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BUSINESS ENGLISH · BUSINESS ISSUES · UPPER-INTERMEDIATE (B2-C1)

CULTURAL
KNOW-HOW

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1 Idioms

Study the following sentences and match each underlined idiom to its correct definition below.
1. At the end of the meal, we decided to go Dutch.
2. If you want to win the argument, you should stick to your guns.
3. Thank you for all your help. I hope someday we can return the compliment.
4. The politician managed to save face by escaping blame for the mistake.
5. Everyone at the party was wearing special costumes, and we had to follow suit.
6. During the negotiation, they decided to give ground in order to reach an agreement.
7. We were wined and dined all over the city.
8. I was trying to be polite, but he got the wrong idea.

a. change your position in order to make it easier to reach an agreement

b. do something for someone because they have done something for you
c. do what other people are doing
d. each person pays their own expenses
e. keep your position even if people try to criticize you
f. misunderstood
g. protect your reputation
h. taken out for expensive meals

2 Cultural etiquette

Decide whether the statements are true or false and then check your answers by reading the article.

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1. In Singapore, the word ‘no’ is considered impolite.

2. In Greece, you should nod your head upwards to say ‘yes’.
3. In Italy, it is a bad idea to turn up late for a meeting.
4. In the Netherlands, it is a bad idea to turn up late for a meeting.
5. In Japan, the business card is very important and should be treated with respect.
6. In Russia, you should not argue during business deals.
7. In Turkey, you should not insist on sharing the restaurant bill with your host.
8. In Mexico, you should be careful about proposing dinner arrangements with your client.

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Cultural know-how
Learning about a country’s culture can help you secure good working relations on your travels.

1.
Do you arrive 10 minutes early for an important 5.
Hindle has also experienced the ceremony of
business meeting in Rio or 10 minutes late in exchanging business cards in Japan. "The business
Amsterdam? In Moscow, is it a good idea to give card is seen as representing the individual, so the
ground at an early stage of the negotiations? And in whole affair has to be treated with respect. You
Istanbul, should you offer to go Dutch with the host must accept your client’s card with both hands,
on the restaurant bill? perhaps admiring it, and then place it carefully in your
2.
Mastering the local etiquette can be more valuable cardholder."
than learning the language, because so much of 6.
The social side of Japanese commerce can also
the world does business in English. Or a form of unnerve the western visitor, who might have to go to
English. "Beware that an English word or phrase a karaoke bar and sing. "Many Japanese businessmen
doesn’t always mean the same thing abroad," warns like to conclude business by performing their favorite
Michael Bennett, who sells security systems in South song in a karaoke bar," says management trainer
East Asia. "In Japan and Singapore, people feel that Nicole Wehden. "You’re expected to follow suit."
‘no’ is an impolite word, and will sometimes say ‘yes’ 7.
In Russia, the ritual of the business meeting is more
to avoid causing offense. What they really mean is theatrical skill. " I’ve seen temper tantrums, sudden
‘I understand what you’re saying’, not ‘I agree’. I’m walkouts, table-thumping, and so on, but it’s all part
told that in Indonesia there are 12 words for ‘yes’ that of the fun," says Michael Bennett. "And they admire
mean precisely the opposite." you more if you stick to your guns. Seeking a
3.
Even the movement of your head can be open to compromise early is seen as a sign of weakness."
misinterpretation. Publisher Robin Touquet has had 8.
In almost every business community around the
difficulties in Athens: "The Greeks traditionally use an world, the host pays for the meal. Malcolm Thorburn
upward nod of the head to say ‘no’, and a tilt of the was wined and dined in Istanbul, and all went well
head from side to side to mean ‘yes’. I was ready for until he insisted on paying his share: "It caused real
that, but didn’t realize the younger generation have embarrassment, " he recalls. "In Turkey, the idea of
learned to do it our way. Confusion all around. If in sharing a bill is quite alien. The best policy is to
doubt, keep still." thank your host and return the compliment at the first
4.
The issue of punctuality is almost as complicated. Oil opportunity."
company executive Malcolm Thorburn deliberately 9.
Insurance underwriter Toni Morrison caused dinner-
turns up a few minutes late for meetings in Brazil time embarrassment in Mexico five years ago. "I
"because Brazilians believe latecomers are more likely was working late with a client, and midway through
to be commercially successful than people who arrive the evening I felt so hungry I suggested we carry on
early. They’re impressed by people who are relaxed working at a nearby restaurant. The client thought
enough not to worry about the clock. The Italians this was a sign I had a romantic interest in him. When
take a similar attitude. They believe that arriving late I realized he’d got the wrong idea I started to laugh,
shows who is the boss." However, don’t risk that in which made things even worse. The only way of
the Netherlands. "The Dutch frown upon lateness," getting out of it was to enable him to save face, so
warns film finance agent James Hindle: "They believe I accepted all the blame for the misunderstanding."
that people who can’t use their time wisely cannot be
Adapted from The Independent, June 18th, 2007
trusted."

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3 Find the words

Find a word or phrase in the article which means...

1. offending people (phrase, P2)

2. understood incorrectly (phrase, P3)
3. an upward or downward movement of the head (noun, P3)
4. do not move (phrase, P3)
5. people who arrive late (noun, P4)
6. disapprove of (phrasal verb, P4)
7. make someone feel nervous or uncomfortable (verb, P6)
8. sudden periods of uncontrolled childish anger (plural noun, P7)

4 Grammar - Modal verbs for advice, possibility, and necessity

Look at the following sentences from the text and answer the questions below.

Should you offer to go Dutch with the host on the restaurant bill?
The social side of Japanese commerce can also unnerve the western visitor, who might
have to go to a karaoke bar and sing.
...the whole affair has to be treated with respect.
You must accept your client’s card with both hands.

1. Which modal verb means that something is generally possible?

2. Which modal verb means that something is possible, although not very likely?
3. Which modal verb means ‘it is a good idea’?
4. Which two modal verbs express an obligation?
5. What is the negative form of each modal verb?
6. What are the positive and negative past forms of might and should?
7. What are the positive and negative past forms of have to and must (used for obligation)?
8. What other modal verb expresses obligation? What are the negative and past forms?
9. What is the difference between these two sentences?
I must get some sleep.
I have to get some sleep.
10. What is the difference between these two sentences?
I don’t have to get up early tomorrow.
I mustn’t get up late tomorrow.
11. What other modal verbs express possibility and speculation? What are the past forms?

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5 Grammar practice - Modals (present forms)

Rewrite the sentences below using a suitable modal verb:

Example: It is a good idea to arrive on time for meetings in the Netherlands.

You should arrive on time for meetings in the Netherlands.

1. Calling your new boss by his first name is not a good idea in this country.
2. Parking your car in the manager’s parking space is not allowed.
3. The company dress code is very relaxed, so it is not necessary to wear a suit and tie for the meeting.
4. If you don’t learn about the country’s culture, there is a slight chance that you will cause someone
offense on your business trip.
5. There is a general possibility of offending someone if you ignore cultural etiquette.
6. I’m feeling rather tired. It is necessary for me to go to bed now.
7. It is necessary for me to get up early tomorrow because I start work at 8 o’clock.
8. If you want to do successful business in Russia, it is a good idea to stick to your guns during
negotiations.
9. If Sam keeps arriving late for work, there is a possibility that he will get fired.
10. Karina has been very stressed lately. It is necessary for her to take a vacation.

6 Grammar practice - Modals (Past forms, speculating)

Complete the following sentences with a suitable past form of should, may, might, could, couldn’t,
can’t, must + the verb in brackets

Example: Duncan looked rather upset. He must have misunderstood (misunderstand) me.
1. Michael’s meeting in the Netherlands didn’t go so well. He (arrive) so late for the
meeting.
2. Margaret failed her exam again. She (study) harder.
3. We didn’t receive your last invoice. You (send) it to the wrong address.
4. Emilio (move) abroad. I saw him just yesterday!
5. The new deal we signed wasn’t particularly cost-effective. With more careful preparation, we
(negotiate) a much better price.
6. ABC’s advertising campaign looks very similar to ours. They (copy) our campaign.
7. Angelo is having problems with his English. He (join) in the company English
course last year.
8. I didn’t hear the phone ring. I (be) asleep.
9. ‘I can’t find my car keys.’ ‘You (leave) them in the office.’
10. You (attend) the business development conference last month. It was probably
the most interesting and useful conference I’ve been to all year.

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7 Grammar practice - Modals past and present

Work in pairs. For each of the situations below, use past and present modal verbs to speculate on
what went wrong, how the situation should have been dealt with correctly, and on the possible
consequence of the mistake.

Example: During negotiations with a potential customer from Singapore, Carl said ‘no’ to several
important propositions. It has been a week now and he hasn’t heard anything. He is worried that
the potential customer has decided to make a deal with one of his competitors.
Answer: Carl might lose the deal. The potential customer may have been offended. In Singapore, ‘no’ is
considered an impolite word. Carl should have learned something about the culture in order to be better
prepared for the meeting.
1. Simon, the representative of an American manufacturing company, had arranged an important
meeting in Rio with a group of Brazilian businessmen to discuss their possible investment in his
company’s new business plan. When the Brazilians arrived at the conference room, Simon was
already there waiting for them. He had turned up 20 minutes early.
2. James, an architect from Britain, turned up 10 minutes late for an important meeting with a
potential client in Amsterdam. James’ firm is well-established in the market and offered a better
price than his competitors. However, now the Dutch client isn’t replying to his follow-up emails.
3. Paolo, an electronics distributor in Italy, is in the middle of an important meeting with the representative
of a potential Japanese supplier in Tokyo. During the exchange of business cards at the beginning
of the meeting, Paolo took the representative’s card, folded it in two, and slipped it into his back
pocket. The Japanese negotiator seemed less friendly after that.
4. During a business dinner in Turkey, Peter tried to insist on paying his share of the bill. His host
went quiet and appeared a little red in the face.

8 Talking point

What etiquette advice would you give to a foreign visitor seeking to do business in your country? Try
to use some vocabulary from this lesson.
Have you or a visitor ever had any difficulties during a meeting or trip abroad? How could you or your
visitor have been better prepared?

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CULTURAL KNOW-HOW

Key

If the students work in a cross-cultural environment, encourage a short warm-up discussion on the cultural differences
in the habits and behavior of the people they work or do business with.
This can also be done as a pair work exercise.

1. d 2. e 3. b 4. g 5. c 6. a 7. h 8. f
Ask students questions using some of the idioms, e.g. ‘Do you usually go Dutch with your friends/coworkers?’,
‘Have you ever been wined and dined’, ‘If you went to a karaoke bar with your coworkers and they started singing,
would you follow suit?’ etc.

2. Cultural etiquette

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True

5. True 6. False 7. True 8. True
NOTE: The statement about Mexico should be treated as a joke. Obviously, Toni Morrison’s personal experience
does not reflect the cultural etiquette of Mexico in particular.

3. Find the words

1. causing offense
2. open to misinterpretation
3. nod
4. keep still
5. latecomers
6. frown upon
7. unnerve
8. temper tantrums

4. Grammar - Modal verbs for advice, possibility, and necessity

1. can
2. might
3. should
4. must, has to
5. might not, shouldn’t, can’t, don’t/doesn’t have to, mustn’t
6. might/might not have + PAST PARTICIPLE, should/shouldn’t have + PAST PARTICIPLE
7. had to/didn’t have to, had to/wasn’t allowed to
8. need to, don’t need to/needn’t, needed to, didn’t need to
9. Must generally refers to a personal, ‘internal’ obligation, whereas have to generally refers to an external
obligation (an external reason why something is necessary such as a timetable constraint, a law, the weather,
etc.
10. Don’t have to refers to a lack of obligation (i.e. something is not necessary), whereas mustn’t refers to an
obligation not to do something (i.e. something is forbidden)
11. could (couldn’t/could have/couldn’t have), may (may not/may have/may not have), can’t (can’t have)

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5. Grammar practice - Modals (present forms)

Suitable answers:

1. You shouldn’t call your new boss by his first name in this country.
2. You mustn’t park your car in the manager’s parking space.
3. The company dress code is very relaxed, so you don’t have to wear a suit and tie for the meeting.
4. If you don’t learn about the country’s culture, you might cause someone offense on your business trip.
5. You can offend someone if you ignore cultural etiquette.
6. I’m feeling rather tired. I must go to bed now.
7. I have to get up early tomorrow because I start work at 8 o’clock.
8. If you want to do successful business in Russia, you should stick to your guns during negotiations.
9. If Sam keeps arriving late for work, he could get fired.
10. Karina has been very stressed lately. She needs to take a vacation

6. Grammar practice - Modals (Past forms, speculating)

When students get stuck, prompt an appropriate modal verb, e.g. TEACHER: ‘Was it a good idea that Michael
arrived late for the meeting?’ STUDENT: ‘No. So, he shouldn’t have arrived late.’ Suitable answers:

1. shouldn’t have arrived

2. should have studied
3. must have sent
4. couldn’t have moved
5. could have negotiated
6. might have copied
7. should have joined
8. must have been
9. could have left
10. should have attended

7. Grammar practice - Modals past and present

Possible answers:

1. Simon shouldn’t have arrived so early. The Brazilians might be cautious about doing business with him now. In
Brazil, latecomers are considered more likely to be successful in business.
2. The Dutch firm may have frowned upon James’ lateness. They may decide to hire one of his competitors
instead. James should have been punctual for the meeting.
3. Paolo may have offended the Japanese supplier. In Japan, the exchange of business cards should be treated
with respect. He should have been better prepared for the meeting. It might be harder for him now to secure a
good deal now.
4. Peter must have embarrassed his host. He shouldn’t have tried to insist on paying. In Turkey, you should let
your host pay the bill.

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