JPC冲刺班讲义

JPC 冲刺班讲义
目录：
Lesson1
1-1 Measurement
1、UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
In most parts of the world, the metric system of measurement is used, with the basic units of
length, mass and time being the metre (m), the kilogram (kg) and the second (s), respectively. The
first two of these units are decimal, that is, they are based on multiples of 10. It is not convenient
to measure time in a decimal system, both for historical and scientific reasons. For historical
reasons a sexagesimal (base 60) system is used for time.
2、Metric prefixes and Unit conversion
Example 1.1 Unit Conversions: A Short Drive Home

Suppose that you drive the 10.0 km from your university to home in 20.0 min. Calculate your
average speed (a) in kilometers per hour (km/h) and (b) in meters per second (m/s).
(Note: Average speed is distance traveled divided by time of travel.)
3、Approximate Values of Length, Mass, and Time
4、SI unit and Derived unit
5、Measuring Instruments
Calipers
The Vernier Caliper and the Micrometer Caliper, pictured here, are instruments for making
precise measurements of length.
A vernier is an auxiliary scale that can be moved relative to a fixed scale; the vernier provides
a way of accurately interpolating between scale divisions on the fixed scale.The micrometer is a
delicate, high precision instrument and should be treated with great care.
Balances/Scale
Timer/stopwatch
measuring cylinder
5、MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY
Density is a measure of the “compactness” of matter within a substance and is defined by the
equation: Density is also defined as mass per unit volume.
Density = mass/volume
How to find the density:
① Find the mass of the object
② Find the volume of the object
③ Divide : Density = Mass ÷ Volume
Example：If the mass of an object is 35 grams and it takes up 7 cm3 of space, calculate the
density？
Solution: D = 35g/7 cm3=5 g/cm3
Practice：
1、Frank also has an eraser. It has a mass of 3g, and a volume of 1cm3 . What is its density?
2、Jill has a gel pen. The gel pen has a mass of 8g and a volume of 2cm3 . What is thedensity of
the rock?
1-2 Motion
Changing Position
To describe an object in motion, you must first recognize that the object is in motion. Something is
in motion if it is changing position.
Distance and Displacement
Distance is how far you have walked. Displacement is the direction and difference in position
between your starting and ending points
Speed
To describe motion, you usually want to describe how fast something is moving. The faster
something is moving, the less time it takes to travel a certain distance. Speed is the distance
traveled divided by the time taken to travel the distance. Speed can be calculated from this
equation:
Average Speed
If a sprinter ran the 100-m dash in 10 s, she probably couldn’t have run the entire race with a
speed of 10 m/s. During the entire race, the sprinter’s speed could have been different from instant
to instant. However, the sprinter’s motion for the entire race can be described by her average
speed, which is 10 m/s. Average speed is found by dividing the total distance traveled by the time
taken.
Average speed = total distance / total time
Velocity
You want to know not only your speed, but also the direction in which you are moving. The
velocity of an object is the speed of the object and the direction of its motion. Velocity has the
same units as speed, but it includes the direction of motion.
Speeding Up
You get on a bicycle and begin to pedal. The bike moves slowly at first, and then accelerates
because its speed increases.
Slowing Down
Now suppose you are biking at a speed of 4 m/s and you apply the brakes. This causes you to slow
down. The car is moving to the right but accelerating to the left. In each time interval, it covers
less distance and moves more slowly.
Calculating Acceleration
If an object is moving in a straight line, its acceleration can be calculated using this equation.
Example: Calculate the acceleration of a bus whose speed changes from 6 m/s to 12 m/s over a
period of 3 s.
Solution：
【参考：https://www.centergrove.k12.in.us/cms/lib4/IN01000850/Centricity/domain/510/4th
%20nine%20week%20files/motion.pdf】
1-3 Force
Force – a push or a pull

Actions like picking, opening, shutting, kicking, hitting, lifting, flicking, pushing, pulling are often
used to describe certain tasks. Each of these actions usually results in some kind of change in the
motion of an object. Force is measured in Newton（N）
For example ,two people are pushing a stalled car, as the picture indicates. The mass of the car is
1850 kg. One person applies a force of 275 N to the car, while the other applies a force of 395 N.
Both forces act in the same direction. A third force of 560 N also acts on the car, but in a direction
opposite to that in which the people are pushing.
① Forces are due to an Interaction

② A Force can Change the State of Motion
③ Force can Change the Shape of an Object
Types of forces
① Normal force
The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with
another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface is
exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support the weight of the book.
② Tension
The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when
it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along
the length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire.
③ Weight/Gravity
The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other massively large
object attracts another object towards itself.
④ Spring Force
The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object
that is attached to it. An object that compresses or stretches a spring is always acted upon
by a force that restores the object to its rest or equilibrium position.
⑤ Applied Force
An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person or another object.
⑥ Friction
When a force is applied to a body resting on a rough plane so that the body moves or
tends to move, a frictional force acts on the body in opposition to the applied force. There
are at least two types of friction force – kinetic friction and static friction.
（1） Friction depends on weight of object (normal force)
（2） Friction depends on the coefficient（roughness） of the surfaces between the
moving object and the supporting surface
（3） Static force > kinetic force
（4） How to reduce the friction :
(i) Make the surfaces smoother.
(ii) Reduce the Normal force acting between the surfaces in contact.
Net force
The sum of all forces acting on an object is called the net force.
(1) balanced forces: Net force = zero

(2) Unbalanced forces: Net force ≠zero
Equilibrium
Pressure
1-4 Newton’s law of motion
Newton’s first law

Inertia
Newton’s second law
Newton’s third law
1-5 Momentum
Momentum
Change of momentum
Impulse
Conservation of momentum
Collision

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JPC 冲刺班讲义

Example 1.1 Unit Conversions: A Short Drive Home

③ Divide : Density = Mass ÷ Volume

Force – a push or a pull

① Forces are due to an Interaction

(1) balanced forces: Net force = zero

Newton’s first law

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