Industrial (Factory) Lecture

DISCLAIMER
This material is a compilation of notes, information, pictures, journals, books,

magazines, internet sources, and other various references for the purpose of
further studying this subject matter.
ArcStudio, its offices, members and professional affiliates do not claim any expressed
or implied authorship, ownership and patents relating to any and/or all contents
found herein. Some contents herein may be claimed by the rightful owners.
This material should be read with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically
analyzed. Errors and / or corrections should be immediately reported to ArcStudio.
10
INDUSTRIAL
(FACTORY)
INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Definition
-is a building enclosure and site within which goods are manufactured,
assembled, stored or shipped/transshipped. Manufacturing processes
continually develop, improve and evolve, but have generally been classified as
either:
1. A transformation of elemental raw materials into a finished product or
material that requires further manufacturing to become a finished product
(commonly referred to as Heavy Industry). These are typified by traditional
industries, such as
- Steel manufacture
- Chemical manufacture
- Refining Plants,
2. An assembly process which integrates finished components into

a finished product (commonly referred to as Light or Medium
Industry). These are typified as follows:
- Automotive manufacturing,
- White Goods manufacturing
- Electronics Manufacturing
3. Technology manufacturing is rapidly evolving from the development of

artificial/assisted intelligence, communications and biotechnology.
The key stages of the development of manufacturing which have

influenced the design and nature of industrial building have been:
1. Craft-based manufacture, where individuals or small groups of individuals

created the finished product from elemental raw materials. The building which
facilitated this were in the main, relatively small-scale workshops, or indeed,
individuals dwellings.
2. Power-assisted manufacture, where production machines were powered

rather than manually operated. Significantly, the use of power increased the
capacity of the machine and allowed the subdivision of the production process,
decreasing reliance on the skill of the individual.
3. The assembly line. The development of compact individual electrical, fluid- or

air-driven ‘engines’ released the production machine from the constraint of being
tied to a central power engine. These new machines had relatively unlimited
capacity and power. Together, these factors allowed machines to be located to
match the assembly sequence needed to produce the final product. The
assembly evolved.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTION BUILDING TYPES
Factories can be broadly categorized as bespoke or generic.

These include:
• Light production industries

• Medium production industries
• High or mass production industries
The greatest need for careful and thoughtful design is in this field.
These industries can be subdivided into:
• Light – medium small-scale engineering and assembly, clothing

factories, paint shops.
• General – medium batch production of components for other

factories, medium-sized printing.
• Heavy – medium industries requiring intensive use of buildings

and services as in mass production.
Heavy industries
Industries such as steel-making and shipbuilding require spaces (not necessarily enclosed)
designed around the work or the mechanical plant,
Light & Medium production industries
Typical process flow diagram for light production and assembly such as small electronic
components’ manufacture, and similar high-technology processes.
Section through unit

Light production industries
Section through typical factories for light, high-technology production; multi-storey

construction, as new or conversion of existing building: could be flatted units
Light production and assembly: single storey for small-scale

and high-technology assembly. High degree of service freedom in
roof zone
Heavy production industries
Process flow diagram for mass production and assembly. This applies to high volume line assembly as
in the motor industry, with some components being built into sub-assemblies before final assembly on
the main line
Section through typical purpose-built batch production building. The spans, typically 1812 m and
trussed roof construction
Heavy production industries
Part plan of traditional type. Heavy duty gantry cranes move work
pieces to appropriate machine tools and assembly areas.
Section
Part plan
OUTLINE SPECIFICATION OF A TYPICAL MULTI-STRATEGY FACTORY
Type of industries for Suitable for most manufacturing functions, excluding “light”, “heavy” and
which appropriate “process” industries.
Size of project Suitable for projects from about 1000m2 upwards.
Type of project Sets out general requirements of projects (adaptations and extensions of
existing premises), or parts of these projects, free from special restraints.
CRITERION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION DESIGN NOTES
Requirements of the process
Adaptability Should be designed for general- Building positioned on site with possible room
purpose use and not around a for extension.
particular process. Single-storey building designed as a large open
space. Standardized, mainly dry construction,
easily extended or modified, framework able to
carry a variety of alternative roof and wall
cladding. Services and handling equipment.
Plan Shape Rectangular form maximizes Rectangular plan form with a ratio between 1:1
usable area and facilitates and 3:1 for its sides (minimizes internal travel
extension. distances where no particular traffic routes are
dictated by process).
Physical Workplace environment and Toxic or corrosive hazards within the general
Environment energy efficiency are very space should be isolated. High standards of
important cleanliness or hygiene from some high-
technology factories.
Structural Design for heaviest likely load Ideal point loads of 36kN, 25kN sufficient for
Loadings within economic restraints. general-purpose use buildings less than 6m
high to eaves. 30kN/m2 distributed loading for
dense storage.
Structural Most critical dimension is internal 12m or18m span bays are unlikely to increase
Dimensions clear height. Height needed for high costs significantly over smaller spans.
stacking, overhead equipment, Internal clear height minimum of 6m. Main
possibly facility to install mezzanines, vehicle entrance doors is 5m.
overhead conveyors, space for
services needed above clear height High stacking, overhead hoists or mezzanine
level. floors, a minimum height of 7.5m.
Environmental requirements of the labor force

Thermal Minimum temperatures: heavy work Most light industry plant should be able to
Environment 10°C, light work 13°C, sedentary 16°C. provide a temperature of 18-21°C.
Mechanical ventilation (in factories of average
or greater size), air change rate is a minimum
of 51/s/ person
Acoustic Noise from production processes can Thermal insulation material can give a
Environment be controlled by encapsulating measure of acoustic control, particularly in
machinery and by using interspersed providing absorption.
storage stacks.
Fire Protection General requirement of fire safety is Fire division walls and sprinklers may be
at variance with the general required to obtain acceptable insurance rate.
production need for open space. “Fire curtains” in roof space, fire vents in roof
surface of total area not less than 1% of floor
area. Avoidance of combustible materials in
sheeted claddings.
Explosion Blow-out panels, or placing part of
Hazard process outside the main building
Building The cost of using a factory building is Concrete floor slab, exposed structural
Economics an important element in the long-term framework and services, simple finishes, such
cost of manufacturing. as painted steelwork, untreated concrete,
fairfaced brickwork, self-finished insulating
materials forming roof lining.
Construction methods
Steel and combination of concrete are normally used for

industrial building
Construction methods Primary beam or Structural steel elements
girder are used to construct a
Secondary beams skeleton frame similar to
wood post-and-beam
construction.
Beams may be:

Beam supported
Column supported
Wall supported
Steel framing is most efficient
when it is laid out along a
regular grid
To resist lateral wind or
earthquake forces, shear
planes, diagonal bracing, or
rigid frames with moment-
Steel is normally used for industrial resisting connection can be
building to minimize column used.
and obstruction
Construction methods
Primary
beams
Secondary
beams
TRIPLE BEAM SYSTEM
Long-span
member
INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING
GENERAL LIGHTING- ambient lights as main source
Use louvred luminaires as light sources such as fluorescent lamps or compact
fluorescent lamps. Their name derives from their anti-dazzle attachments that may be
anti-glare louvres, light controlling specular reflectors or prismatic diffusers.
Being fitted with linear light sources of low luminance louvred luminaires
produce little or no modelling effects. They generally have wide-beam light distribution,
with the result that louvred luminaires are predominantly used for lighting wide areas.
INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING
Mounting options for louvred luminaires: recessed ceiling,

surface, mounting on tracks, walls, floor-standing or pendant
mounting.
Appropriate materials
Floor: Rubberized epoxy paint
Office: Tiles, Vinyl
Ceiling: exposed ceiling
Walls: Gloss
White
Tables: Laminate
Spray paint
Colors
.Walls: White or gray
Accent: Corporate colors
Paints
Walls: GLOSS FOR WALLS
Latex for concrete
Enamel for drywall and steel
Exposed ceiling: Paint with white or gray/black
Provide heat insulation
Use rubberized epoxy paint for floor

Production area
Production area
END

Industrial (Factory) Lecture

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Industrial (Factory) Lecture

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Industrial (Factory) Lecture

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DISCLAIMER

This material is a compilation of notes, information, pictures, journals, books,

2. An assembly process which integrates finished components into

3. Technology manufacturing is rapidly evolving from the development of

The key stages of the development of manufacturing which have

1. Craft-based manufacture, where individuals or small groups of individuals

2. Power-assisted manufacture, where production machines were powered

3. The assembly line. The development of compact individual electrical, fluid- or

Factories can be broadly categorized as bespoke or generic.

• Light production industries

• Light – medium small-scale engineering and assembly, clothing

• General – medium batch production of components for other

• Heavy – medium industries requiring intensive use of buildings

Section through unit

Section through typical factories for light, high-technology production; multi-storey

Light production and assembly: single storey for small-scale

Environmental requirements of the labor force

Steel and combination of concrete are normally used for

Beams may be:

TRIPLE BEAM SYSTEM

Mounting options for louvred luminaires: recessed ceiling,

Provide heat insulation

Use rubberized epoxy paint for floor

You might also like