M INISTRY OF E DUCATION , C ULTURE AND R ESEARCH OF R EPUBLIC OF M OLDOVA

T ECHNICAL U NIVERSITY OF M OLDOVA

FACULTY OF C OMPUTERS , I NFORMATICS AND M ICROELECTRONICS
D EPARTMENT OF S OFTWARE E NGINEERING AND AUTOMATICS

Greening the Gridlock: Optimizations & Simulations in

Sustainable Traffic Management
Project report

Mentor: prof., Vladimir Melnic

Students: Loredana Costin, FAF-232
Maria-Elena Botnari, FAF-232
Dumitru Belih, FAF-232
Adrian Vremere, FAF-232
Maxim Alexei, FAF-232

Chis, inău, 2024

 Content
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Problem Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Existing Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Comparative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Implementing Green-Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Software Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Modeling our city in the simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Implementing our solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The simulation’s results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 Introduction
Picture a busy city with crowded streets, cars moving slowly and horns honking. Traffic jams are
more than just inconveniences; they cause stress, waste time, and harm the environment. Imagine being late
for work because your bus is stuck in traffic, or missing time with your family because you’re trapped in a
sea of brake lights.
Across the world, traffic jams are a major problem, polluting the air and draining our resources. But
what if there was a way to improve the flow of traffic in our city streets? The concept of ”green lines” could
be the solution.
By optimizing traffic light timings and creating dedicated paths of green lights, we can revolutionize
how traffic moves through cities. This innovative approach offers the potential to reduce congestion, cut
down on travel time, and improve the overall quality of life for everyone living in the city. This project
examines the issue of traffic congestion and explores how implementing green lines can provide a solution.
By calculating the most efficient green and red timing for traffic lights at crucial intersections and connecting
them with green corridors, we aim to transform how people move around our city. Let’s delve deeper into
the concept of green lines and discover how they could be the key to unlocking smoother, more efficient
urban transportation.

3
 Problem Analysis
Problem Description
In recent years, in Chis, inău there was an increase in private car ownership, triggering a variety of
traffic-related challenges. The city is now trapped in a web of problems, ranging from a lack of parking
places to exacerbated traffic bottlenecks and streets clogged with illegal parking. This situation affects
residents from all walks of life, reaching every category of people[1] . From what we have seen and read, it
is said that the situation will get worse and worse, leading to the fact that life in urban areas will become a
nightmare for most of us. More precisely, there will be a progressive reduction in traffic speeds, meaning
that the fuel consumption will be enormously big compared to the last 10 years, which will lead to having
the need to invest too many costs for environmental pollution reduction. A recent study showed that from
2022 the price for oils has increased by 8%. Annually, inflation is estimated to be over 21,45%, showing
that we will not be able to pay that big amount of money for fuels[2] . According to some conservative
calculations, Increasing the average speed of private car journeys by 1 km/hr and public transport by 0.5
km/hr could reduce journey times and operating costs by 0.1% of GDP (Thomson, 2000b).
Congestion is mainly due to the intensive use of automobiles. It also has a direct impact on vehicles
trying to move about. This affects not only automobiles, but also lower-income public transport passengers,
causing longer journey times and higher charges. For example, at rush hours, people using public trans-
portation say that they stay an hour in traffic jams. The owners of the cars estimate also half an hour or an
hour staying in it, stating that they are tired of this situation daily[1][3] . The situation is further aggravated
in the regions where there are design problems, the style of driving which shows not even a bit of respect
for other drivers, and unsuitable management by the responsible authorities. Many drivers try to cut a few
seconds off their journey times by forcing their way into intersections and blocking the passage of others,
thus causing economic losses to them which are much greater than their own gains. Moreover, taxis do not
follow the rules of driving, crawling along looking for potential clients.
In addition to the words said above, the traffic flows often include old and poorly maintained ve-
hicles. These characteristics impose the fact that these cars are way slower than the newer ones, affecting
the smooth flow of traffic, blocking the lanes. Unfortunately, since people are confronting this unpleasant
situation day by day, they even have to deal with air and noise pollution, which creates a negative long-term
impact on health and sustainability. This is why it is crucial to control congestion to maintain a healthy
and sustainable city. The specialist of Liberal Europe said that the Republic of Moldova does not have any
industry, and the main cause of pollution in Chisinau is the increased number of cars. However, we can
not state the exact effect, because we do not have such measurements. He also added that the cars brought

4
from abroad are not verified according to the requirements of protecting the environment[1] . From the data
collected, it is estimated 70% of cars are based on Diesel fuel, which provokes a black hard and dense fog,
which is visible especially at night[1] .
According to transportation engineering, each type of vehicle is allotted a passenger car equivalent
known as a pcu, or passenger car unit. For example, a private car is equivalent to one pcu, whereas other
vehicles have equivalencies that correlate to their disruptive influence on traffic flow or the space they
occupy in it as compared to a private car. A bus is typically believed to be 3 pcus, while a truck is 2 pcus.
However, the pcu factor varies depending on whether the vehicle is approaching a junction or traveling
between two intersections. Although buses produce greater congestion than individual cars, they generally
transport more people. Thus, suppose a bus transports 50 passengers.
Data sourced from Statistica.md underscores the escalating vehicular presence, revealing a steady
climb from 12.4% in 2019 to 14.4% in 2022. This continuous uptrend signals an imminent need for strategic
interventions to navigate the consequences of the city’s growing reliance on cars[4] .

Figure 1.1 - Data regarding the escalating vehicular presence

Figure 1.2 - 10 most crowded intersections from Chisinau

5
 Figure 1.3 - Traffic congestion in Chisinau

Figure 1.4 - Data regarding the amount of electric cars in Chisinau

From this image (Figure 1.4), we can observe that the number of electric cars is still in minority,
which does not get our situation too good.
Another cause of congestion is that due to Chisinau’s most developed city from the Republic of
Moldova, it absorbed an inflow of people from rural areas. However, today, cities must provide a quality of
life that aligns with human dignity, in addition to the benefits of concentrated activity.
Congestion also interferes with Chisinau’s economic efficiency, since it has been exposed to an
extra cost for all the activities, for example the energy consumed, the number of accidents, the time spent
traveling, which blocks the development of the municipality by driving away the investors etc.
The system of transport infrastructures operates with some particular characteristics, including the
following:

6
 1. The demand for transport, which imposes the fact that people desire to work, shop, study, recreate and
relax;
2. Peak periods, meaning that a large number of journeys are concentrated at the same hours. Since
people want to make use of their time, it creates traffic jams;
3. People want to have a specific type of transportation, usually it is a car, because it is more secure, more
comfortable, and reliable;
4. It is extremely costly to satisfy the characteristics of rush hours;
5. Do not consider the routes and the possibilities of him going from A to B;
In response to this problem, there is a strong desire to expand the city’s road system. The common
notion is that expanding road networks will solve the rising traffic congestion. However, the crux of the
problem rests in specific focal places of the city, particularly crossroads and traffic circles, which act as
epicenters for the congestion dilemma.
As Chis, inău faces these issues, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive and long-term solution.
While improving physical infrastructure is still important, the challenge is to strike a balance between
individual mobility aspirations and the overall well-being of the city. The most logical approach is to focus
on improving the availability and quality of transportation infrastructure, vehicles, and management. This
will enhance travel capacity. It is also necessary to improve the design of the intersections, which means
that we should transform the circles into intersections, so there will be reduced confusion and difficulty of
driving.
Normally, intersections play a crucial role in determining the capacity of thoroughfares. As they
connect multiple routes, they must accommodate opposing traffic. Traffic moves faster at intersections
compared to straight lines or arcs. As a result, clogged crossings become bottlenecks and hinder system
operations. Interventions at crossroads have significant potential to improve traffic flow. In our solution, we
are going to deal only with intersections of type “circle”m because these are the dominants of our city.
Analyzing specific traffic hotspots, such as CERC PANCOM and the NICOLA DIMO intersection,
sheds light on the intricate dance of traffic patterns. These areas consistently face congestion, particularly
during weekdays, emphasizing the critical importance of strategic interventions. The proposed road infras-
tructure expansion gains significance, but a nuanced approach is imperative. A sustainable solution must not
only address physical expansions but also tackle the complexities of traffic flow dynamics at intersections.
In essence, Chis, inău stands at a crossroads, calling for a harmonic combination of infrastructure
improvements and thoughtful urban planning. The challenge goes beyond simple road development; it
necessitates orchestrating a symphony that balances individual mobility needs with the overall well-being
of the city. As the cityscape evolves, the quest for balance remains paramount in navigating the urban
intricacies of Chis, inău.

7
 Existing Solutions
Traffic jams at intersections are a common problem in urban and suburban areas, often caused by
high volumes of vehicles, inadequate traffic signal timing, and inefficient intersection design. These con-
gestions can lead to increased travel time, fuel consumption, and pollution, and decrease overall road safety.
The complexity of traffic flow at intersections requires dynamic solutions that can adapt to varying traffic
conditions.
Solutions to Traffic Jam Problems at Intersections
1. Traffic Signal Timing Optimization: Adjusting the timing of traffic signals to match the real-time flow
of traffic can significantly reduce congestion. This includes using traffic-actuated signals or adaptive
signal control technology that adjusts signal timings based on current traffic conditions.
2. Dedicated Turning Lanes: Adding lanes specifically for turning vehicles can reduce delays for traffic
and improve the overall efficiency of the intersection.
3. Traffic Demand Management: Encouraging the use of alternative modes of transportation (public
transport, biking, walking) or adjusting work and school start times can reduce the volume of vehicles
during peak hours.
4. Smart Traffic Management Systems: Utilizing advanced technologies and data analytics to monitor
and control traffic flow in real-time can optimize the use of existing road infrastructure.
Determining Optimal Traffic Light Timings
The optimal amount of time for a traffic light to be red/green in all directions at an intersection can
be calculated using various traffic engineering formulas and models. The primary goal is to minimize total
delay and ensure the smooth flow of traffic. Here are some of the fundamental concepts and formulas used:
Webster’s Formula: One of the most commonly used methods to determine the optimal cycle length
of traffic signals is Webster’s formula. It is given by:

1.5L + 5
C= , where
1−y
C is the optimal cycle time (in seconds), L is the total loss time per cycle (in seconds). Lost time is
a crucial component in calculating cycle times and optimizing signals. It accounts for the time lost during
the start and the end of each green phase, typically estimated as: L = Lstart + Lend . Lstart is the startup lost
time, often assumed to be around 2 seconds. Lend time, which can vary but is often estimated at 2-4 seconds
per phase. Y is the sum of the critical lane flow ratios for all approaches to the intersection.
The Green Split for each phase of an intersection can be optimized using the formula:
 
Yt
Gi = ∗ (C − L), where
∑Y

8
 • Gi is the green time for phase s;
• Yi is the flow ratio for phase i (demand/capacity);
• C is the cycle length;
• L is the total lost time in the cycle;
• ∑ Y is the sum of flow ratios for all phases.
Delay models: The delay at an intersection, particularly for signalized intersections, can be esti-
mated using the following formulas:

 
A A
D = ∗ 1+ ∗ , where
F L G
• D is the average delay per vehicle;
• A is the average arrival rate of vehicles;
• F is the saturation flow rate (the maximum number of vehicles that can pass through an intersection
when it is green all the time);
• L is the cycle length;
• G is the green time of the signal.

2
0.5C∗ 1 − CG
D= , where
1 − min Vs , 1 ∗ CG

• D is the average delay per vehicle;

• C is the cycle length;
• G is the effective green time for the movement;
• v is the volume of traffic during busiest hour;
• s is the saturation flow rate (vehicles per hour of green time).
Calculating the average delay per vehicle is a common metric used in traffic engineering to evaluate
the efficiency of traffic signal timings and to address traffic congestion at intersections. The goal is to
minimize the overall delay experienced by each vehicle passing through the intersection.
The approach that was chosen
The chosen approach has the objective to minimize the delay time. The delay formula Dt is based
on the traffic engineering concept that the average delay per vehicle depends on the red time of the traffic
light and the arrival pattern of the vehicles. For a simple queue, like the one considered in a D/D/1 queueing
system (deterministic arrivals and service times with a single server), the delay can be expressed as:

λ2
Dt = , where
2(1 − ρ)

9
 • λ represents the arrival time (vehicles per hour);
• ρ is the utilization factor for the lane group, defined as the ratio of the arrival rate to the service rate
(saturation flow rate).
Since the intersections are controlled by traffic signals, the delay formula is adapted to consider
the red time of the signal for each approach direction. For the four directions (eastbound, westbound,
northbound, southbound), the delay is the sum of the delays for each direction. The delay for each direction
is expressed as:

2 ∗ r2
2 ∗ r2
λEB EB
2
λW2 B ∗ rW B
2 ∗ r2
λNB NB λSB SB
Dt = + + + , where
2 (1 − ρEB ) 2 (1 − ρBW ) 2 (1 − ρNB ) 2 (1 − ρSB )
• λdirection and rdirection represent the arrival rate and ret time for each direction respectively;
• ρdirection is the utilization factor for each direction.
Then, the general delay formula is tailored to the specific conditions of the intersection in question
by substituting in the given flow rates and the relationship between the directions:
• Eastbound (EB) and Westbound (WB) share the same phase;
• Northbound (NB) and Southbound (SB) share the same phase.
Given these relationships, the red times are linked: rEB = rW B and rSB = rNB , and also with the cycle
length C, such that rNB + rNB = C.
Using these relationships and substituting the specific values for λdirection from the problem defini-
tion into the delay formula, we get:

2 2 2 ∗ 2
Dt = a ∗ rEB + b ∗ rW B + c ∗ rNB + d rSB

Since, rEB = rW B and rSB = rNB , and knowing that rNB = C − rEB , where C is the cycle length, this
expression can be further simplified the following way:

2
Dt = a ∗ rEB 2
+ b ∗ rEB + c ∗ (C − rEB )2 + d ∗ (C − rEB )2

This is the equation that’s going to be differentiated with respect to rEB , and then set equal to 0 in
order to find rEB .
In conclusion, by optimizing the red light times for each direction at the intersection, we can mini-
mize the overall delay for vehicles. This approach balances the red light durations to ensure smoother traffic
flow and reduce waiting times.

10
 Comparative Analysis
SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Efficient Traffic Complex Implemen- Scalability to Other Limited Resources
Flow Optimization tation Process Cities for Implementation
Data-Driven Ap- Simplified Assump- Alignment with Public Resistance to
proach tions in Delay For- Smart City Initia- Changes
mulas tives
Customized Solu- Focus Primarily on Engagement of Regulatory Hurdles
tions for Specific Traffic Management Stakeholders
Intersections
Integration with Overlooking Innovation in Urban Technical Chal-
Simulation Tools Broader Urban Infrastructure lenges
Planning Aspects
Table 1 - SWOT Analysis of Traffic Management Solution

1. Strengths:
• Efficient Traffic Flow Optimization: The solution excels in optimizing traffic flow through tailored
traffic light timings and data-driven approaches.
• Data-Driven Approach: Utilizes advanced algorithms and real-time traffic data to optimize traffic
patterns and reduce congestion.
• Customized Solutions for Specific Intersections: Offers tailored solutions for specific intersections
and days, enhancing effectiveness.
• Integration with Simulation Tools: Uses simulation tools for virtual testing, ensuring reliability
and risk minimization.
2. Weaknesses:
• Complex Implementation Process: Requires specialized expertise in traffic engineering and data
analytics.
• Simplified Assumptions in Delay Formulas: May oversimplify real-world scenarios, leading to
discrepancies in predicted outcomes.
• Focus Primarily on Traffic Management: May overlook broader urban planning aspects such as
public transportation integration and pedestrian safety.
• Overlooking Broader Urban Planning Aspects: Potential neglect of comprehensive urban devel-
opment aspects beyond traffic management.
3. Opportunities:

11
 • Alignment with Smart City Initiatives: Supports smart city initiatives aimed at enhancing urban
infrastructure and quality of life.
• Engagement of Stakeholders: Involving stakeholders in development and implementation can
foster community support and participation.
• Innovation in Urban Infrastructure: Presents an opportunity to innovate and improve urban in-
frastructure for sustainable mobility.
4. Threats:
• Limited Resources for Implementation: Resource constraints such as funding and expertise may
hinder deployment and maintenance.
• Public Resistance to Changes: Resistance from the public to traffic light timings and infrastruc-
ture modifications could impede successful implementation.
• Regulatory Hurdles: Navigating regulatory processes and approvals may delay deployment and
affect project timelines.
• Technical Challenges: Potential technical issues or connectivity problems could affect the solu-
tion’s effectiveness and reliability.

12
 Implementing Green-Lines
First of all, we determined the flow of cars that approach the intersection from all directions through-
out the day during one-hour time periods. Knowing this piece of information, we were able to use the
2 ∗r2 λW2 B ∗rW
2 2 ∗r2
λNB 2 ∗r2
λSB
λEB EB B NB SB
respective delay formula: Dt = 2(1−ρEB ) + 2(1−ρBW ) + 2(1−ρNB ) + 2(1−ρSB ) , and then minimize it with the use
of derivates. So, in the end, we were able to get the optimal green and red times for the traffic lights from
all directions at the intersection.
The list of optimal green and red times for all circles
• Petricani Circle:
MONDAY: Red East = Red West = 43s, Green East = Green from West = 47s,
Red South = Red North = 47s, Green South = Green North = 43s;
FRIDAY: Red East = Red West = 51s, Green East = Green from West = 39s,
Red South = Red North = 39s, Green South = Green North = 51s;
SUNDAY - SATURDAY: Red East = Red West = 50s, Green East = Green from West = 40s,
Red South = Red North = 40s, Green South = Green North = 50s.
• Vestetriceni Circle:
MONDAY: Red East = Red West = 65s, Green East = Green from West = 25s,
Red South = Red North = 25s, Green South = Green North = 65s;
FRIDAY: Red East = Red West = 64s, Green East = Green from West = 26s,
Red South = Red North = 26s, Green South = Green North = 64s;
SATURDAY: Red East = Red West = 64s, Green East = Green from West = 26s,
Red South = Red North = 26s, Green South = Green North = 64s.
• Calea Orheiului Circle:
MONDAY: Red East = Red West = 67s, Green East = Green from West = 23s,
Red South = Red North = 23s, Green South = Green North = 67s;
FRIDAY: Red East = Red West = 75s, Green East = Green from West = 15s,
Red South = Red North = 15s, Green South = Green North = 75s;
SUNDAY: Red East = Red West = 60s, Green East = Green from West = 30s,
Red South = Red North = 30s, Green South = Green North = 60s.
• Spartacus Street Circle:
MONDAY: Red East = Red West = 52s, Green East = Green from West = 38s,
Red South = Red North = 38s, Green South = Green North = 52s;
FRIDAY: Red East = Red West = 46s, Green East = Green from West = 44s,

13
 Red South = Red North = 44s, Green South = Green North = 46s;
SATURDAY: Red East = Red West = 22s, Green East = Green from West = 68s,
Red South = Red North = 68s, Green South = Green North = 22s.
• Pancom Circle:
MONDAY: Red East = Red West = 64s, Green East = Green from West = 26s,
Red South = Red North = 26s, Green South = Green North = 64s;
FRIDAY: Red East = Red West = 73s, Green East = Green from West = 17s,
Red South = Red North = 17s, Green South = Green North = 73s;
SATURDAY: Red East = Red West = 73s, Green East = Green from West = 17s,
Red South = Red North = 17s, Green South = Green North = 73s.
• Circus Circle:
MONDAY: Red East = Red West = 6s, Green East = Green from West = 25s,
Red South = Red North = 25 seconds, Green South = Green North = 65s;
FRIDAY: Red East = Red West = 64s, Green East = Green from West = 26s,
Red South = Red North = 26s, Green South = Green North = 64s;
SATURDAY: Red East = Red West = 64s, Green East = Green from West = 26s,
Red South = Red North = 26s, Green South = Green North = 64s.
How we chose the locations of the traffic lights:
Traffic lights are often strategically positioned near key points of interest such as bus stations, shop-
ping centers, and schools. These locations attract high volumes of pedestrians and vehicles, necessitating
traffic control measures to ensure safety and efficiency.
Traffic lights near bus stops facilitate smooth flow of public transportation, while those near stores
and commercial areas manage the influx of vehicles during peak hours. Moreover, traffic lights are strategi-
cally located near schools to provide safe crossings for students and parents. By placing signals near these
vital locations, authorities aim to optimize traffic flow, enhance pedestrian safety, and support the smooth
functioning of urban infrastructure.
The locations of traffic lights between all intersections:

Figure 3.1 - The roundabouts at Petricani and Vesterniceni

14
 Figure 3.2 - The roundabouts at Vesterniceni and Calea Orheiului

Figure 3.3 - The roundabouts at Calea Orheiului and Spartacus Street

Figure 3.4 - The roundabouts at Spartacus Street and Circus

15
 Figure 3.5 - The roundabouts at Spartacus Street and Pancom

Figure 3.6 - The Roundabouts at the Circus and Pancom

After determining the optimal green and red times for traffic lights at intersections and considering
the locations of other traffic lights in between, the implementation phase followed. Calculating the time
required for cars to traverse from one traffic light to the next was essential. This involved synchronizing
the red time at each traffic light with the time it takes for vehicles to pass through that section. To maintain
a smooth flow of traffic, we adjusted the cycle length of signal phases, typically ranging between 80 to
180 seconds. The cycle length was chosen based on the specific traffic conditions of the area, accounting
for congestion levels. By subtracting the red phase time from the cycle length, we obtained the green
time, ensuring an efficient allocation of time for traffic movement. This process was repeated for each pair
of adjacent traffic lights, ensuring seamless coordination and optimal traffic management throughout the
designated route.

16
Figure 3.7 - Green Line between the circle near Spartacus Street and the circle at Pancom

Figure 3.8 - Green Line between the circle at the Circus and the circle at Pancom

17
 Simulation
Simulations play a crucial role in assessing the effectiveness of implemented green lines and ensur-
ing smooth traffic flow. Once the green times are calculated and synchronized with the traffic light cycles,
simulations are conducted to validate the practical functionality of these adjustments. Advanced traffic sim-
ulation software allows engineers to model various scenarios, considering factors such as traffic volume,
pedestrian activity, and unexpected events like accidents or road closures.
By inputting data regarding the newly implemented green lines, simulations can provide insights
into how traffic patterns respond to the changes. Engineers can observe the efficiency of the traffic light
synchronization, identify potential bottlenecks or areas of congestion, and fine-tune the green times accord-
ingly. Moreover, simulations enable testing under different conditions and scenarios, helping anticipate the
impact of changes during peak hours, special events, or emergencies.
Through simulations, engineers can assess the overall performance of the traffic management sys-
tem, ensuring that the implemented green lines effectively optimize traffic flow, minimize delays, and en-
hance safety for all road users. By validating the adjustments in a simulated environment, potential issues
can be identified and addressed before implementing changes on the actual road network, saving time and
resources while maximizing the effectiveness of traffic management strategies.
Software Research
In order to address the challenges posed by traffic roundabouts in Chisinau, we started by evaluating
software solutions that align with our research objectives. The selection process necessitated a compre-
hensive review of available tools, each offering distinct functionalities tailored to the intricate study of
urban mobility. Among the array of software solutions explored, three prominent candidates emerged, each
warranting consideration within the context of our investigation:
1. SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility)[5] : As an open-source traffic simulation suite, SUMO of-
fers a versatile platform for the detailed modeling and analysis of traffic phenomena within urban
environments. Renowned for its flexibility and extensibility, SUMO caters to the discerning needs of
researchers and practitioners seeking nuanced insights into transportation systems.
2. PTV Vissim[6] : Positioned as a premier choice for traffic microsimulation, PTV Vissim boasts ad-
vanced modeling capabilities tailored to the intricacies of urban traffic dynamics. Widely regarded
for its comprehensive feature set and robust simulation engine, PTV Vissim is a preferred tool among
traffic engineers and urban planners, facilitating in-depth analysis and optimization of transportation
networks.
3. Cities Skylines[7] : Despite its origins as a popular city-building game, Cities Skylines has garnered

18
 attention for its potential as a sophisticated simulation platform. Offering a seamless blend of immer-
sive visuals and intuitive controls, Cities Skylines presents a compelling option for simulating urban
environments. Its ability to replicate real-world scenarios with remarkable fidelity and its user-friendly
interface render it an attractive choice for academic inquiry into urban phenomena.
After thoroughly evaluating different software solutions, we concluded that Cities Skylines is the
best choice for our simulation needs. While initially designed for entertainment, Cities Skylines offers
an outstanding balance of accessibility and functionality, which makes it a versatile tool for creating an
accurate digital representation of Chisinau’s traffic ecosystem. In the following sections, we will explore
Chisinau’s traffic dynamics using Cities Skylines, highlighting the complex interplay between urban design,
human behavior, and vehicular flow in the Moldovan capital.
Cities Skylines
To create an accurate simulation of Chisinau’s traffic patterns, we realized that we needed to use
certain mods for Cities Skylines. These mods enhanced the simulation experience and allowed a more
precise representation of real-life traffic situations. Below, we have provided a detailed description of each
mod we used, along with their specific functions and contributions to the overall accuracy of our simulation
(Figure 4.2):
1. 81 Tiles: This mod expanded the playable area beyond the default limitations, allowing us to encom-
pass the entirety of Chisinau within our simulation, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the city’s
road network and surrounding areas.
2. Advanced Building Level Control: This mod provided granular control over the development of struc-
tures within the city, enabling us to manipulate building levels with precision, mimicking Chisinau’s
diverse architectural landscape.
3. Demand Controller: This mod assists in the nuanced management of population and commercial
demand. It empowers us to regulate the influx of residents and businesses into the city, ensuring a
realistic portrayal of growth and development.
4. Extra Landscaping Tools: With an expanded set of landscaping tools, this mod enables the creation
of custom terrain features and enhancements, allowing for more accurate recreation of Chisinau’s
topography.
5. Hard Mode: This mod introduced greater challenges and constraints to city management, imposing re-
alistic limitations on resources and infrastructure, prompting strategic decision-making, and enhancing
the authenticity of our simulation.
6. Harmony[8] : Offering compatibility and optimization improvements for various other mods, Harmony
served as a foundational framework for ensuring seamless integration and functionality across our
modded environment.

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 7. Image Overlay Renewal[9] : This mod enabled the overlay of real-world maps and images onto the
simulation environment, providing a valuable reference point for accurately replicating Chisinau’s
geographical features and street layouts.
8. More Vehicles: This mod introduced a broader selection of cars, trucks, and public transportation
vehicles, diversifying the vehicular population within the city and enriching the visual representation
of traffic flow and vehicle diversity.
9. Move It: With its ability to precisely manipulate infrastructure elements such as roads, intersections,
and buildings, this mod enabled meticulous fine-tuning and optimization of Chisinau’s urban land-
scape.
10. Network Anarchy[10] : Offering greater flexibility in road placement and design, Network Anarchy
enabled us to circumvent default constraints, empowering us to recreate Chisinau’s unique road con-
figurations with unparalleled accuracy.
11. Network Multitool: This mod equipped us with an extensive toolkit for road network management.
It facilitated advanced editing and customization of road assets, streamlining the construction and
refining of Chisinau’s roadways.
12. Network Controller Renewal: Enhancing the functionality of traffic management tools, Network Con-
troller Renewal provided us with greater control over traffic signals and lane assignments, optimizing
the flow of vehicles through Chisinau’s streets.
13. Precision Engineering: This mod allows for precise alignment and placement of infrastructure ele-
ments, maintaining geometric accuracy and adherence to real-world specifications for roads, railways,
and pipes.
14. Real-Time: This mod facilitated dynamic simulation and analysis by synchronizing the in-game clock
with real-world time. It allowed us to observe real-time traffic patterns and fluctuations, enhancing the
authenticity of our findings.
15. Traffic Manager: President Edition (TM: PE)[11] : Offering comprehensive traffic management tools
and options, TM: PE empowered us to fine-tune traffic flow, implement custom traffic policies, and al-
leviate congestion within the city, replicating real-world traffic management strategies with precision.
16. Zoom It: This mod enabled enhanced zoom functionality within the simulation environment, facilitat-
ing detailed observation and analysis of traffic dynamics allowing for a closer examination of individ-
ual vehicles, intersections, and infrastructure elements.
We carefully chose certain modifications to create a simulation environment that accurately repre-
sents the traffic ecosystem in Chisinau. This will enable us to analyze the situation and make informed
decisions regarding urban planning and transportation management.

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 Modeling our city in the simulation
As part of our efforts to minimize traffic congestion, we created a digital version of a section of
Chisinau’s urban landscape in Cities Skylines. Using a selection of carefully chosen mods, we aimed to
accurately replicate the real-world environment of the roundabouts under scrutiny. We paid close attention
to detail, recreating the road network, infrastructure elements and intersections that characterize the area of
Chisinau.
By using mods such as Precision Engineering and Extra Landscaping Tools, we ensured that our
digital version was geometrically accurate and faithful to the original topography and layout of the city.

Figure 4.1 - Chisinau Top-View and Openstreet map projection on Cities Skylines

We used the Image Overlay Mod (Figure 4.3) to help us simulate traffic management strategies for
Chisinau. This mod was an important reference point, allowing us to closely match the virtual environment
to the real world (Figure 4.4)). By doing this, we were able to replicate the complexities and challenges of
Chisinau’s traffic dynamics as accurately as possible.
In our simulation, we used an accurate digital replica of Chisinau to explore traffic patterns within
its urban environment. By integrating the principles of replication and strategic interventions, we adopted
a comprehensive approach to gain a deeper understanding of traffic phenomena. This approach facilitated
evidence-based decision-making and contributed to promoting sustainable urban development in Chisinau.
Cities Skylines’ Accuracy
After modeling our city, we focused on recreating Chisinau’s roundabouts in the simulation en-
vironment. These roundabouts were chosen because they are known to cause traffic congestion. Using
practical data and real-world observations, we aimed to determine the accuracy of Cities Skylines, which

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was enhanced by the Traffic Manager: President Edition Mod and other useful mods.
While constructing and refining the roundabouts within the simulation, (Figure 4.5), (Figure 4.6),
(Figure 4.7) and (Figure 4.8), we noticed that traffic jams persisted, just like in the real world. Despite our
efforts to optimize lane configurations, traffic signal timings, and implement various traffic management
policies facilitated by mods such as Traffic Manager: President Edition, navigating roundabouts continued
to pose challenges within the simulation.
Thus, we found that the simulation was accurate and reliable, demonstrating that it can be a helpful
tool for understanding real-world traffic dynamics. The replication of traffic congestion at roundabouts
showed that Cities Skylines is a trustworthy simulation platform, which confirms our decision to use it to
explore Chisinau’s traffic ecosystem.
After confirming the simulation accuracy, we proceeded to conduct further analysis and experimen-
tation. We aimed to identify the main factors contributing to traffic congestion in Chisinau and to begin
creating green lines between all the roundabouts.
Implementing our solution
We shifted our focus from validating simulation accuracy to implementing our solution. This meant
that we replaced roundabouts with traffic lights and implemented strategic traffic management measures to
improve vehicular flow.
We formulated a comprehensive plan for transitioning from roundabouts to traffic light-controlled
intersections to achieve our goal. A critical aspect of this plan involved creating green lines by strategically
placing traffic lights along critical arterial routes.
After receiving the necessary data for the timing parameters of traffic lights, we began the task of re-
configuring the simulated road network to accommodate the proposed traffic light installations (Figure 4.9).
We utilized mods such as Traffic Manager: President Edition (TM: PE) and Network Controller Renewal
to place and time the traffic lights for optimal coordination and synchronization. Our goal was to establish
green lines that would facilitate smoother vehicular movement through the city.
Traffic lights were strategically placed at critical intersections, particularly those that experienced
the highest levels of congestion. This strategic placement was essential in creating continuous green waves
along major arterial routes, reducing stop-and-go driving and minimizing delays.
Using the data collected, we calculated the optimal green and red light timings for each intersec-
tion. We employed Webster’s formula and other traffic engineering principles to determine these timings,
ensuring a balanced flow of traffic from all directions.
The traffic light timings were initially set based on theoretical calculations. However, multiple
iterations of simulation runs were conducted to fine-tune these timings. Adjustments were made based on
the simulation results to achieve the desired traffic flow improvements.

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 The simulation’s results
After implementing traffic lights and green lines based on required computations, we noticed a
significant improvement in traffic flow in the simulated traffic landscape. The synchronization of traffic
lights along key arterial routes was effective, resulting in better vehicular flow (Figure 4.10).

Figure 4.10 - The main green lines represented in the simulation

The implementation of traffic lights and green lines in Chisinau resulted in a significant reduction in
traffic congestion. This success validated the effectiveness of our proposed solutions and demonstrated the
potential of Cities Skylines as a tool for addressing real-world urban challenges. We remained committed to
further refining and optimizing our approach to achieve a more efficient and sustainable traffic environment
in line with Chisinau’s evolving transportation landscape.
Besides quantitative improvements, qualitative benefits were also evident. The improved traffic flow
resulted in fewer instances of stop-and-go driving, which typically contributes to increased fuel consump-
tion and emissions. Consequently, the new traffic management system is expected to contribute to lower
vehicular emissions, promoting a more sustainable urban environment.
In the future, continued monitoring and data analysis will be crucial. By leveraging real-time traffic
data, our system can be further refined to adapt to changing patterns and demands, ensuring sustained
improvements in traffic flow and urban mobility. This dynamic approach to traffic management underscores
the importance of innovation and technology, such as intelligent traffic lights, in creating smarter, more
livable cities.

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 Conclusions
This topic is among the most complicated that the Republic of Moldova has to deal with. Every
citizen finds it difficult to move in a particular direction on a daily basis. In the process of trying to find
a solution, we were able to determine how much emphasis to place on certain elements, such as traffic
flow, time, distance, and traffic signals. We also came to the conclusion that traffic lights are necessary
for our city to function as a cohesive unit. Furthermore, finding innovative solutions to the traffic jam
issue is necessary to enhance cities everywhere. One effective method of lowering traffic and improving
the efficiency of transport networks is to implement green corridor strategies. Our city can improve traffic
flow and transit dependability by modifying traffic signals and establishing green spaces. This lessens
air pollution, saves time spent stalled in traffic, and contributes to the development of a more sustainable
future for our community. It will be crucial to implement green corridors and other intelligent transportation
concepts in the future. By cooperating and utilizing technology, Chisinau may become a place where people
can move around more easily and traffic runs smoothly.
Simulations are essential for assessing how well traffic management techniques—such as synchro-
nizing traffic lights and implementing green lanes—work to improve safety and streamline traffic flow.
Engineers can use powerful tools like SUMO, PTV Vissim, and Cities Skylines, which are advanced traffic
simulation programs, to model and analyze traffic scenarios while accounting for a variety of elements like
traffic volume, pedestrian activity, and unforeseen events. The Traffic Manager: President Edition Mod
and other improvements made to Cities Skylines’ simulation of Chisinau’s roundabouts showed it to be a
precise and trustworthy instrument for studying real-world traffic dynamics. Traffic bottlenecks continued
in the simulation despite early attempts to optimize lane designs and traffic signal timings, reflecting the
difficulties encountered in real life. This verification showed Cities Skylines’ efficacy as a reliable resource
for investigating Chisinau’s traffic environment. Another benefit of using the Cities Skylines simulation is
that, by ensuring that the adopted improvements are thoroughly validated and saving time and resources,
this proactive strategy helps to create a more efficient and safe urban traffic system in Chisinau and perhaps
other metropolitan areas facing similar challenges. Moreover, important elements causing traffic congestion
were found through further investigation and testing. The green lines and the deliberate switch from round-
abouts to traffic light-controlled intersections resulted in a notable enhancement of the traffic flow in the
simulation. The study showcased the potential of advanced mods for real-world application by demonstrat-
ing a significant decrease in traffic congestion through the placement and synchronization of traffic signals.
The continuous effort to improve and optimize these strategies promises a more sustainable and effective
traffic environment in Chisinau, in line with the growing transportation requirements of the city.

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 Bibliography

[1] Radio Europa Libera Moldova. ”Why are the traffic jams forming in Chisinau
and how could we get rid of them”. https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/
de-ce-se-formeaza-ambuteiaje-in-chisinau-si-cum-ar-putea-fi-fluidizat-traficul/
32799667.html.
[2] Statistica Moldovei. ”The evolution of prices in the Republic of
Moldova in May 2022”. https://statistica.gov.md/index.php/ro/
evolutia-preturilor-de-consum-in-republica-moldova-in-luna-mai-2022-9485_
59437.html.
[3] StiriMd. ”Article about the drivers complaining about the traf-
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soferii-se-plang-de-traficul-din-chisinau-ambuteiajele-sunt-un-calvar.
[4] Google Maps. ”Traffic status in Chisinau”. https://www.google.com/maps/@47.0406351,28.
8814972,14.27z/data=!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu.
[5] Sumo. ”Home Page”. https://eclipse.dev/sumo/.
[6] PTV Vissim. ”Home Page”. https://www.ptvgroup.com/en/products/ptv-vissim.
[7] Cities Skylines. ”Home Page”. https://www.paradoxinteractive.com/games/
cities-skylines/about.
[8] Steam Workshop. ”Harmony 2.2.2-0”. https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/
filedetails/?id=2040656402.
[9] Steam Workshop. ”Image Overlay Renewal”. https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/
filedetails/?id=2616880500.
[10] Steam Workshop. ”Network Anarchy”. https://steamcommunity.com/workshop/filedetails/
?id=2862881785.
[11] Steam Workshop. ”TM:PE”. https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=
1637663252.

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 Annex

Figure 4.2 - The Most Important Mods that we used.

Figure 4.3 - Chisinau Top-View and Openstreet map projection on Cities Skylines

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 Figure 4.4 - Chisinau Top-View in Cities Skylines

Figure 4.5 - Traffic congestions at Tutun CTC roundabout

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 Figure 4.6 - Traffic congestions at Grandhall roundabout

Figure 4.7 - Traffic congestions from Petricani - Mihai Viteazu Street

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 Figure 4.8 - Traffic congestions from Mircea cel Batran - Alecu Russo Street

Figure 4.9 - Close View of the potential Pancom Intersection (apart of the green lines)

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