Nested Data Structures

CS106AP Lecture 15
Roadmap B asics
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Programm The C
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Day 1!

Graphics Data structures

Midterm

Object-Oriented
Everyday Python
Programming

Life after CS106AP!

Roadmap B asics
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Programm The C
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e ges
Day 1!

Graphics Data structures

Midterm Ne D
ed iction Dicti Parsin FilesLists
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Da o
Object-Oriented ta S aries narie g: Str
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Everyday Python ctu
Programming res

Life after CS106AP!

 Today’s How can we store more information
and add more structure to our data?
questions
 1. Review

Today’s
2. Built-ins
3. Nested data structures

topics Lists
Dictionaries
4. What’s next?
Review
Big Picture: Dictionaries + Uniqueness
● A key will only be associated with one value
○ no duplicate keys!
● A dictionary can have multiple values that are the same.
dict
keys values
‘hansa’ 3
‘kandula’ 3
‘lumpy’ 1
‘surus’ 3
Accessing a Dictionary’s Keys
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> d.keys()

dict_keys(['Gates', 'MemChu', 'Tresidder'])

iterable collection of all the keys.

iterable means it can be used in foreach
Accessing a Dictionary’s Keys
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> list(d.keys()) we are using list() to convert

[‘Gates’, ‘MemChu’, ‘Tresidder’] d.keys() into a list
Accessing a Dictionary’s Values
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> list(d.values()) we are using list() to convert

[23, 116, 57] d.values() into a list
Looping over a Dictionary’s Keys
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> for building in d.keys():

we can use foreach on
... print(building) the dictionary’s keys!
Gates

MemChu

Tresidder
Looping over a Dictionary’s Values
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> for age in d.values():

we can use foreach on
... print(age) the dictionary’s values!
23

116

57
Looping over a Dictionary’s Keys and Values
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}
items() gives us
>>> for building, age in d.items():
key, value pairs
... print(building, ‘is’, age, ‘years old.’)

Gates is 23 years old.

MemChu is 116 years old.

Tresidder is 57 years old.

Printing with sep=
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> for building, age in d.items():

... print(building, age, sep=‘: ’)

Gates: 23
sep is an optional
MemChu: 116
argument like end!
Tresidder: 57
Printing with sep=
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> for building, age in d.items():

... print(building, age, sep=‘: ’)

Gates: 23
the separating string
MemChu: 116
will be printed between
Tresidder: 57 the arguments you pass
into print()
Getting a Sorted List of Keys
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘Tresidder’: 57, ‘MemChu’: 116}

>>> sorted(d.keys())

['Gates', 'MemChu', 'Tresidder']

sorted() returns a list

in alphabetical order!
Retrieving Min/Max Values
>>> d = {‘Gates’: 23, ‘MemChu’: 116, ‘Tresidder’: 57}

>>> min(d.values())

23 returns the smallest

>>> max(d.values()) element!
116
returns the biggest
element!
 Definition

Built-in Function
A function built into Python that is always
available for use.
Examples of Built-ins
print() open()
input() list()
str() sorted()
int() max()
float() min()
len()
Built-ins with Lists
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst)
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst)

Creates an increasing sorted list

Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst)
[-2, 5, 10, 34, 46]

Creates an increasing sorted list

Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst)
[-2, 5, 10, 34, 46]
>>> lst
Creates an increasing sorted list
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst)
[-2, 5, 10, 34, 46]
>>> lst
Creates an increasing sorted list
[10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst, reverse=True)
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst, reverse=True)
[46, 34, 10, 5, -2]
Sorted() in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> sorted(lst, reverse=True)
[46, 34, 10, 5, -2]

You can pass in an

optional parameter,
reverse=True.
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> max(lst)
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> max(lst)

Returns the maximum element in the list

Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> max(lst)
46

Returns the maximum element in the list

Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> max(lst)
46
>>> min(lst)
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> max(lst)
46
>>> min(lst)

Returns the minimum element in the list

Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [10, -2, 34, 46, 5]
>>> max(lst)
46
>>> min(lst)
-2

Returns the minimum element in the list

Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)

We can use max/min on strings because

characters have unicode representations
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
‘d’

We can use max/min on strings because

characters have unicode representations
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
‘d’

We can use max/min on strings because

characters have unicode representations
‘\u0064’, or
100 in
decimal
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
‘d’
>>> min(lst)
We can use max/min on strings because
characters have unicode representations
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
‘d’
>>> min(lst)
We can use max/min on strings because
‘a’
characters have unicode representations
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
‘d’
>>> min(lst)
We can use max/min on strings because
‘a’
characters have unicode representations

‘\u0061’, or 97 in decimal
Max/Min in Lists
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> max(lst)
‘d’
>>> min(lst)
We can use max/min on anything
‘a’
where “<” has meaning.
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
>>> lst
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
>>> lst
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’]
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
>>> lst
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’]
extend() behaves like +=
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
>>> lst
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’]
extend() behaves like +=
>>> lst += [‘g’, ‘h’]
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
>>> lst
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’]
extend() behaves like +=
>>> lst += [‘g’, ‘h’]
>>> lst
Extending a List
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst.extend([‘e’, ‘f’])
>>> lst
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’]
extend() behaves like +=
>>> lst += [‘g’, ‘h’]
>>> lst
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’, ‘g’, ‘h’]
Note on Efficiency
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst += [‘e’, ‘f’]

>>> lst = lst + [‘e’, ‘f’]

Note on Efficiency
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>> lst += [‘e’, ‘f’]

>>> lst = lst + [‘e’, ‘f’]

This creates a new list

every time, so when the list
gets long, it’s inefficient.
Note on Efficiency
>>> lst = [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’] This modifies in-place, so
>>> lst += [‘e’, ‘f’] it’s fast!

>>> lst = lst + [‘e’, ‘f’]

This creates a new list

every time, so when the list
gets long, it’s inefficient.
 How can we store more
information by adding more
structure to our data?
Recall: Animal – Feedings Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
number of feedings keys values
‘hansa’ 3
● string ⟶ int
‘kandula’ 2
‘lumpy’ 1
‘surus’ 4
Recall: Animal – Feedings Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
number of feedings keys values
‘hansa’ 3
● string ⟶ int
‘kandula’ 2
‘lumpy’ 1
‘surus’ 4
What if we wanted to
store the times that
the animals were fed?
Attempt #1: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶
feeding times
● string ⟶ string

What if we wanted to
store the times that
the animals were fed?
Attempt #1: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
feeding times keys values
‘hansa’ ‘12:00,3:00,9:00’
● string ⟶ string
‘kandula’ ‘8:00,1:00’

‘lumpy’ ‘11:00’

‘surus’ ‘5:00,3:00,9:00,2:00’

What if we wanted to
store the times that
the animals were fed?
Attempt #1: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
feeding times keys values
‘hansa’ ‘12:00,3:00,9:00’
● string ⟶ string
‘kandula’ ‘8:00,1:00’

‘lumpy’ ‘11:00’

‘surus’ ‘5:00,3:00,9:00,2:00’

What if we wanted to
store the times that
Times are not easily accessible!
the animals were fed?
Attempt #1: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
feeding times keys values
‘hansa’ ‘12:00,3:00,9:00’
● string ⟶ string
‘kandula’ ‘8:00,1:00’

‘lumpy’ ‘11:00’

‘surus’ ‘5:00,3:00,9:00,2:00’

What if we wanted to
store the times that
We’d have to call s.split(‘,’) anytime
the animals were fed?
we wanted to access a time!
Attempt #1: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
feeding times keys values
‘hansa’ ‘12:00,3:00,9:00’
● string ⟶ string
‘kandula’ ‘8:00,1:00’

‘lumpy’ ‘11:00’

‘surus’ ‘5:00,3:00,9:00,2:00’

What if we wanted to
store the times that
But those times look like a data type
the animals were fed?
we know of......
Attempt #2: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶
feeding times
● string ⟶ list[string]

What if we wanted to
store the times that
the animals were fed?
Attempt #2: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
feeding times keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
● string ⟶ list[string]
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

What if we wanted to
store the times that
the animals were fed?
Attempt #2: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
feeding times keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
● string ⟶ list[string]
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

What if we wanted to
store the times that
We can easily access the individual
the animals were fed?
times!
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
■ grid/game board
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
■ grid/game board
○ Lists in dicts
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
■ grid/game board
○ Lists in dicts
■ animals to feeding times
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
■ grid/game board
○ Lists in dicts — (assignment 4)
■ animals to feeding times
○ Dicts in dicts
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
■ grid/game board
○ Lists in dicts
■ animals to feeding times
○ Dicts in dicts
■ your phone’s contact book
Nested Data Structures
● We can nest data structures!
○ Lists in lists
■ grid/game board
○ Lists in dicts
■ animals to feeding times
○ Dicts in dicts
■ your phone’s contact book
○ ... and so on!
Attempt #2: Animal – Feeding Times Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
number of feedings keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
● string ⟶ list[string]
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

What if we wanted to
store the times that
How do we use this dictionary?
the animals were fed?
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get
dict
keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Get the feeding times associated with

‘hansa’!
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Get the feeding times associated with

‘hansa’!
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Get the feeding times associated with

‘hansa’!
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Modify Value
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Add a feeding time (‘4:00’) to ‘lumpy’!

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Modify Value
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Add a feeding time (‘4:00’) to ‘lumpy’!

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Modify Value
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Add a feeding time (‘4:00’) to ‘lumpy’!

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

[‘8:00’,‘1:00’] ‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

[‘8:00’,‘1:00’] ‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

>>> k_times[0]

Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

[‘8:00’,‘1:00’] ‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

>>> k_times[0]
‘8:00’
Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

[‘8:00’,‘1:00’] ‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

>>> k_times[0]
‘8:00’
More concisely, Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’
>>> d[‘kandula’][0]
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

[‘8:00’,‘1:00’] ‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

>>> k_times[0]
‘8:00’
Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’
>>> d[‘kandula’][0]
‘8:00’
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Get Elem
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> d[‘lumpy’].append(‘4:00’)
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

>>> k_times = d[‘kandula’] ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

[‘8:00’,‘1:00’] ‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

>>> k_times[0]
‘8:00’
Get the first feeding time for ‘kandula’
>>> d[‘kandula’][0]
‘8:00’
Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set List
dict
keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Reset ‘surus’ feeding list to [ ‘7:00’]

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set List
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Reset ‘surus’ feeding list to [ ‘7:00’]

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set List
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Reset ‘surus’ feeding list to [ ‘7:00’]

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set Element
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Set second element in ‘lumpy’ to ‘2:00’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set Element
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
>>> lump_list = d[‘lumpy’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Set second element in ‘lumpy’ to ‘2:00’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set Element
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
>>> lump_list = d[‘lumpy’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> lump_list[1] = ‘2:00’
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘4:00’]

‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Set second element in ‘lumpy’ to ‘2:00’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set Element
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
>>> lump_list = d[‘lumpy’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> lump_list[1] = ‘2:00’
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘2:00’]

‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Set second element in ‘lumpy’ to ‘2:00’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set Element
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
>>> lump_list = d[‘lumpy’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> lump_list[1] = ‘2:00’
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

# This is the same thing as: ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘2:00’]

‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Set second element in ‘lumpy’ to ‘2:00’

Using a Dictionary Containing a List - Set Element
>>> d[‘surus’] = [‘7:00’] dict
>>> lump_list = d[‘lumpy’] keys values
‘hansa’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]
>>> lump_list[1] = ‘2:00’
‘kandula’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

# This is the same thing as: ‘lumpy’ [‘11:00’, ‘2:00’]

>>> d[‘lumpy’][1] = ‘2:00’ ‘surus’ [‘7:00’]

Set second element in ‘lumpy’ to ‘2:00’

Think/Pair/Share:
How can we modify our file-reading
function to populate the animal –
feeding times dictionary?
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
○ If we pass a list or a dict into a function and modify it, our changes
will persist.
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
○ If we pass a list or a dict into a function and modify it, our changes
will persist. [DEMO]
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
○ If we pass a list or a dict into a function and modify it, our changes
will persist.
● Only immutable types can be used as dictionary keys
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
○ If we pass a list or a dict into a function and modify it, our changes
will persist.
● Only immutable types can be used as dictionary keys
○ e.g. strings, ints, floats, booleans
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
○ If we pass a list or a dict into a function and modify it, our changes
will persist.
● Only immutable types can be used as dictionary keys
○ e.g. strings, ints, floats, booleans
○ immutable or mutable types can be dictionary values
General Note on Mutability
● Lists and dicts are both mutable data types
○ We can append or set, and these will modify the original object
○ If we pass a list or a dict into a function and modify it, our changes
will persist.
● Only immutable types can be used as dictionary keys
○ e.g. strings, ints, floats, booleans
○ immutable or mutable types can be dictionary values
■ e.g. strings, ints, floats, booleans, lists, dictionaries
Think/Pair/Share:
How could we store an animal’s type,
diet, and feeding times in a data
structure?
Attempt #1: Animal – Info List Dictionary
● animal name ⟶
animal type, diet,
feeding times
● string ⟶ list
Attempt #1: Animal – Info List Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
animal type, diet, keys values
feeding times ‘hansa’ [‘elephant’, ‘grass’, ‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘elephant’, ‘grass’, ‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

● string ⟶ list
‘lumpy’ [‘tortoise’, ‘kale’, ‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘elephant’, ‘roots’, ‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Attempt #1: Animal – Info List Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
animal type, diet, keys values
feeding times ‘hansa’ [‘elephant’, ‘grass’, ‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘kandula’ [‘elephant’, ‘grass’, ‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

● string ⟶ list
‘lumpy’ [‘tortoise’, ‘kale’, ‘11:00’]

‘surus’ [‘elephant’, ‘roots’, ‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

Not super easy to distinguish

between the different pieces of data
in the list
 dict
keys values

Dicts in Dicts! ‘hansa’

‘kandula’
‘lumpy’
‘surus’

Image from Allie Brosh

Attempt #2: Animal – Info Dict Dictionary
● animal name ⟶
animal type, diet,
feeding times
● string ⟶ dict
● use strings as keys to
specify what field the
values correspond to
Attempt #2: Animal – Info Dict Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
animal type, diet, keys values
feeding times ‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’

● string ⟶ dict ‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

● use strings as keys to

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’

specify what field the ‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

values correspond to ‘lumpy’

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 you can have
Attempt #2: Animal – Info Dict Dictionary values of
● animal name ⟶ dict
different types
animal type, diet, keys values
feeding times ‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’

● string ⟶ dict ‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

● use strings as keys to

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’

specify what field the ‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

values correspond to ‘lumpy’

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
Attempt #2: Animal – Info Dict Dictionary
● animal name ⟶ dict
animal type, diet, keys values
feeding times ‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’

● string ⟶ dict ‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

● use strings as keys to

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’

specify what field the ‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

values correspond to ‘lumpy’

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

Common ‘surus’
‘type’
‘diet’
‘elephant’
‘roots’

pattern ‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]

 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
keys values
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
{‘type’: ‘elephant’, keys values
‘diet’: ‘grass’,
‘type’ ‘elephant’

‘times’: [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]}
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
{‘type’: ‘elephant’, keys values
‘diet’: ‘grass’,
‘type’ ‘elephant’

‘times’: [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]}
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> d[‘hansa’][‘type’]
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
{‘type’: ‘elephant’, keys values
‘diet’: ‘grass’,
‘type’ ‘elephant’

‘times’: [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]}
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> d[‘hansa’][‘type’]
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘elephant’ ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
{‘type’: ‘elephant’, keys values
‘diet’: ‘grass’,
‘type’ ‘elephant’

‘times’: [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]}
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> d[‘hansa’][‘type’]
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘elephant’ ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]
>>> d[‘hansa’][‘times’]
‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Get
>>> d[‘hansa’] dict
{‘type’: ‘elephant’, keys values
‘diet’: ‘grass’,
‘type’ ‘elephant’

‘times’: [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]}
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> d[‘hansa’][‘type’]
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘elephant’ ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]
>>> d[‘hansa’][‘times’]

[‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’] ‘type’ ‘tortoise’

‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’

>>> new_dict[‘diet’] = ‘grass’

‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’

>>> new_dict[‘diet’] = ‘grass’

‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> new_dict[‘times’] = [‘4:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’

>>> new_dict[‘diet’] = ‘grass’

‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> new_dict[‘times’] = [‘4:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
>>> new_dict ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]

‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’

>>> new_dict[‘diet’] = ‘grass’

‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> new_dict[‘times’] = [‘4:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
>>> new_dict ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]
{‘type’: ‘chicken’, ‘diet’:
‘grass’, ‘times’: [‘4:00’]}
‘type’ ‘tortoise’
‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’

>>> new_dict[‘diet’] = ‘grass’

‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> new_dict[‘times’] = [‘4:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
>>> new_dict ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]
{‘type’: ‘chicken’, ‘diet’:
‘grass’, ‘times’: [‘4:00’]}
‘type’ ‘tortoise’

>>> d[‘sky’] = new_dict

‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
 Using a Dictionary Containing a Dict - Set
# for animal ‘sky’ dict
>>> new_dict = {} keys values
>>> new_dict[‘type’] = ‘chicken’
‘type’ ‘elephant’

>>> new_dict[‘diet’] = ‘grass’

‘hansa’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘12:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’]

>>> new_dict[‘times’] = [‘4:00’]

‘type’ ‘elephant’
>>> new_dict ‘kandula’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘times’ [‘8:00’,‘1:00’]
{‘type’: ‘chicken’, ‘diet’:
‘grass’, ‘times’: [‘4:00’]}
‘type’ ‘tortoise’

>>> d[‘sky’] = new_dict

‘lumpy’ ‘diet’ ‘kale’
‘times’ [‘11:00’]

‘type’ ‘chicken’ ‘type’ ‘elephant’

‘sky’ ‘diet’ ‘grass’
‘surus’ ‘diet’ ‘roots’
‘times’ [‘4:00’]
‘times’ [‘5:00’,‘3:00’,‘9:00’,‘2:00’]
Nested Data Structures Overview
● We can have lists in lists, dicts in lists, dicts in dicts, and so on...
Nested Data Structures Overview
● We can have lists in lists, dicts in lists, dicts in dicts, and so on...

● Lists and dicts are mutable (and can’t be used as keys)

Nested Data Structures Overview
● We can have lists in lists, dicts in lists, dicts in dicts, and so on...

● Lists and dicts are mutable (and can’t be used as keys)

● Nesting data structures can help us store even more information in a

structured manner!
What’s next?
Roadmap B asics
in g
Programm The C
onsol Ima
e ges
Day 1!

Graphics Data structures

Midterm

Object-Oriented
Everyday Python
Programming

Life after CS106AP!