AGRONOMY Book For Ibps Afo

Table Of
CONTENT
Agronomy
01 Topic Tillage and Types of tillage
02 Irrigation, Different Types of Irrigation
03 Irrigation Water Quality
04 Critical Stage Of Irrigation
05 Crops And Their Water Requirements
06 Growth Hormones Their Functions
07 Minimum Isolation Distance
08 Seed Multiplication Ratio & Definition
09 Planting Geometry And Spacing
10 In-Florence Of Different Crops

Table Of
CONTENT
Agronomy
11 Watershed Management
Agronomic Measures Of Soil Conservation

12
13 Weed Management Important Topic
14 Toxic Substance
15 Different types of toxins in crops
16 Important concept to remember
17 important details of cereal crop
18 Important topic of Agronomy Notes
19 cereal crop of Maize
20 cereal crop of Perl Millet (bajra)

Table Of
CONTENT
Agronomy
21 cereal crop of barley
22 cereal crop of Sorghum-jowar
23 All details about groundnut
24 All details about soybean
25 All details about sunflower
26 All details about rapeseed,mustard
27 Sesame/til, safflower, linseed
28 All details about pigeon pea
29 moongbean/greenbean/urdbean/blackgram
30 All details about Fibre Crop jute
Table Of
CONTENT
Agronomy
31 All details about Sugarcane
32 All details about tobacco
33 Point-wise notes of cropping system
34 Agronomy One-liner 1st
35 Agronomy One-Liner 2nd
36 Agronomy One-liner 3rd
37 Agronomy One-liner 4th
38 Agronomy AFO Previous Year Question
39 Plant Nutrition Notes
40 Question Asked In Agriculture Exams

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Groundnut
Peanut/Earthnut/Monkey nut/Mungfalli
Botanical name Arachis hypogea
Family Leguminosae
Origin Brazil in south America
Chromosome no 2n= 40
 Arachis hypogeal fastigiated (Bunch/ Spanish/

Erect type)
 It is also known as Peanut/Earthnut/Monkey nut/

Mungfalli
 Arachis hypogea word is derived from two Greek

words:
 Arachis means Legume
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Groundnut
 Hypogea means Below the ground or soil
 Groundnut is a self-pollinated and day neutral plant.
 Groundnut is a modified fruit.
 Fruit of groundnut is Nut and fruit type is Lomentum.
 Gynophore of groundnut is known as Peg (intercalary

meristem from fertilized flower).
 Flowering starts 24 to 40 days after sowing.
 Pegs become viable in 5-7 days after flowering and takes 2-

10 days to insert into the soil.
 Testa is a thin skin that covers the seed or nut.
 Ratio of Flower: Pegs: Pods is 7:4:1.
 The protein and oil content in groundnut seeds are 25 and

45 per cent, respectively.
 Groundnut cake contains 7-8 per cent nitrogen
 Shelling percentage of groundnut is 70 per cent.
 Technology Mission on Pulses and Oilseeds (TEMPO) was

started in 1986
 Most suitable soil for groundnut cultivation is sandy to

sandy loam soil.
 Clay soil is strictly avoided to grow groundnut because of

presence of high moisture.
 The effects are:

Groundnut
 Gynophores are swelled & shrinkage and quality affected.
 Pod growth is affected due to soil compaction.
 Hypogeal type of germination founds in groundnut
 Groundnut contains 45 % oil in kernel and 26 %

protein in kernel.
 Sowing time:
 Kharif: 3rd week of June to 1St week of July
 Rabi: November
 Summer: Last week of December to end of January
 Seed rate:
 Bunch type varieties: 100-120 kg/ha
 Spreading type varieties: 80-100 kg/ha
 Spacing:
 Bunch type: 60 x 20 cm.
 Spreading type: 45 x 15 cm.

Groundnut
 Critical stages of crop growth:
 1. Establishment (10-20 DAS)
 2. Vegetative phase (25-35 DAS)
 3. Flowering and peg initiation stage (35-50 DAS)
 4. Pod formation stage (50-75 DAS)
 3. Pod/Seed development stage (75-90 DAS)
 Critical stages for irrigation:
 1. Flowering stage
 2. Pegging stage
 3. Pod formation stage
 Check basin irrigation is most suitable irrigation

method for groundnut.
 IW/CPE ratio of groundnut is 0.6.
 During pod development stage, field should be well

drained, otherwise due to the poor aeration, the formation
of toxin (Aflatoxin) take place.
 Application of 25:60:60 kg N PK/ha with 25 to 50 kg

ZnSO4 and FeSO4 both give higher yield of groundnut.
 Intercultural operations should be avoided during Pegging

stage.

Groundnut
 Star weeder is used to control weeds in groundnut fields.
 NAA @ 40 ppm is used to enhance floral initiation and pod

formation.
 Calcium (Ca) is essential for pod development.
 Earthing-up is done in groundnut crop at 35 to 45 days

after sowing to facilitate proper development of pegs
beneath soil and increases number of seeds per pod.
 Strain used for biological N2 fixation in groundnut is

Rhizobium japonicum.
 Groundnut should be stored at 5 per cent moisture

content.
 Bitterness of kernel is due to Aflatoxin (toxic substance)

developed by two reasons:
 When pod moisture content is > 8 per cent

Groundnut
 Fungus namely Aspergillus nigerand, Aspergillus
flavus.
 Resistant varieties against Aflatoxin are CGC-2, 7 and

Faizpur.
 Vector of virus in groundnut is Aphid.
 Tikka/Leaf spot disease is caused by fungus:
 Early leaf spot – cercospora arachidicola
 Late leaf spot – cercospora personata
 Major pest of groundnut is White grub.
 Disease-
 Early leaf spot:-Cercospora arachidicola
 Late leaf spot:-Cercospora personatum
 Rust:-Puccinia arachidis
 Stem rot:-Sclerotium rolfsii

 Insects-
 White grubs:- holotrichia consanguinea
 Aphids:-Aphis craccivora
 Groundnut bud borer:- anarsia ephippias
 Pod borer:- Anisolabis stalli

Groundnut
 Pod bug:-Aphanus sordidus
 Groundnut leaf miner:- Aproaerema Modicella

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Cereals crop Rice
Rice
 Botanical name  Oryza sativa
 Family  Gramineae
 Chromosome no  2n= 24
 Origin  South East Asia
 Rice stem is called  Culm.
 Mat type nursery is related to  Paddy
 The rice inflorescence known  Panicle
as.
 Fruit type is  Caryopsis
 Germination type  Hypogeal
 Hulling percent in rice is  66% or 2/3 of paddy
 Seed multiplication ratio for  For varieties- 1:80
paddy is  For hybrid- 1:100
 Test weight (wt. of 1000  25g
grains) is
 Test weight of Basmati Rice is  21g
 Test weight  Weight of 1000 seeds of
a crop.
 Seed Index  Weight of 100 seeds of a
crop (used for bold
seeded).
 Hull  Lemma + Palea together
 White eye of rice is due to  Fe deficiency
 Akiochi disease in rice due to  Hydrogen sulphide
toxicity.
 Miracle rice in India is  Jaya
 Gene responsible for  Dee-gee-woo-gene.

Cereals crop Rice
dwarfness in rice
 Reclamation disease of cereals  Cu deficiency.
is due to
 Khaira disease of rice is due to  Zn deficiency
–
 The gas emit from rice field is  Methane
 Most prominent cropping  Rice-Wheat.
pattern of rice in India is
 Rice is self-pollinated and short-day plant.
 Plumule is covered by coleoptile and Radicle by

coleorhiza in embryo.
 Paira & Utera cropping system is closely related to –

Rice
 Area required for seedling preparation in Dapog method

– 25-30 m²
 De-husked (un-husked) rice is also known as Brown rice.
 Hulling per cent of rice is 70-75 per cent.
 Milling percentage of rice is 50-55 per cent.
 Harvest Index of rice is 0.40 or 40%
 Rice (cleaned) is 2/3 of paddy.
 Paira and Utera cropping system are most practiced in

Odisha, Bihar and Chhattisgarh.
 Rice prefer nitrogen uptake in Ammoniacal form

(NH4).

Cereals crop Rice
 Best fertilizer as basal dose is DAP followed by SSP.
 Ammonium sulphate is the best fertilizer for top dressing in

rice.
 The recommended dose of N, P and K for rice crop is 100,

60 and 40 kg ha–1
Classification:
 Genus Oryza have 24 species out of which two are
cultivated.
 Oryza sativa, Diploid, 2n=24, it has three main

geographic races.
 Indica Rice- It is tropical rice, grown in India, awn less

or short awn, late in maturity, long stem.
 Japonica: Temperate or sub-tropical rice, grown in

Japan, early maturity, photosynthetically very active,
short stem, very responsive to nitrogenous fertilizer,
No lodging.
 Javanica/Balu rice - Wild form of rice, grown in

Indonesia & have many awns.
 Oryza glaberrima: It is grown in West Africa only

Cereals crop Rice
Climatic Conditions required for rice
cultivation
 Temperature Requirement- The average temperature

required throughout the life period of the crop ranges from
21 to 37ᵒ C.
 Temperature requirement for blooming is in the range of

26.5 to 29.50 ᵒC.
 At the time of ripening, the temperature should be

between 20-25ᵒ C. Photo-periodically, rice is a short-day
plant. However, there are varieties which are non-sensitive
to photoperiodic conditions.
 Rice needs hot and humid climate.
 Minimum temperature for germination, flowering and

grain formation is 10, 23 and 20-21ºC, respectively.
 Optimum temperature for growth, flowering and

grain formation is 21-36, 25-29 and 20-25ᵒ C,
respectively.
 Cardinal temperature: 30-32° C
 Maximum temperature for which rice crop tolerate is

40ºC.
 Requirement of rainfall throughout growth period is 100-

150 cm.
 Rice is a self –pollinated crop and short-day plant
 In general cereal crops required about 400-500 litres of

water for the production of one kg of plant dry matter. But
Cereals crop Rice
rice consumed ten times more water i.e. 5000 litres of
water to produced 1 kg rice grain.
 Rice is semi aquatic plant grown best under submerged

condition, under these conditions the atmosphere oxygen
is transported by Aerenchymatous tissues of leaves
 Rice field submergence in 5 cm deep water during the

reproductive and grain formation stages is beneficial. Rice
grain relatively rich in lysine protein which is 4 % of total
protein fraction.
 The main protein in rice is: Oryzenin
SOIL REQUIREMENT
 Clay or clay loams are most suited for rice cultivation,

such soils are capable of holding water for long and sustain
crop.
 Rice being a semi-aquatic crop grows best under

submerged conditions
 It grows well in soils having an optimum pH range between

4-6.
Nursery area required for transplanting in

1 ha (10000 m2):
 Normally: 1000 m2 (1:10)
 Rice dry bed: 1000 m2
 Rice wet bed: 1250-1500 m2

Cereals crop Rice
 SRI method: 100 m2 (1:100)
 Dapog method: 40 m2 (1:250)
Transplanting
Rice plant is transplanted at:

1. In Kharif season: 21-25 days after
sowing (3-4 leaf
stage)
2. In Rabi season 30-35 days after
sowing
3. SRI method 10-12 DAS
4. Dapog method 11-14 DAS
5. Dry land areas 30-35 DAS
 Depending on duration of the variety, 25-30 day old

seedling of rice should be transplanted.
 Before transplanting, roots of seedlings may be dipped in
suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens (@5 g/l).
Spacing-
 Under good management and adequate nitrogen levels,
the optimum spacing should be around 20 x 10 cm2.
 With excellent cultural practices, the spacing may be
slightly wider, say 20 x 15 cm2 but under sub-normal
conditions, the spacing should be slightly narrower i.e.15
x 10 cm2.
 Planting geometry of 15 × 15 cm. (row to row × hill to
hill) to be maintained in organic rice cultivation so that 1

Cereals crop Rice
m2 area has about 50 hills. Square geometry has
smothering effect on weeds.
 Number of Seedlings per Hill: Transplanting two
to three seedlings per hill under normal conditions is
enough.
 Depth of Planting and Directions of Rows: The
tiller buds formed at the basal node are not suppressed in
case of shallow plantings.
 Therefore, the seedlings should be transplanted at 2 to 3
cm depth.
Sowing time-
SEASON SOWING TIME HARVEST TIME
Aus. April-May Sept-Oct
Aman June-July Nov-Dec
Boro Nov-Dec March-April
Varieties:
 First dwarf variety of rice developed in world is TN / in
Taiwan in 1964-65.
 First high yielding dwarf variety developed in world

is IR-8, by cross between Dee -Gee -Woo -Gen x Peta.
 It was the first known variety to be released by (IRRI)

International Rice Research Institute in 1966.

Cereals crop Rice
 Dee-gee-woo-gen is gene responsible for dwarfing in
rice.
 Literally meaning of Dee-gee-woo-gen is: Brown

tipped short legged.
 In 1964, the introduction of Taichung Native 1 (TN- l)

in India signalled a new era in the improvement of rice
yield.
 It was followed by the introduction of IR 8 in India

from the IRRI, Manila (Philippines) in 1965.
 First Indian high yielding earliest semi -dwarf variety

Jaya released in 1968, evolved by Dr. Shastry, and it’s
a cross between TN -I x Type 141. It's out yielded TN -1
& IR-8 both; hence called 'Miracle rice in India'.
 Cuttack (Odisha) evolved two varieties: Malinga &

Mahsuri
 Mutant variety of rice: Jaganath and Sattari.
 Variety suitable for direct seeding: Bala
 BLB (bacterial leaf blight) tolerant: TKM-6
 Salinity tolerant: IR-8, Lunishree
 Suitable for waterlogged area: Jalmagna
 First hybrid of basmati in world: PRH-10.
 First hybrid of rice in India is: CORH-1 (1994)
 Pusa Basmati-1: Its world's first high yielding dwarf

variety under quality rice has been developed by
Cereals crop Rice
IARI through convergent breeding.
Seed rate:
Broadcasting 100 kg/ha
Drilling 60 kg/ha
Hybrid Rice 15 kg/ha
Dapog Method 1.5-3 kg/m²
SRI Method 5-6 kg/ha
Late sowing 125 kg/ha (25% Extra seed)
R*P distance = 20*10 cm
Methods of Rice Cultivation

1. Dry or Semi-dry upland cultivation:
(a) Broadcasting the seed

(b) Sowing the seed behind the plough or drilling.
2. Wet or lowland cultivation:
(a) Transplanting in puddled fields.

(b) Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields
Methods of Raising Rice Seedlings
WET SYSTEM
The wet system is also known as Irrigated rice. In this
system, the crop is grown under wet (irrigated) conditions from
seed to seed.
The field is brought to a soft puddle by repeated ploughings
with 5-7 cm standing water.

Cereals crop Rice
This irrigated rice contributes to 55 per cent of the total rice
production.
METHODS FOLLOWED IN WET SYSTEM ARE
1. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION

2.
3. TRANSPLANTED PUDDLED LOWLAND RICE
4.
5. DIRECT WET SEEDED PUDDLED LOWLAND RICE
1-System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a methodology for
increasing the productivity of irrigated rice by changing the
management of plants, soil, water and nutrients particularly by
eliciting greater root growth.
SRI method important points-
Only 5-6 kg of seed is required to plant 1 ha.
Nursery area is reduced to 100m2 / ha
10-12 days old seedlings are transplanted
5-6 kg / ha for single seedling per hill
1. Fewer plants per unit area by maintaining space of (25 x 25

cm), here Square planting at 25 x 25 cm ensures optimum
space for efficient utilization of resources.
2.
3. SRI is initially labour intensive which needs 50% more man-
days for transplanting and weeding

Cereals crop Rice
2-TRANSPLANTED PUDDLED LOWLAND

RICE
 Nursery area
 Select 20 cents (800 m2) of land area near to water

source for raising seedlings for one hectare.
 Seed rate
 30 kg for long duration

 40 kg for medium duration
 60 kg for short duration varieties and
 20 kg for hybrid
DIRECT WET SEEDED PUDDLED LOWLAND
RICE- Direct wet seeding can be followed in all the areas

wherein transplanting is in vogue.
 Dry Bed Method-This method is practiced in areas

where water is not sufficient to grow seedlings in wet
nurseries.

Cereals crop Rice
Dapog Method
This method of raising nurseries has been introduced in
India from Philippines.
It has been adopted by some farmers in Andhra Pradesh

for raising seedlings.
The main merit of this method is that less area is needed

to raise seedlings. 25 to 30 square meters of area is
enough to raise seedlings sufficient for planting one
hectare.
Dapog seedlings would be ready for transplanting within

11 to 14 days of sowing.
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED RICE –
 The rice genome is usually modified using particle

bombardment via the use of a gene gun or more
commonly, a process known as agro-bacterium
mediated transformation.
 Rice plants can be modified in DNA to be herbicide

resistant, resist pests, increase grain size,
generate nutrients, flavours or even produce
human proteins.
Nutritional value (Golden rice)
 It has been suggested that rice could be fortified to reduce

the level of nutritional vitamin A deficiencies.
 Golden rice was originally created by Dr. Ingo

Potrykus and his team in Zurich, Switzerland.

Cereals crop Rice
 This genetically modified rice is capable of producing
beta-carotene in the endosperm (grain) which is a
precursor for vitamin A production. In addition,
Golden rice had increased iron content.
Pest resistance –
 BT rice is modified to express the cry IA (b) gene of

the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium.
 The gene confers resistance to a variety of pests

including the rice borer through the production of
endotoxins.
 The benefit of this is that the farmers did not need to

spray their crops to control fungal, viral, or bacterial
pathogens.
Herbicide resistant varieties

 Some companies introduce herbicide resistance in the
non-target crop so as to make their herbicides more
effective on their targets.
 Most traditional herbicides work on dicotyledons and

do not work on grasses.
 Monsanto conducts research on rice that can

tolerate glyphosate (active ingredient in the
herbicide with trade name of "Roundup") to
produce "Roundup Ready rice". Bayer’s line of
herbicide resistant rice is known as Liberty Link.

Cereals crop Rice
Critical stage for irrigation
 The most important critical stage for irrigation is
tillering to flowering. The water supply should be
ensured in required amount during panicle initiation to
flowering stage.
 The critical stages of rice for both fertilizer application

and irrigation are- Tillering and Panicle Initiation
(PI).
 Rice crop requires 5 irrigations for its life cycle.
 Rice crop has 5 critical growth stages in respect of

irrigation:
1. Seedling
2. Tillering
3. Panicle Initiation (PI)
4. Flowering
5. Dough/Maturity
 Rice crop is a lowest water use efficiency (WUE)

and highest water consuming crop, which requires
5000 litres of water to produce 1 kg of yield.
 IW/CPE ratio of rice is 1:20.
 Highest nitrogen loss in rice field occurs due to de-

nitrification process.
 N2 loss in rice field can be reduced by placing the

ammoniacal fertilizer (NH4+) in reduced zone and nitrate
fertilizer (NO3–) in oxidized zone.
 In low land rice, fertilizer is applied in reduced zone only.

Cereals crop Rice
Biological Nitrogen Fixation:
 It has been estimated that the total nitrogen requirement
of rice could be brought down by about 25-30 % through
biofertilizer (algae).
 In addition to blue green algae (BGA), the association

of the water fern Azolla with the blue green algae
Anabaena Azolla also helps in biological nitrogen
fixation.
 Azotobacter, anon-symbiotic nitrogen fixing

bacteria also fixes atmospheric nitrogen biologically in
rice field.
Khaira disease:
 Zn deficiency causes Khaira disease in rice usually
at nursery stage.
Symptoms of Khaira disease-
 The tip of the zinc deficient leaves first become

yellow and then dry and plant remains stunted.
 Zinc deficiency is marked by the appearance of rust-

coloured or brownish red coloration on the
surface of the outer leaves.
 First reported by Y.L. Nene in 1966 at Pantnagar.

Uttarakhand.
 It is managed by spray of @5 kg zinc sulphate at

nursery stage or foliar spray of 0.5 per cent zinc
sulphate in field.

Cereals crop Rice
Browning of rice:
 Iron toxicity in rice is known as browning of rice.
 Iron toxicity is the major problem to rice production in

water logged acid-sulphate soils of ultisols &
oxisols soil orders.
 The beginning of iron toxicity is characterized by the

appearance of purple coloration at the leaf tips and
finally has a scorched appearance.
 Phalguna variety is tolerance to Fe-toxicity.
Silicon in rice:
 Silicon is regarded as essential nutrient in rice
production.
 Silicon deficient plants are soft and droopy.
 Silicon supply mostly required during the panicle

initiation stage because during this stage root activity
is relatively reduced and the rate of transpiration is
high.
 It has been noticed that silicon provides a thick

cuticle-silica layer which functions as a barrier
against attack by insects’ pests.
 Silicon deficiency can be corrected by application

of basics lag @ 1.5-2.0 t/ha. Because basic slag is
the most common source of calcium silicate.

Cereals crop Rice
Weed management:
 Echinochloa crus-galli (barn yard grass) and
Echinochloacolona (wild rice) are major weeds
in rice.
 The weed problem is less in low land transplanted

rice compared to upland direct seeded.
Herbicides used in rice crop:

 Propanil (Stam F-34) @ 3 kg ai. /ha is applied at
1 week after transplanting or post emergence of
weeds.
 Butachlor (Machete) @ 2-3.0 kg/ha is used as

pre-emergence i.e. Weeds have not emerged in field.
 It is effective to control both annual grasses and

broad leaved as pre emergence of weeds because
emerged weeds are not killed.
Beushening
 It involves cross ploughing the young crop, 4-6

weeks after sowing with a light country plough in 5-
10 cm standing water, once or twice.
 Purpose behind this to control weeds, optimize

crop stand and provide soil aeration.

Cereals crop Rice
Puddling
 It is a process of destruction of soil aggregates
by mechanical force in soils with excessive moisture
content.
 Puddling destroys the soil structure which

hampers root penetration and the development
of the succeeding upland crop grown in rotation
with rice.
 Puddling increases the bulk density of soil about

from 1.4 to 1.7 g/cc.
 It is done with equipment, known as puddler.
Objective of puddling-
 Main objective is to reduce the percolation
losses of water.
 To reduce weed infestation.
 To increase nutrients availability.
Critical stages for water

 Tillering stage: It comes 2-20 days after
transplanting.
 Booting or late panicle initiation stage:

Cereals crop Rice
 Swelling of the flag leaf sheath is called booting.
 It is most critical stage for water in rice crop.
Processing of rice:
 Milling: The aleurone layer and embryo are
removed during the polishing of rice grain.
 There is a loss of vitamin B, particularly thiamine, the

deficiency of which causes the disease called 'beriberi'
in those persons who continuously eat polished
rice.
 Polishing of rice: The removal of very fine bran

clinging to milled rice and smoothening of the
surface is called polishing.
 Parboiling: It is a hydrothermal process in which the

crystalline form of starch is changed in to an amorphous
form on account of irreversible swelling and fusion of
starch.
 Parboiling of rice conserves vitamin B12.
MAJOR DISEASE-
DISEASE NAME CAUSAL ORGANISM
Blast of Rice Pyricularia oryzae

Brown Spot of rice Helminthosporium oryzae
Foot rot or Bakanae Fusarium fujikuroi
disease

Cereals crop Rice
Bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas oryzaepv.
(Kresek”) Oryzae
Udbatta disease Ephelis oryzae
False smut Ustilaginoidea virens
Sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani
MAJOR INSECTS-
INSECT SCIENTIFIC NAME

(GLH) Green leafhopper nephotettix virescens
(BPH) Brown plant hopper nilaparvata lugens
Rice Gundhi bug leptocorisa acuta
White backed plant sogatella furcifera
hopper
Thrips stenchaetothrips biformis
Other important Disease
Disease name Cause of disease
Akiochi disease caused by H2S toxicity
Khaira disease caused by Zn deficiency
Montek disease caused by rice root nematode
White eye Fe deficiency

Cereals crop Rice
Dead heart and white caused by yellow stem borer of
ear rice
Killer disease of rice Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) and
tungro virus

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AGRONOMY Book For Ibps Afo

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Table Of

01 Topic Tillage and Types of tillage

02 Irrigation, Different Types of Irrigation

03 Irrigation Water Quality

04 Critical Stage Of Irrigation

05 Crops And Their Water Requirements

06 Growth Hormones Their Functions

07 Minimum Isolation Distance

08 Seed Multiplication Ratio & Definition

09 Planting Geometry And Spacing

10 In-Florence Of Different Crops

Agronomic Measures Of Soil Conservation

15 Different types of toxins in crops

16 Important concept to remember

17 important details of cereal crop

18 Important topic of Agronomy Notes

19 cereal crop of Maize

20 cereal crop of Perl Millet (bajra)

22 cereal crop of Sorghum-jowar

23 All details about groundnut

24 All details about soybean

25 All details about sunflower

26 All details about rapeseed,mustard

27 Sesame/til, safflower, linseed

28 All details about pigeon pea

31 All details about Sugarcane

32 All details about tobacco

33 Point-wise notes of cropping system

34 Agronomy One-liner 1st

35 Agronomy One-Liner 2nd

36 Agronomy One-liner 3rd

37 Agronomy One-liner 4th

38 Agronomy AFO Previous Year Question

39 Plant Nutrition Notes

40 Question Asked In Agriculture Exams

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 Arachis hypogeal fastigiated (Bunch/ Spanish/

 It is also known as Peanut/Earthnut/Monkey nut/

 Arachis hypogea word is derived from two Greek

 Arachis means Legume

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 Groundnut is a self-pollinated and day neutral plant.

 Groundnut is a modified fruit.

 Fruit of groundnut is Nut and fruit type is Lomentum.

 Gynophore of groundnut is known as Peg (intercalary

 Flowering starts 24 to 40 days after sowing.

 Pegs become viable in 5-7 days after flowering and takes 2-

 Testa is a thin skin that covers the seed or nut.

 Ratio of Flower: Pegs: Pods is 7:4:1.

 The protein and oil content in groundnut seeds are 25 and

 Groundnut cake contains 7-8 per cent nitrogen

 Shelling percentage of groundnut is 70 per cent.

 Technology Mission on Pulses and Oilseeds (TEMPO) was

 Most suitable soil for groundnut cultivation is sandy to

 Clay soil is strictly avoided to grow groundnut because of

 The effects are:

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 Pod growth is affected due to soil compaction.