †M‡jI Zv‡`i Df‡qi ag© wgkª‡Y Aÿzbœ _v‡K|
†hgb, †iv‡`i Zv‡c cvwb ïwK‡q mvMi cv‡oi jeY Lvgvwiiv jeY msMÖn K‡i|
wKQy cwigvY jeY cvwbi `ªeY ˆZwi K‡i Zv dzwU‡q cixÿv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e cvwb
ev®ú n‡q‡Q Ges jeY cv‡Î c‡o Av‡Q| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq jeY I cvwbi ag©
Aÿzbœ Av‡Q|

cÖkœ: Dc‡ii `ywU wgkªY wK GKB ai‡bi? G‡`i‡K Kx ai‡bi wgkªY ejv hvq?
 evwj I wPwbi wgkªY Ges jeY I cvwbi wgkªY GK ai‡bi bq| cÖ_gZ: evwj I
wPwbi wgkªY `ªeY bq| wØZxqZ: evwj I wPwbi AbycvZ hw` wgkª‡Yi me©Î mgvb nq
Z‡e Zv‡K mgmZ¡ wgkªY ejv hv‡e| Avi hw` AbycvZ mgvb bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K
AmgmZ¡ wgkªY ejv hv‡e| jeY I cvwbi †ÿ‡Î wgkªYwU cÖ_gZ: `ªeY| wØZxqZ:
wgkª‡Yi me©Î jeY I cvwbi AbycvZ mgvb _vKvi Kvi‡Y wgkªYwU mgmZ¡|

cÖkœ: wgkªY KZ ai‡bi?

wgkªY `yÕai‡bi- mgmZ¡ wgkªY I AmgmZ¡ wgkªY|

253
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BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 30

†cv÷e·, aviYv gvbwPÎ I aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZi gva¨‡g ÔRx‡ei ˆewkó¨Õ

kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb
f~wgKv
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvq B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ wewfbœ Awa‡ek‡bi welq¸‡jv-‡Z
Kx Kx bZzb‡Z¡i mv‡_ Avcwb cwiwPZ n‡q‡Qb GKUz fveyb †Zv? AvaywbK weÁvb wkÿY-
wkL‡b AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b Kvh©Kix f~wgKv iv‡L| weÁvb Ggb
GKwU welq hv‡Z `ÿZv AR©‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i mdj weÁvb wkÿY-
wkLb cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g weÁvb welqK Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ MVb GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
GRb¨ AskMÖnY wkÿY-wkLb c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv
Avek¨K| wkÿY-wkL‡b wewfbœ c×wZ ev †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©i g‡bv‡hvM I
AvMÖn a‡i ivLv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K Gme c×wZ ev †KŠk‡j AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© wb‡Ri
ARv‡šÍB eûwea `ÿZv AR©‡b mÿg nq| Gme `ÿZv wkÿv_x©i Rxeb cwiPvjbvi nvwZqvi
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gevi Mfxifv‡e jÿ Kiæb- AskMÖnYg~jK wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_x©iv Kx Kx fv‡e `ÿZv AR©b K‡i _v‡K| †hgb:

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©iv mwµqfv‡e weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Gi d‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i bZzb cwi‡e‡k KvR Kivi ÿgZv e„w× cvq| wbe©vwPZ mgm¨v
m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖn, DcvË we‡kølY, msMVb I web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †eªBb÷ªwg©s wkÿv_x©‡K Mfxifv‡e cv‡V wbweó K‡i wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w× I
m„wókxjZv AR©‡b GKwU Kvh©Kix †KŠkj| aviYv gvbwPÎ ev gvBÛ g¨vwcs Gi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_x©iv AwR©Z Ávb ev aviYv avivevwnKfv‡e msMwVZ I ms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘
RxešÍ K‡i Zzj‡Z mÿg nq| wkÿY-wkL‡bi G †KŠk‡j wkÿv_x© DuPz gv‡bi wPšÍb `ÿZv
AR©b K‡i| m„wókxjZv AR©‡b gvBÛg¨vwcs Gi f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GQvov †cv÷e·
c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi d‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i `jMZ Av‡jvPbv msMVb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, m¤cÖxwZ‡eva
BZ¨vw` `ÿZv AR©b K‡i| G Awa‡ek‡b Avcbviv K‡qKwU AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡g weÁvb wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv cwiPvjbvi aviYv ¯úó Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ cvV`v‡b †cv÷e· c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ welqK cvVwUi aviYv gvbwPÎ c×wZi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ welqK cvVwUi aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvV‡k‡l wkLbdj hvuPvB K‡i cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

254
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: †cv÷e· c×wZ Av‡jvPbv

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwii Rb¨ †cv÷e· GKwU AvaywbK
c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK cÖwZwU `‡j GKwU K‡i †cv÷e· mieivn K‡ib| †cv÷e·wU
nvW©‡evW© A_ev †gvUv KvMR w`‡q gvSvwi mvB‡Ri ev· ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq hv‡Z cÖwZwU `‡ji
†Uwe‡j ivL‡Z Amywe‡a bv nq| †mB mv‡_ cÖwZ`‡j wkÿK mgmsL¨K cÖkœ m¤^wjZ Kg©cÎ
mieivn K‡ib| wkÿK †h welqe¯‘ cvV`vb Ki‡eb, Kg©c‡Î cÖkœ¸‡jv †m m¤úwK©Z n‡e|
cÖ‡kœi DËi wjLvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †cv÷e‡·i cv‡k mv`v KvMR ivLv _vK‡e| cÖwZwU `‡ji
QvÎ-QvÎxiv cÖ_‡g wb‡Ri †Uwe‡ji cÖ‡kœi DËi GKKfv‡e KvM‡R wj‡L, KvMR fvR K‡i
ev‡· †dj‡e| Zvici Ny‡i Ny‡i cÖwZwU `‡ji cÖwZwU ev‡·i cv‡k ivLv cÖ‡ kœi DËi wj‡L
GKBfv‡e ev‡· †dj‡e| me DËi wjLv †kl n‡j †h hvi RvqMvq em‡e| Zvici wb‡Ri
`‡ji ev·wU Ly‡j cÖkœ Abyhvqx DËi¸‡jv Avjv`v Ki‡e Ges `jMZfv‡e DËi¸‡jv †_‡K
GKwU mvims‡ÿc ˆZwi Ki‡e Ges wkÿ‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, †cv÷e· c×wZ m¤ú‡K© wbðqB Avcbvi aviYv ¯úó n‡q‡Q| Avcwb Gevi
ÔRx‡ei ˆewkó¨Õ welqK Aa¨vq †_‡K wKQz cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiæb Ges Avcwb wkÿK wn‡m‡e GB
c×wZ wKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb Zv wPšÍv K‡i ms‡ÿ‡c wb‡Pi N‡i wjLyb|

KvR- 1:
†cv÷ e·- 1
1. Rx‡ei cÖavb jÿY Kx?
2. Rx‡ei †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Roe¯‘ †_‡K mn‡RB c„_K Kiv hvq?

†cv÷ e·- 2
1. Rxe‡`‡n wewfbœ wµqvKjvc m¤ú‡bœi Rb¨ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| GB kw³ †Kv_v †_‡K
cvq?
2. cywó Kx?

†cv÷ e·- 3
1. Rxe‡`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© AcmvwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?
2. Rx‡ei †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q Riæix cÖ‡qvRb Kx?

†cv÷ e·- 4
1. Rx‡ei AvKvi AvqZb I IRb evov‡K Kx e‡j?
2. Rx‡ei e„wׇZ †Kvb Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi f~wgKv †ewk?

255
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

†cv÷ e·- 5
1. †Kvb ‰ewkó¨ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Rxe mvov †`q?
2. Rx‡ei esk e„w×i cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?

Dc‡ii cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †kªwYK‡ÿ †cv÷e· c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M Avcbvi fvebv:

ce©- L: aviYv gvbwPÎ c×wZ Av‡jvPbv


wkÿv_x© eÜziv, GwU AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi Avi GKwU PgrKvi c×wZ| GB
c×wZ‡Z Aí mg‡q A‡bK †ewk welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qv m¤¢e| GwU n‡”Q GKwU
c~Y©v½ cv‡Vi mvims‡ÿc Kivi GKwU mnR c×wZ| GKwU welqe¯‘i we‡kl we‡kl Ask,
kã, evK¨, msÁv, D`vniY BZ¨vw` hv hv e¨vL¨v Kiv wKsev eySv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv
Avjv`v-Avjv`v GKwU KvM‡R mvwR‡q wj‡L GKwUi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi m¤úK© wbY©q K‡i aviYv
gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z †`qv nq| KLbI ev ˆZwiK…Z aviYv gvbwPÎ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ev G‡Ki
wel‡qi mv‡_ A‡b¨i wel‡qi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z †`qv nq| Pjyb Zvn‡j ÔRx‡ei ˆewkó¨Õ
kxl©K cv‡Vi wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jvi GKwUi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i GKwU aviYv
gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Kwi Ges c‡i m¤¢ve¨ Dˇii mv‡_ DËi wgwj‡q †`wL|

KvR- 2
Av‡jv Aw·‡Rb evqy gÛj Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW

Av‡jv Aa¨vq AÜKvi Aa¨vq

mv‡jvK ms‡kølY

‡K¬v‡ivwdj cvwb

cvZv NADPH2+ATP kK©iv d‡UvjvBwmm

256
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- M: aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZ Av‡jvPbv


wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv Rv‡bb cÖwZwU QvÎ-QvÎxiB we`¨vj‡q cwi‡e‡ki evB‡iI AviI
cwi‡ek Av‡Q| Zviv Zvi M„‡n evev-gv c~e©-cyiæl‡`i cvjbxq wewfbœ ixwZbxwZ, mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek A_ev cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K †Kvb wel‡q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv aviYv m„wó nq|
wKš‘ we`¨vj‡q G‡m †`L‡jv Zv‡`i aviYv ûeû wgj‡jv bv| ZLb g‡bi g‡a¨ GKUv Ø›Ø
ˆZwi nq| ZvQvov GKRb wkÿv_x© GKfv‡e, GK A‡_© ev GK Kv‡R GKwU wkLb AR©b
K‡i‡Q| GLb hw` †mB wkLbwU wfbœ A‡_© ev wfbœ Kv‡R, wfbœfv‡e jvMv‡bv nq ZLbI †mB
wkÿv_x©i g‡b ؇Øi m„wó n‡e| wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ ZLb wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿv, hyw³-Z‡K©i
gva¨‡g D`vniY w`‡q welqwU m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv w`‡q Ø›Ø wbimb Kiv| †kªwYK‡ÿ hZ‡ewk
Ø›Ø ˆZwi K‡i welqwU eySv‡bv ev wkLb ZZB ¯úó n‡e| †kªwYK‡ÿ Gfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡`i
gv‡S Ø›Ø ˆZwi K‡i cvV`v‡b GwM‡q hvIqvi c×wZ‡K aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZ ejv nq| GB
c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©i †Kvb fyj aviYv _vK‡j `~i nq Ges fyj wkLb ms‡kvab Kiv
hvq|

Lv`¨ MÖnY
e„w× ‡iPb
cywó

k¦mb Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ esk

e
g„Zz¨
DÏxcbv PjvPj

wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Pjyb Gevi Avgiv ÔÔRx‡ei ˆewkó¨ÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘ †_‡K wb‡Pi Kv‡Ri
wewfbœ Ni¸‡jv c~iY Kwi Ges c‡i cÖ‡kœi DËi¸‡jv wjLvi †Póv Kwi| †jLv †k‡l m¤¢ve¨
Dˇii mv‡_ cÖ‡qvR‡b cvV¨eB wgwj‡q †bB|
KvR- 3

Lv`¨ MÖnY

Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨

g„Zz¨

257
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

cÖkœ:
1. Rx‡ei cÖavb jÿY Kx?
2. Rx‡ei †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Roe¯‘ †_‡K mn‡RB c„_K Kiv hvq?
3. Rxe‡`‡n wewfbœ wµqvKjvc m¤ú‡bœi Rb¨ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| GB kw³ †Kv_v †_‡K
cvq?
4. cywó Kx?
5. Rxe‡`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© AcmvwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?
6. Rx‡ei AvKvi AvqZb I IRb evov‡K Kx e‡j?
7. †Kvb ˆewkó¨ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Rxe mvov †`q?
8. Rx‡ei esk e„w×i cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?

258
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 30
g~j wkLbxq welq

†cv÷e·, aviYv gvbwPÎ I aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZi gva¨‡g ÔRx‡ei ˆewkó¨Õ kxl©K
welqe¯‘ cvV`vb

†cv÷e·: †cv÷e· AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb cwi‡ek ˆZwii Rb¨ GKwU AvaywbK

 c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`vbKv‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i hZUv `j Kiv nq ZZUv nvW© †evW© wKsev
†gvUv KvMR w`‡q †cv÷-e· ˆZwi Kiv nq| cÖwZ`‡j GKwU K‡i ev· Ges wKQy mv`v
KvMR UzK‡iv K‡i †K‡U †`qv nq| wkÿK †h welqe¯‘ cvV`vb Ki‡eb †mB welqe¯‘ †_‡K
mswÿß DËig~jK GKvwaK cÖkœ Kiv nq| wkÿK cÖwZwU cÖwkÿYv_x© `‡j mgmsL¨K cÖkœ
m¤^wjZ Kg©cÎ mieivn Ki‡eb| cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡e cÖ_‡g wb‡Ri `jMZ †Uwej
Ges c‡i Ny‡i Ny‡i Ab¨vb¨ †Uwe‡j wM‡q cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKKfv‡e me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi Avjv`v
Avjv`v KvM‡R wj‡L KvMRUv fvuR K‡i †cv÷e‡· †djv| mevi DËi †kl nIqvi ci
cÖwkÿYv_x©MY wbR wbR `‡ji †Uwe‡j wd‡i G‡m †cv÷· Ly‡j cÖkœ Abymv‡i DËi¸‡jv
Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ `jMZfv‡e GKwU mswÿßmvi ˆZwi Ki‡eb Ges
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|

aviYv gvbwPÎ: GwU AskMÖnYg~jK cvV`v‡bi ev wkL‡bi GKwU PgrKvi c×wZ| GB

c×wZ‡Z †kªwYi wba©vwiZ mg‡q A‡bK †ewk welqe¯‘ cvV`vb Kiv m¤¢e| GB c×wZ‡Z
wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K aviYv gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Ki‡ZI †`qv nq A_ev ˆZwiK…Z aviYv gvbwPÎ e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z wKsev GKwU wel‡qi mwnZ Ab¨ wel‡qi m¤úK© ‰Zwi Ki‡Z †`qv n‡q _v‡K| aviYv
gvbwPÎ n‡PQ GKwU c~Y©v½ cv‡Vi mvims‡ÿc Kivi GKwU c×wZ| GB gvbwP‡Î GKwU
welq e¯‘i we‡kl we‡kl Ask, kã, evK¨ A_ev msÁv, D`vniY hv hv e¨vL¨v Kiv wKsev
eySv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e GKwU KvM‡R mvwR‡q wj‡L GKwUi mwnZ
Ab¨wUi m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv nq| †hgb:-

Av‡jv Aw·‡Rb evqy gÛj Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW

Av‡jv Aa¨vq AÜKvi Aa¨vq

mv‡jvK ms‡kølY

†K¬v‡ivwdj cvwb

cvZv NADPH2+ATP kK©iv d‡UvjvBwmm

259
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

aviYv Ø›Ø: cÖwkÿYv_x©MY Zuvi mvgvwRK A_ev cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K, c~e© cyiæl‡`i
cvjbxq cÖ_v, ms¯‹…wZ ixwZ-bxwZ †`‡L hv wk‡L G‡m‡Q we`¨vjq cwi‡e‡k G‡m †mB wkLb
hw` ûeû bv wg‡j ZLbB Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ aviYv Ø›Ø ˆZwi nq| wkÿ‡Ki KZ©e¨ ZLb hyw³,
D`vniY, cixÿv-wbixÿv I cÖgvY †`wL‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i †mB Ø›Ø wbimb Kiv| GQvov GKRb
wkÿv_x© GKfv‡e, GKA‡_© ev Kv‡R GKwU wkLb AR©b K‡i‡Q, GLb hw` †mB wkLb wewfbœ
fv‡e, A‡_© ev Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi K_v ejv nq ZLbI Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ aviYv Ø›Ø ˆZwi n‡e|
GBfv‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ hZ †ewk Ø›Ø ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e wkLb ZZ‡ewk ¯úó n‡e| †kªwY K‡ÿ
Gfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡`i gv‡S Ø›Ø ‰Zwi K‡i cvV`v‡b GwM‡q hvIqvi c×wZ‡K aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZ
ejv nq| aviYv Ø›Ø c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i åvšÍ aviYv A_ev fyj wkLb ms‡kvab Kiv hvq|

aviYv gvbwPÎ

Zvc Lv`¨ MÖnY cywó e„w× ‡iPb

k¦mb
Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ esk
e

DÏxcbv PjvPj kw³ g„Zz¨

Rx‡ei ˆewk‡ó¨i aviYv gvbwPÎ

cÖkœ: Rx‡ei cÖavb jÿY Kx?
 Rx‡ei Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ Av‡Q| Rxe Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i, Pjv‡div K‡i, eske„w× K‡i|

cÖkœ: Rx‡ei †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Roe¯‘ †_‡K mn‡RB c„_K Kiv hvq?
 Rxe DÏxcbvq mvov †`q, Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i, wb‡R wb‡R Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘
Roe¯‘ DÏxcbvq mvov †`q bv, Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i bv Ges wb‡R wb‡R Pjv‡div
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

cÖkœ: Rxe‡`‡n wewfbœ wµqvKjvc m¤ú‡bœi Rb¨ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| GB kw³ †Kv_v †_‡K
cvq?
 Rxe Lv`¨ †_‡K kw³ ‡c‡q _v‡K|

cÖkœ: cywó Kx?

260
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 †h cÖwµqvq Rxe‡`‡ni ÿqc~iY, e„w×mvab Ges KvR Kivi kw³ Drcbœ nq Zv‡KB
cywó e‡j|

cÖkœ: Rxe‡`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© AcmvwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?

 Rxe‡`n †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© AcmvwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K †iPb e‡j|

cÖkœ: Rx‡ei †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q Riæix cÖ‡qvRb Kx?

 Rx‡ei †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q Riæix n‡”Q Aw·‡Rb| Rxe evZvm †_‡K
cÖk¦v‡mi mv‡_ Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K|

cÖk:œ Rx‡ei AvKvi AvqZb I IRb evov‡K Kx e‡j?

 Rx‡ei AvKvi I IRb evov‡K e„w× e‡j|

cÖk:œ Rx‡ei e„wׇZ †Kvb Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi f~wgKv †ewk?

 Rxe‡`‡ni e„„w×i Rb¨ Avwg‡li f~wgKv cÖavb|

cÖkœ: †Kvb ‰ewkó¨ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Rxe mvov †`q?

 Rxe Abyf~wZi Rb¨ mvov †`q|

cÖkœ: Rx‡ei esk e„w×i cÖwµqv‡K Kx e‡j?

 Rx‡ei esk e„w×i cÖwµqv‡K cÖRbb e‡j|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- L
Av‡jv Aw·‡Rb evqy gÛj Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW

Av‡jv Aa¨vq AÜKvi Aa¨vq

mv‡jvK ms‡kølY

†K¬v‡ivwdj cvwb

cvZv NADPH2+ATP kK©iv d‡UvjvBwmm

261
 weÁvb wkÿY- 1

ce©- M

Lv`¨ MÖnY
e„w× ‡iPb
cywó

k¦mb Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ esk

e
g„Zz¨
DÏxcbv PjvPj

262
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU-3 Awa‡ekb-31

fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi gva¨‡g ÔÔ¯^v¯’¨ I

cwi‡ekÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb
f~wgKv
fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY c×wZ‡Z weÁvb wkÿ‡Y welqe¯‘ mgm¨vi AvKv‡i †`‡L Zvi
Av‡jv‡K fwel¨ZevYx Kiv nq| Gici `jMZfv‡e A_ev GKKfv‡e mgm¨vwU ch©‡eÿY I
e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi ci cÖK…Z wm×v‡šÍ Avmv nq| mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Y welqe¯‘
mgm¨vi AvKv‡i mieivn Kiv nq| wkÿv_©xiv `jMZfv‡e wPšÍvfvebv I gZ wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb Luy‡R †ei K‡ib|

D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY c×wZi aviYv ¯úóKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ek kxl©K welqe¯‘ fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M cvV`vb
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v‡¯’¨i mv‡_ cwi‡e‡ki m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ek cvV`v‡b mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwi‡ek wech©‡q MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqvi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z †kªYx cvV`v‡b cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i
`jMZ Kv‡R m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡køl‡Yi aviYv MVb
 wkÿv_©xiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ 8wU `‡j Ggbfv‡e wef³ nb †hb cÖwZwU `‡j Kgc‡ÿ GKRb
RxeweÁv‡bi wkÿv_©x _v‡K Ges cyiæl I gwnjvi mgš^q mvwaZ nq| Gici `jMZfv‡e
wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Kiæb| cÖkœ¸‡jv
nj
 fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY c×wZ Kx?
 mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ Kx?
 G `y‡Uv c×wZ‡Z weÁvb wkÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq Kx?
 my¯^v¯’¨ iÿvq cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx?

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cÖwZwU `jB Zv‡`i `jMZ Kv‡Ri †cv÷vi †`qv‡j Szjv‡eb| GKwU `‡ji `j‡bZv Zv‡`i
KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb Ges Ab¨vb¨ `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i DËi wgwj‡q †b‡eb Ges †Kv_vqI
Am½wZ _vK‡j ms‡kvab K‡i ‡b‡eb|

ce©- L: ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ek cv‡V fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY c×wZ cÖ‡qvM

 Rvcvbx GKwU ch©‡eÿK `j wKQyw`b c~‡e© evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi mvgwMªK AvenIqv
ch©‡eÿY K‡i gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb- ÔÔevsjv‡`‡k Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i w`b w`b AebwZ n‡e Ges AvMvgx
2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqvi d‡j mgMÖ c„w_exmn evsjv‡`‡k gvivZ¥Kfv‡e
cwi‡ek wech©q NU‡e|Ó -fwelrevYxwUi †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ cwi‡e‡ki Dci
ch©‡eÿY Ges msMÖnK…Z Z‡_¨i e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiæb| GQvov Z_¨mvgMÖx, PvU© Ges MÖxY
nvDR M¨vm wbM©g‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wejvm `ªe¨vw`i e¨envi ch©‡eÿY K‡i Ges MÖxY nvDR
M¨v‡mi cÖfve m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ covi ci wPšÍv K‡i Ges cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v
we‡kølY Kivi ci fwelrevYxwUi h_v_©Zv cªgv‡Yi c‡ÿ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|

MÖxb nvDR
c„w_exi kxZ cÖavb †`k¸‡jv‡Z ZvcgvÎv Kg _vKvq MÖx®§Kvjxb MvQ cvjv Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i
bv| GRb¨ GK we‡kl ai‡bi Kuv‡Pi Ni ˆZwi K‡i MvQcvjv jvMv‡bv nq| NiwU Kuv‡Pi
ˆZwi nIqvq mn‡R m~‡h©i Av‡jvK iwk¥ N‡ii wf‡Zi cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡jv N‡i cÖ‡ek
Kivi d‡j N‡ii wfZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv e„w×cvq Ges Zvc KuvP †f` K‡i evB‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i
bv| Kuv‡Pi NiwU K…wÎg fv‡e Mig _v‡K Ges Gi ZvcgvÎv evB‡ii ZvcgvÎv A‡cÿv †ewk
nq, hv kvK-mewR, djg~j, `y®úªvc¨ Dw™¢` Rb¥v‡bvi R‡b¨ Dc‡hvMx| Kuv‡Pi ˆZwi GB
NiwU‡K ÔÔMÖxb nvDRÕÕ ejv nq|

MÖxb nvDR M¨vm

MÖxb nvD‡R KuvP †hgb Zvc a‡i ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Kuv‡Pi Ni‡K Mig iv‡L|
GKBfv‡e cÖK…wZ‡Z wKQy M¨vm Zvc a‡i iv‡L Ges MÖxb nvD‡Ri Kuv‡Pi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvq| G mg¯Í M¨vm‡K MÖxb nvDR M¨vm ejv nq| MÖxb nvDR
M¨vm¸‡jv nj-Kve©b-WvB-AK&ªvBW, wg‡_b, †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b, bvBUªvm AK&ªvBW, Rjxq
ev®ú I I‡Rvb BZ¨vw`|

c„w_ex‡Z Rx‡ei emev‡mi R‡b¨ cwiwgZ gvÎvq wewfbœ M¨vm i‡q‡Q| G mg¯Í M¨vm Av‡Q
e‡jB evqygÛ‡j cwiwgZ DòZv _v‡K Ges gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ Rxe fvjfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z
cv‡i| MÖxb nvDR M¨vm bv _vK‡j c„w_ex AZ¨šÍ kxZj n‡q †hZ Ges Rx‡ei ev‡mi
Aby‡cv‡hvMx n‡q coZ|

MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqv

c„w_exi mKj cÖvYx I Dw™¢`Ky‡ji †eu‡P _vKvi R‡b¨ AbyKzj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi
c„w_ex‡Z G AbyK~j ZvcgvÎv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ wewfbœ M¨vm wbw`©ó gvÎvq _v‡K| wKš‘ G

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M¨vm¸‡jvi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j c„w_exi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U| c„w_exc„ô †_‡K
Zvc wewKwiZ nevi mgq evqygÛ‡j Aew¯’Z MÖxb nvDR M¨vm †m¸‡jv †kvlY K‡i| Gi
d‡j evqygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq, GKBfv‡e c„w_ex c„‡ôi ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvq| Kv‡RB
evqygÛ‡j MÖxY nvDR M¨v‡mi cwigvY evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ evqygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎvI †e‡o hvq|
eZ©vgv‡b gvbyl KZ…©K KvV-Kqjv, Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx, wkí KviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z ayqv,
†iwd«Rv‡iUi, Gqvi KwÛkbvi, †¯cÖ K¨vb, cøvw÷K `ªe¨vw`, †dvg, G‡ivmj BZ¨vw`
e¨env‡ii d‡j evqygÛ‡j MÖxb nvDR M¨v‡mi cwigvY gvivZ¥Kfv‡e †e‡o hv‡”Q, hv
cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ ZvcgvÎv‡K gnvï‡Y¨ ‡h‡Z evav cÖ`vb Ki‡Q Ges cybivq Zv c„w_ex‡Z
wd‡i Avm‡Q Ges c„w_ex‡K DËß Ki‡Q| MÖxb nvD‡Ri mv‡_ wgj †i‡LB weÁvbxiv c„w_exi
evqygÛ‡j AbywôZ G NUbvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqv|

MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqvi cÖfve

MÖxb nvDR M¨vm e„w×i d‡j ZvcgvÎvi fwel¨r-e„w×i wbw`©ó cwigvY wb‡q we‡klÁ gn‡j
wfbœgZ _vK‡jI Zv 2050 mvj bvMv` †gvUv‡gvwU 2.0 †_‡K 4.5 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm evo‡e
e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡”Q| †Kbbv AvMvgx 40 eQi MÖxb nvDR M¨vm I ZvcgvÎv K‡g hvevi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kvb jÿY †bB| g‡b Kiv n‡”Q, welye A‡ji Zzjbvq Zzlvi Ave„Z †giæ
A‡j ZvcgvÎv `ªæZ evo‡Q| Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q 2030 mv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖxb nvDR cÖfv‡ei
d‡j mgy‡`ªi D”PZv 30 †_‡K 40 †mw›UwgUvi †e‡o hv‡e| d‡j mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x A‡bK
†`k mgy`ªM‡f© wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ wejxb n‡q hv‡e| fviZ gnvmvMi c„ô †_‡K gvÎ K‡qK dzU
DPz gvjØxc cÖvqB R‡jv”Qv‡mi wkKvi nq| MÖxb nvD‡Ri d‡j mgy‡`ªi RjfvM 1 wgUvi e„w×
†c‡j DcK~jxq A‡ji cÖvq 56.08 jÿ GKi Rwg RjgMœ n‡e hv †`‡ki †gvU Rwgi
cÖvq 15.8 kZvsk| Avi G mg¯Í AÂj¸‡jv Wy‡e hvevi d‡j cÖvq 1 †KvwU gvbyl ev¯‘nviv
n‡q co‡e|

ce©- M: ¯^v¯’¨ I cwi‡ek cv‡V mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM

 cwi‡ek wech©‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi cÖfve gvbe ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci c‡o| w`b w`b GUvB cÖZxqgvb
n‡”Q †h, cwi‡ekB ¯^v‡¯’¨i wbqš¿K| wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v ÔûÕ Gi g‡Z ÔÔgvbe ¯^v¯’¨ e¨e¯’v
KwZcq cwi‡ekxq d¨v±i KZ…©K wbqwš¿ZÕÕ| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v¯’¨ w`b w`b †f‡½ co‡Q|
GwU GKwU gvivZ¥K mgm¨v| gvbe ¯^v¯’¨ †Kej gvÎ Lv`¨ I cywói DciB wbf©i K‡i bv|
Dchy³ evm¯’vb, cwi”Qbœ cwi‡ek, wekªvg, e¨vqvg, wPË we‡bv`b, wPwKrmvi my‡hvM myweav
G¸‡jv my¯^v¯’¨i Rb¨ Acwinvh©| evsjv‡`‡k evm Dc‡hvMx cwi‡e‡ki AcÖZzjZv i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 91 Rb †jvK MÖv‡g evm K‡i| MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk evm¯’v‡bi cwi‡ek
cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ges ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z bq| eû ¯’v‡bB gjg~Î I AveR©bv wb®‹vk‡bi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z
e¨e¯’v †bB| cvb Dc‡hvMx weï× cvwbi Afve i‡q‡Q cÖvq me©Î| KviY †`‡ki AwaKvsk
†Rjvi bjKzc¸‡jv Av‡m©wb‡K `~wlZ| kni¸‡jvi Ae¯’v wKQyUv fvj n‡jI †mLv‡bI
AveR©bv I cqtwb®‹vl‡Yi Ae¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y weï× cvwbi Afve i‡q‡Q| †ivM e¨vwa `~i
Kivi mye¨e¯’vI GLv‡b †bB| wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi gZ Abymv‡i cÖwZ 100 Rb †jv‡Ki
wecix‡Z GKRb Wv³vi cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Ae¯’v Gi wfbœiƒc| GLv‡b cÖwZ

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12119 Rb †jv‡Ki Rb¨ i‡q‡Q 1 Rb Wv³vi| GQvov RbmsL¨v e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× ‡c‡jI
†m nv‡i evo‡Q bv wb‡qvwRZ Wv³v‡ii msL¨v| GQvov wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi g~j¨ e„w×
cvIqvq gvbyl Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b cywói Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ †L‡Z cvi‡Q bv weavq w`b w`b
Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i AebwZ NU‡Q| K‡g hv‡”Q RvZxq Drcv`b, evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q mvgvwRK I RvZxq
DbœwZ| GQvov gvbyl Zv‡`i emev‡mi cÖ‡qvR‡b ebvÂj aŸsm Ki‡Q, RxeRš‘ †g‡i
†dj‡Q, Rjvkq fivU Ki‡Q, KjKviLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Q; hvi Øviv cwi‡e‡ki wech©q †`Lv
w`‡”Q| XvKvi nvRvixev†Mi U¨vbvwi ‡_‡K e¨vcK nv‡i KwVb I Zij eR©¨ wbM©Z n‡”Q; hv
cwi‡ek‡K e¨vcKfv‡e `~wlZ Ki‡Q Ges gvbe ¯^v‡¯’¨i ûgwK¯^iƒc n‡q D‡V‡Q|

G mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í wewfbœ `jxq Av‡jvPbvq gv_v LvUv‡eb, mevi gZvgZ wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g bvbv ai‡bi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡eb, Z_¨ we‡kølY Ki‡eb Ges `jxq wm×v‡šÍi wfwˇZ
Rb¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ hvevi KviY D`NvUb Ki‡eb|

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BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 31

g~j wkLbxq welq

fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi gva¨‡g ÔÔ¯^v¯’¨ I
cwi‡ekÕÕ kxl©K welqe¯‘ cvV`vb

fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY c×wZ
 G c×wZ‡Z weÁvb wkÿ‡Y welqe¯‘ mgm¨vi AvKv‡i †`‡L Zvi Av‡jv‡K fwelrevbx Ki‡Z
nq| Gici `jMZfv‡e A_ev GKKfv‡e mgm¨vwU ch©‡eÿY I e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi ci cÖK…Z
wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z nq|

mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ

G c×wZ‡Z cvV`vbKv‡j wkÿK‡K welqe¯‘ mgm¨vi AvKv‡i mieivn Ki‡Z nq|
wkÿv_©xiv `jMZfv‡e wPšÍv fvebv I Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei
K‡ib|

Dch©³
y c×wZ `y‡Uv cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq
`y-†ÿ‡ÎB wkÿK bvbv iKg Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó
Ki‡eb| wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Kiv, Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv Ges
`jMZ Kv‡R mevB‡K m¤ú„³ ivLv|

my¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi Dcv`vb

my¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mylg Lv`¨, cwiwgZ Avnvi, wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Ges wbg©j
cwi‡ek|

Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i AebwZ I cwi‡ek wech©q

mf¨Zvi µ‡gvbœwZ, wkívqb, RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb, wejvm `ªe¨, †hgb- †iwd«Rv‡iUi,
cøvw÷K `ªe¨vw`, G‡ivmj, Gwm, †¯cÖ K¨vb, †dvg BZ¨vw`i e¨envi e„w×i d‡j evhygÛ‡j
MÖxbnvDR M¨vm e„w×i cvkvcvwk I‡Rvb M¨v‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| d‡j evsjv‡`kmn
mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx evhygÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv BwZg‡a¨B †e‡o †M‡Q Ges w`b w`b e„w×iZ Ae¯’vq
Av‡Q| Gi cÖgvY¯^iƒc G›UvK©wUKvq e¨vcK nv‡i eid Mjb NU‡Q; hv cwi‡ek wech©‡qi
Rb¨ ûgKx¯^iƒc| ZvcgvÎv e„w× cvIqvq †giæ A‡ji eid Mj‡bi d‡j mgy‡`ªi D”PZv
e„w× cv‡”Q| Rvcvbx GKwU ch©‡eÿK `j evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi mvgwMªK AvenIqv ch©‡eÿY
K‡i gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb- ÔÔevsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i w`b w`b AebwZ n‡e Ges AvMvgx 2030
mv‡ji g‡a¨ MÖxb nvDR cÖwZwµqvi d‡j mgMÖ c„w_exmn evsjv‡`‡k gvivZ¥K fv‡e cwi‡ek

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wech©q NU‡e|Ó ZvB GLb †_‡KB MÖxbnvDR †ivaK‡í e¨vcK nv‡i ebvÂj aŸsm,
G¨v‡iv‡mvj, Gwm, †dvg, †¯cÖ K¨vb BZ¨vw` e¨envi n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk AwaKnv‡i
MvQcvjv †ivcbmn cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y m‡PZbZv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

fwel¨Z-ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY I mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z weÁvb cvV`v‡b

wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq
G c×wZ‡Z weÁvb cvV`v‡b welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K wkÿK‡K GKwU fwel¨revYx Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges fwel¨revYxwU KZUzKz hyw³m½Z Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i Øviv ch©‡eÿY Kiv‡Z n‡e Ges
msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i fwel¨revYxwUi h_v_©Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK
†KejgvÎ mnvq‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb| mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K
welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cÖwZ `‡j mieivn Ki‡eb|
wkÿv_©xMY Z_¨ msMÖn, we‡kølY, cixÿY I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i AebwZ

AcwiKwíZ RbmsL¨v e„w×, mylg Lv`¨vfve, wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi AcÖZzjZv, my‡hvM myweavi
Afve, mxwgZ m¤ú`, wPË-we‡bv`‡bi Afve, gvwU, cvwb, evqy `ylY BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i gvivZ¥K AebwZ NU‡Q|

cwi‡ek wech©q
mf¨Zvi µgAMÖMwZi d‡j wkí KjKviLvbv ¯’vcb, emZevwo wbg©vY, AcwiKwíZfv‡e eb
wbab, e¨vcK nv‡i Rxev®§ R¡vjvwbi e¨envi, KjKviLvbv I hvbevn‡bi Kv‡jv ayqv,
wejvm`ªe¨, †hgb- wd«R, G‡ivmj, †¯cÖ K¨vb, Gwm, BZ¨vw` e¨env‡ii d‡j c„w_exe¨vcx
gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢` I cÖvwYKz‡ji Rb¨ ixwZgq mgm¨v n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| Avi gvbem„ó G
mg¯Í Kvi‡Y MÖxb nvDR M¨v‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q, hv †giæ A‡ji eid Mj‡bi cÖavb
KviY Ges Gi d‡j †`Lv w`‡”Q fqven cwi‡ek wech©q|

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