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    Types of Vaccine 2024

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    Types of Vaccine 2024

    Uploaded by

    qualitykinder
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    Types of vaccine 2024

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    Types of Vaccine 2024

    Uploaded by

    qualitykinder

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    Types of vaccine: Vaccines can be synthesized in many ways based on which they are

    classified:
    1. Live attenuated vaccines
    Pathogens like virus or bacteria are weakened by genetic manipulations to limit its growth and thus
    do not cause disease to the host. In some modified versions of live vaccine an organism that is
    related to the pathogen is used that naturally grows poorly in humans. The weakened pathogen
    generates a broad immune response in the host similar to that shown by an infected individual with a
    natural pathogen.
    Examples:
     Oral Sabin polio vaccine
     MRV Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella)
     Nasal influenza vaccine
     Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine
     Varicella vaccine
     Rotavirus vaccine
    2. Inactivated or Dead vaccines
    The disease-causing pathogen is killed or inactivated, usually through a thermal (application of high
    temperature) or chemical (formalin etc.) process. Such vaccines, when administered, elicit a robust
    immune response that mimics most of the responses seen during an infection.
    Examples:
     Typhoid vaccine
     Influenza vaccine
     Salk polio vaccine
     Hepatitis A vaccine
    3. Acellular or Subunit vaccines
    Acellular means not containing the whole cells. Acellular vaccines do not contain the whole bacteria
    or viruses. Instead, they contain polysaccharides or proteins from the surface of the bacteria or virus.
    These polysaccharides or proteins are the parts that our immune system recognizes as ‘foreign’ and
    evoke immune response against them. There are many types of a cellular vaccines:
    A. Toxoid Vaccine: Some pathogenic bacteria release toxins or poisonous proteins when they
    attack the body. Some vaccines are made by inactivating these toxins chemically and called
    ‘toxoids’, because they look like toxins but not poisonous. They trigger a strong immune
    response.
    Examples:
     Diphtheria vaccine
     Tetanus vaccine
     Pertussis vaccine

    B. Conjugate Vaccine: Earlier polysaccharide vaccines were made using sugar molecules
    present on the surface of the bacteria but it was found to be less effective in babies and young
    children. Researchers discovered that these vaccines can work better if the bacterial
    polysaccharide molecules are chemically linked or conjugated to a carrier protein. Addition of
    other proteins confers the immunological attributes of the carrier to the antigen and thus
    induces a stronger immune response effective enough for younger children also.
    Examples:
     Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine
     Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
     Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine
    C. Recombinant Vaccine: A small piece of the DNA is taken from the disease-causing
    bacterium or virus. The particular gene is incorporated into plasmid or a carrier vehicle which
    enables production of large quantities of well-defined proteins, which are then used as
    vaccines.
    Examples:
     Hepatitis B vaccine
     Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine
    D. DNA/RNA Vaccine: Genetic material, either DNA or RNA, from the pathogenic bacteria or
    virus is introduced into the human cells and then the cell machinery is employed to produce the
    protein encoded by the inserted gene(s) of the pathogen. Our body’s immune system
    detects such protein as a foreign agent and produces an immune response against the whole
    pathogen. At present, different types of nucleic-acid vaccines are in developmental, pre-clinical
    and clinical evaluation phases e.g HIV vaccine

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