CAREFUL READING (time: 70 minutes)

Items: 21– 52
On your answer sheet, mark the alternative that best answers the questions or completes the statements
about the texts. NO extra time will be given to transfer your answers. The multiple-choice answer sheet
will be collected when the time is up.

TEXT I
A In early August 1945, a nuclear bomb was dropped on the Japanese port city of Hiroshima. More than 75,000
souls were obliterated instantly, with many more deaths in the following months and years. As we remember
those who died, we might also usefully cast a wider view: on what the bombings meant for humanity, for our
relationship with technology, and for our perception of what we now call existential risks, those that threaten
to irrecoverably damage our potential or extinguish us as a species. Doing so can inform our response to the
dangers we are confronted with today. Whether it is the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change, or the
emergence of new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), we are faced with threats that are, in their
own way, just as great as the nuclear bomb. Hiroshima was the start of a long, continuing learning process of
understanding them.
B Humans have probably talked about the end of the world for as long as they have talked, but existential risks
were not considered to be realistic matters. However, with the development of science came various
realizations. The past was far, far vaster than we knew. There had been a time before humanity. Humanity
was a species among others—and species could go extinct. Cosmic disasters, from asteroid impacts to
supernovae, were real. These insights inspired plenty of science fiction. However, such thinking on human
extinction focused on natural threats, and these were seen as remote and unlikely. In 1902, the writer H. G.
Wells said that worlds may freeze and suns may perish, but we need not worry about such distant disasters.
In 1933, the biologist J. B. S. Haldane echoed Wells’s point, suggesting that the only real threat would be if our
species developed weapons and technologies too far. Luckily, he concluded, it was “wildly unlikely” we would
ever unlock the power of the atom.
C _______________. We realized that our survival as a species now rested in our own foolish hands. In the years
since, growing environmental concerns have reinforced this perspective: There could be an end of nature and
habitability driven by human actions. Today, we recognize that the Covid-19 pandemic was enabled and
exacerbated by our impact on the environment. In 1945, the end of the world shifted from being a myth or
mere scientific possibility to something very real that could be caused by bad policy-making, meaningless
stupidity, or plain mistake. This transformed how we related to our own ingenuity as an intelligent species.
Previously optimistic views of the march of progress were shattered.
D One reason why people downplayed the importance of existential risks in the scientific age was the
assumption that humanoid civilization was widespread throughout our galaxy. If we wiped ourselves out on
Earth, another intelligent species would simply pick up where we left off. But in 1950, Enrico Fermi, chief
architect of the atomic age, asked the question “Where is everyone else?” referring to those other civilizations
throughout our galaxy. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence was speeding up, yet despite early
optimism, it was returning just deep, gloomy silence. Perhaps we had not seen evidence of other civilizations
because, before they can make themselves visible, they blow themselves out. Technology itself might put a
time limit on technological civilizations.
E So, what have we learned over the past decades? One central insight is that existential risks come in different
forms, each posing different challenges. Nuclear weapons fall under the category of actual technological
innovations. Other examples today are bioweapons or AI with human-like capability. Here, the goal is to
predict what future technology may be able to do and steer away from dangerous possibilities. Still other
risks are discovered—and their disaster potential recognized—only later. Examples include ozone depletion
and dramatic climate change. Finally, there is a messy category of systemic risks. Risks are systemic when a
society’s essential systems, such as telecommunications or infrastructure, are threatened. A powerful
eruption on the surface of the sun, for example, might damage electricity supplies for months. Much of the
world is dependent on intricate online services. Food security requires perfect logistics, low fuel prices, and
a predictable climate. Things could go disastrously wrong via a chain reaction of mishaps, disasters, and
conflicts. This is the hardest category to study and do something about.

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F So how can we prevent or tackle such existential risks? Decision-making has to be done under conditions of
uncertainty, yet most of our institutions hate uncertainty and use it as an excuse for not reacting. Yet
planning for every possible disaster or blocking everything new as a precaution is also foolish. Top-down
solutions, where the decision about what to do comes from the authorities on top, are needed for instant,
decisive responses, like a rapid action plan to deflect an asteroid or avoid nuclear conflict. However, one
lesson of Covid-19 is that some other solutions are best prepared long beforehand. Top-down decision-
making can include governments’ sponsoring research into technologies that can decrease the potential risks
from other technologies, such as bioweapons or AI, before they become powerful enough to be dangerous.
But solutions consist more of smaller building blocks than of heroic decisions, so finding and implementing
useful solutions can also be the other way around, bottom-up. There might be other solutions, and the only
way to know is to investigate.

21. In paragraph A, why does the author refer to the bombing of Hiroshima?
a) To criticize humanity for causing such an awful event that led to the death of thousands of people
b) To suggest the lessons learned from such a disaster can prove valuable in coping with other dangers
c) To compare and contrast the bombing with the other threats that are facing humanity today
22. What is the main idea of paragraph B?
a) Most of the worries that troubled the people of the past were based on irrational fears.
b) Even in the past, important literary and scientific figures warned people about existential risks.
c) Many of the global risks that threaten humanity were considered to be far-off or improbable.
23. Which sentence best fits paragraph C as the first sentence?
a) This all changed when, in 1937, the eruption of Rabaul volcano ended up killing more than 500
people in the south-western Pacific
b) On the other hand, climate researchers began to urge that we limit the use of fossil fuels such as oil
and carbon and replace them with cleaner energy sources
c) Hiroshima was the moment people first became fully aware that humanity could cause devastation
possibly even on a global scale
24. Which of the following CANNOT be understood from paragraph D?
a) Advances in science have led to promising findings regarding the existence of extraterrestrial life
forms in our galaxy.
b) Technology may have played a role in the extinction of some civilizations in the universe, if there
were any.
c) The belief that there were human-like civilizations elsewhere made people less concerned about
existential risks.
25. Which of the following can be an example of “a systemic risk” explained in Paragraph E?
a) An asteroid in our solar system that may collide with Earth and bring about the extinction of a large
number of species
b) A pandemic that may result in the bankruptcy of many businesses and the collapse of the food and
health systems
c) A military drone controlled by artificial intelligence that may cause the death of innocent civilians
26. According to paragraph F, which is one of the solutions to minimize the risk of existential threats?
a) Institutions preparing long beforehand for every single possible scenario
b) Governments sponsoring research once a potential threat becomes powerful enough
c) People in positions of authority being able to make on-the-spot decisions
27. What does the word “gloomy” in paragraph D mean?
a) dark b) complete c) long
28. What does the word “intricate” in paragraph E mean?
a) valuable b) adequate c) complex

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 TEXT II
A The seven-story building at number two, Rue de Beaubourg, Paris looks modest from the outside, but it is
distinctly unusual in its design. Since 2015, the building has been drawing its warmth from the hustle and
bustle of human body heat in a nearby metro station. The air temperature inside the metro tunnel is around
10°C higher than outdoors. This heat mainly comes from human bodies moving around the station and the
heat generated by the trains, says Genevieve Littot, climate and energy strategist. “A staircase connects the
basement of the Beaubourg building to the metro tunnel,” says Littot. “The installation extracts warm air
from the metro tunnel through the existing passageway, as the warm air passes through a heat exchanger
to produce hot water, which is used for space heating.” This waste heat provides up to 35% of the heat
needed for the Beaubourg building’s 20 apartments. Littot adds that it helps to minimize further carbon
emissions by using a district heating system, which is more efficient than heating buildings individually.
B The Paris project is hardly alone in this regard. Different innovative projects with energy-saving designs are
emerging around the world to fight carbon emissions. Buildings and construction account for over one-third
of the world’s final energy use and nearly 40% of energy-related carbon emissions. Currently, only a tenth of
energy used for heating comes from renewable sources, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
The potential to reduce emissions from heating is therefore huge, especially considering that half of the
world’s total energy consumption is used to heat homes and other buildings. But so far, the move towards
renewables has been slow—the IEA has predicted that the share of clean heating technologies has to double
by 2030 to stand a 50% chance of keeping global climate change below 1.5°C.
C One of the most ubiquitous sources of heat inside buildings is, of course, the human body. ❶ Bustling train
stations in particular have proven to be popular places to experiment with harnessing human body heat.
Sweden has made a name for capturing the body heat in its busy Stockholm Central Station—about 250,000
people pass through it each day. ❷ That heat is used to warm a 17-story building named Kungsbrohuset
nearby, helping to reduce the energy consumption of the building by up to 10%. ❸ “We take in seawater to
cool the ventilation in Kungsbrohuset and the Stockholm Central Station,” says Roger Björk, technical
manager at Folksam. “When the water returns, it is pretty hot [warmed by body heat]. Then, we recycle the
water to generate heat in our district heating system.” The district heating system utilizes a number of other
sustainable sources besides body heat, including geothermal heat, burning of unrefined biomass and surplus
heat from industrial buildings.
D Train stations are not the only public spaces to make use of their many human occupants for heating. A
pioneering mall in the state of Minnesota, in the US, also depends partly on the heat from human body warmth
to heat up the building. The Mall of America has had no central heating since its opening in 1991—a bold choice
given that state’s typical January low is -15.5°C. Instead, the mall captures enough heat from the body warmth
of its over 109,000 average visitors every day, from eight acres of roof lights, and from thousands of lights and
fixtures to stay at a comfortable temperature through the winter. “On a given day, there could be between
8,000 and 12,000 employees in the building,” says Dan Jasper, communications vice president of the Mall of
America. “Many start early in the morning, so by the time most of these employees entered the building
between 6 and 8 am, the mall has been warmed to a very pleasant temperature.”
E While large, busy buildings like malls or stations have the benefit of many bodies to warm them, individual
dwellings with just a few occupants can also benefit from body heat. This form of human-heated design dates
back decades. The German architect Wolfgang Feist built the first building in 1990 with what he called a
“passive house” design, which seeks to drastically reduce heat loss. Buildings with such a design lay heavy
focus on thermal insulation, including an airtight building envelope, a ventilation system with heat recovery,
and avoiding something called a “thermal bridge.” A thermal bridge is the area in a building envelope that has
higher heat conductivity than surrounding materials and can allow warmth to leak out of a house. By keeping
as much warmth as possible trapped inside, the heating demand decreases in the building, which can then be
met through “passive” sources, such as solar radiation and heat from people inside. The Passive House
Institute claims that such buildings consume about 90% less heating energy than conventional buildings.
Feist estimates that the additional cost for such design amounts to up to 8% for a single-family passive house.
F Although body heat has been an innovative source of energy, it has its limitations. Littot says the biggest
challenge for projects seeking to use heat from infrastructure like train stations is finding the space. “This
type of project would be especially suited for some new construction near a metro-line extension, where the
initial planning could integrate with the metro recovery solution from the start,” she says. But such forward
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planning is rare. Location aside, the human body cannot be the only heating source of a building. “It has to be
combined with that from electrical appliances, refrigerators, and so on,” says Leon Glicksman, a professor at
MIT, Boston. Moreover, energy-saving building design is not always appreciated, especially in countries
without a mature green awareness. “More people build houses to green standards, but there is not a general
agreement on how much energy this can save. Thus, there’s still a reluctance to employ such a design,”
Glicksman says. “Even if we design very energy-efficient buildings, if people don’t know how to use it, it won’t
be effective.” Glicksman suggests that governments can set energy-saving standards and build efficient and
affordable demonstrations in order to show their citizens the capabilities of these designs in saving energy.

29. What do we learn about the Beaubourg building from paragraph A?

a) The heat generated by human bodies is not sufficient to fully heat it up.
b) It is heated by using the body warmth of the people living inside the building.
c) A nearby metro station uses the building’s unique heating system.
30. What is paragraph B mainly about?
a) The main areas where renewable energy sources are used nowadays
b) The need to use more energy-saving heating systems
c) The difficulties of implementing energy-saving technologies
31. Where in paragraph C does the following sentence belong?
And buildings where, at least in ordinary times, people gather in large numbers have the greatest
potential to put that stuffy, human-warmed air to good use.
a) ❶ b) ❷ c) ❸
32. Which of the following is FALSE about the Mall of America?
a) Not only human body warmth, but also other sources are made use of in order to warm up
the place.
b) The building starts to warm up even before it opens its doors for the thousands of shoppers
every day.
c) It did not need to implement a central heating system due to the moderate temperatures of the
state where it is located.
33. What does paragraph E point out about passive houses?
a) Their primary goal is to keep the warm air indoors.
b) They result in a 10% decrease in energy bills.
c) A thermal bridge protects them from losing heat.
34. Which one can be inferred from paragraph F?
a) The energy generated from places like metro stations may soon be able to provide for all the
energy requirements of new buildings.
b) It is challenging to incorporate sustainable methods such as using body heat into a building
once the construction plans are complete.
c) Countries with a mature green awareness have the responsibility to show the capabilities of
energy-efficient buildings to the whole world.
35. What does the word “account for” in paragraph B mean?
a) form a particular amount of
b) avoid wasteful use of
c) increase the cost of
36. What does the word “utilizes” in paragraph C mean?
a) combines b) uses c) replaces

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 TEXT III
A Procrastination is a well-known and serious behavioral problem having both practical and psychological
implications. Taxpayers commonly put off submitting their annual returns until the last minute, risking
mathematical errors in their rush to submit their documents. Lawmakers notoriously play for time while
clarifying ambiguities that should have been anticipated and fixed earlier, and enact sometimes hasty and ill-
advised legislation at the last minute. And many students leave all their work until the last day and work
through the night to get their term papers submitted before the impending deadline, precluding proper
polishing and proofreading. For these reasons, we are cautioned not to procrastinate: “He who hesitates is
lost.” “Procrastination is the thief of time.”
B However, the opposite of procrastination—a tendency called “pre-crastination” by psychological scientist
David A. Rosenbaum—can also be a serious problem. Dr. Rosenbaum and his team discovered the
phenomenon in a 2014 study. Pre-crastination can be described as the inclination to complete tasks quickly
just for the sake of getting things done sooner rather than later. Some people respond to e-mails immediately
(with typos and misspellings) rather than carefully contemplating their replies. Some pay bills as soon as
they arrive, thus failing to collect interest income. And, some people grab items when they first enter the
grocery store, carry them to the back of the store, pick up more groceries at the back, and then return to the
front of the store to pay and exit, thus dragging the items farther than necessary. Familiar proverbs also warn
of the hazards of pre-crastinating: “Look before you leap.” “Marry in haste, repent at leisure.”
C Dr. Rosenbaum first found striking evidence of pre-crastination in a series of experiments exploring the
economy of effort. Economy of effort refers to the tendency to act efficiently and minimize the expenditure of
energy, such as by avoiding any unnecessary movements. University students were asked to walk down an
alley and pick up either of two buckets: one closer to the starting point and the other closer to the end on the
same walkway, and carry it to the end of the alley. The students were instructed to carry whichever bucket
seemed easier to take to the end of the walkway. The researchers expected students to choose the bucket
closer to the end because it would have to be carried a shorter distance. Surprisingly, many students
preferred the bucket closer to the starting point, actually carrying it farther. When asked why they did so,
most students said something like, “I wanted to get the task done as soon as possible,” even though this
choice did not, in fact, complete the task sooner.
D Dr. Rosenbaum and his team repeated the procedure with various scenarios, including having the
participants carry buckets filled with pennies, having them choose between one filled bucket and one empty
bucket, and varying the positioning of the buckets. And in every case, participants chose to carry the bucket
nearest them over the one near the end of the alley; in other words, they took the first chance to finish the
task even though it required carrying the bucket a longer distance. Nine experiments involving more than
250 students failed to reveal what might have been so compelling about picking up the nearer bucket.
Although some hidden benefit may be awaiting discovery, a simple hypothesis is that getting something done,
or coming closer to getting it done, is inherently rewarding, says Dr. Rosenbaum. No matter how trivial the
achievement, even something as insignificant as picking up a bucket may serve as its own reward.
E Is pre-crastination—exhibited by college students, e-mailers, and shoppers—a symptom of our stressed and
busy lives? Another study from Dr. Rosenbaum’s laboratories suggests it is not: That experiment was done
with pigeons and showed that pigeons tend to pre-crastinate, too. Finding pre-crastination in the pigeon is
particularly important because the evolutionary ancestors of pigeons and humans went their separate ways
300 million years ago, says Dr. Rosenbaum. Following a popular line of thinking in comparative psychology,
the fact that both pigeons and humans pre-crastinate suggests that this behavioral tendency may have
emerged even earlier in phylogeny, i.e., the evolutionary history of the organisms, indicating a hypothetical
common ancestor.
F Why would our evolutionary kin have pre-crastinated, and why do we humans and our pigeon
contemporaries do so now? It is possible, Dr. Rosenbaum points out, that pre-crastination amounts to
grabbing the low-hanging fruit. If something is immediately available to you, you are instinctively wired to
go for it. If a bucket is close at hand, then it may be best to get it while it is available. Another explanation he
offers is that completing tasks immediately may be a way of relieving one’s working memory. By doing a
task right away, you do not have to remember to do it later; it can be demanding to keep future tasks in
mind. Thus, pre-crastinating may be reducing demand on mental resources.

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G Though apparently pre-crastinating is not without its benefits, it is critical to do so only when it makes sense,
as it can result in an expenditure of unnecessary effort that could be avoided with a bit of planning. As
opposed to a procrastinator, who might leave an inbox full of e-mails untouched until the next day, a pre-
crastinator would read and respond to each of them first thing in the morning. Even if they know most of the
e-mails are unimportant, they would choose to clear them off as soon as possible. __________________ . The real
downside of pre-crastination, however, comes when, in your rush to finish, you encounter the naturally
higher chance of doing your work incompletely or inaccurately. It would be wise to acknowledge that it is not
always best to do everything as quickly as possible. It should be agreed in our society that it is okay to smell
the flower: to be deliberate, mindful, and to be allowed to slow down.

37. Which idea does the writer emphasize in paragraph A?

a) When people of certain professions fail to meet deadlines, this generally causes others to suffer.
b) It is possible to improve the quality of the tasks you need to do by leaving enough time to go over them.
c) The tendency to delay fulfilling one’s responsibilities is a problem with adverse consequences.
38. Based on the information in paragraph B, which proverb warns against pre-crastination?
a) Measure twice, cut once.
b) Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
c) You never know what you can do until you try.
39. How does paragraph D relate to the experiment explained in paragraph C?
a) It explains the reasons why that experiment failed and needed to be repeated nine times without
any success.
b) It offers a possible explanation as to the cause of the behavior observed in that experiment and the
following ones.
c) It clarifies why the findings obtained from that experiment were considered insignificant, leading
researchers to change their methods.
40. Which could be the best heading for paragraph E?
a) The Ancient Roots of Pre-Crastination
b) The Reasons Why Pigeons Tend to Pre-Crastinate
c) The Role of Pre-Crastination in a Stressed and Busy Life
41. Which one best summarizes paragraph F?
a) Because it is difficult to keep things in our working memory for a long time, we tend to pre-crastinate
and reduce the demand on our mental resources.
b) The causes of pre-crastination can be found in our evolutionary past and reveal an instinct to grab
the opportunities while they are available to us.
c) The reasons why we pre-crastinate could be the desire to get things done because they are within
reach and to avoid the necessity to think about them in the future.
42. Which of the following best fits into the blank in paragraph G?
a) Most of the time, that can be a particularly strong motivation in a workplace where the emphasis is
on accuracy rather than speed
b) In some cases, this can mean depleting the precious energy one might need for a more urgent task
later on
c) Research is also focusing on individual differences in such pre-crastinating tendencies and their
implications in different contexts
43. What does the word “impending” in paragraph A mean?
a) fixed firmly; hard to change
b) strongly limiting; restricting
c) occurring soon; approaching
44. What does the word “inherently” in paragraph D mean?
a) naturally b) extremely c) immediately

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 TEXT IV
A In ancient Rome, the wealthy patricians ran the empire. The second-class plebeians worked the farms,
baked the bread, and built the walls. The rest of the workforce—a full third of the Roman population—were
slaves. Human history is, sadly, entwined with inequality. Most early civilizations, the Sumerians, Egyptians,
and Harappans among them, had social classes—strata of inequity that left some better positioned than
others. Yet it has long been assumed that prior to the Athenian and Roman empires, which arose nearly
2,500 and more than 2,000 years ago, respectively, human social structure was relatively straightforward:
You had those who were in power and those who were not, and these two groups had separate lives.
However, a study published in Science suggests it was not that simple. As far back as 4,000 years ago, at the
beginning of the Bronze Age and long before Julius Caesar, human families of varying status levels had quite
intimate relationships. Elites lived together with those of lower social classes and women who migrated in
from outside communities. It appears early human societies operated in a complex, class-based system that
passed down through generations.
B By analyzing the DNA of more than 100 ancient skeletons from a burial site near Augsburg, Germany, the
researchers determined the sex and relatedness of individuals buried together on single farmsteads. They
were members of Central European farming communities that spanned from the late Neolithic period
through the Bronze Age—or from around 2800 BC through 1300 BC. Related individuals, the study’s
authors found, were laid to rest with goods and belongings that appeared to be passed down through
generations. The unrelated people in the household were buried with nothing, suggesting they were a
lower class of “family members,” who were not given the ceremonial treatment. “It is impossible to say
whether the low-status individuals in Augsburg were slaves, menial staff, or something else,” comments
Philipp Stockhammer who was a co-author of the new study. “But we can see that in every household,
individuals of very different status were living together,” Stockhammer says.
C By radio dating the teeth samples and comparing them with regional geographical radioactivity profiles,
Stockhammer and his collaborators also determined where each person grew up. The results show that
in nearly all of the households studied, there were females who were born elsewhere. Whereas the
remains suggest that farmsteads were passed through many generations of males—up to five in some
cases—females only persisted in a community for one generation. This observation means a system of
patrilocality was followed: Men stayed in their place of upbringing, while women moved in with their
husband’s family. Patrilocal cultures had previously existed, including far back in the Paleolithic, but the
findings support the idea that the practice became more common as the organization of societies
developed.
D Stockhammer points out that social structure has long been a major topic in archaeology and that
countless studies have explored the communal interactions of ancient societies. Yet he feels the new study
illuminates the transition of societal organization as we moved, from the late Stone Age to the Bronze Age,
toward individual families living with those of a subservient class and women from other communities.
“We added a new aspect to the current state of the art: the integration of genetic, isotopic, and
archaeological data, which helped us understand the complexity of past social structures,” Stockhammer
says. Though he is sure that his findings cannot directly be correlated with other ancient societies, he does
draw a comparison with classical Greece’s oikos family structure and Rome’s familia, in which slaves and
those of lower status were part of the family.
E University of Michigan archaeologist Alicia Miller, who was not involved in the paper, shares Stockhammer’s
enthusiasm. She feels this new work reveals a lot about early human inheritance of goods and property. “As
far as I can tell, there are no other studies that have such rich sample sizes and multiple analyses to come to
these conclusions, especially for prehistoric groups,” Miller says. “Their finding that wealth was inherited,
rather than achieved, has real impacts for research on inequality and will likely change our understanding of
ancient Europe. The results give us insight into the complexity of ancient lifeways,” she adds. Krishna
Veeramah, a population geneticist at Stony Brook University, who was also not involved in the study, thinks
the new multidisciplinary research approach may serve as a model for future work, especially as
characterizing ancient DNA becomes more affordable and widespread. “Sequencing DNA from hundreds of
individuals from a burial site is likely to cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, so few archaeologists will
have access to the approach until costs come down,” he notes.

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F For his part, Stockhammer believes marrying outside one’s community encouraged the cultural exchange
of information, which ultimately led to the formation of new civilizations. Increasing social interactions
with other communities allowed for a more efficient transfer of skills and goods to a wider population. “I
am sure the fact that a large number of adult women from outside the society entered the society had an
important effect—that new knowledge and technologies came with them,” he says. Anthropologists and
scientists from other fields refer to a concept called ratcheting, in which cultural information is not just
shared and learned but also modified and improved. If ancient humans mixed with outside communities,
countless kernels of know-how would have been borrowed and altered for both good and bad (more
effective tools; more lethal weapons and warfare). Individuals marrying outside of their community may
have also made sense from the standpoint of genetic fitness and allowed local societies to thrive. Doing so
would have prevented the genetic abnormalities that come from inbreeding and, perhaps, in the long term,
improved collective community survival.

45. In paragraph A, which is one thing that the writer does to introduce the topic?
a) Note the significance of the Science study in showing the severity of inequality in history
b) Explain what the Athenians and Romans did to change the human social structure
c) Exemplify different social classes and their roles in an early civilization
46. Which one does paragraph B provide information about?
a) What the DNA analyses revealed about the burial practices of an ancient farming community
b) Examples of goods and belongings that were found in the burial site in Germany
c) How the study made it possible to identify if the buried individuals were slaves or menial staff
47. What is the function of paragraph C?
a) To explain why the females born elsewhere could not become a part of the community
b) To present what the research team found out about the buried people’s place of upbringing
c) To give information about how patrilocality emerged as a system in the Paleolithic
48. What do we learn about Stockhammer’s study from paragraph D?
a) It reveals the societal changes in the Bronze Age, but it fails to describe the role of women
in that period.
b) The new analysis technique it uses will change our understanding of Greek and Roman
family structures.
c) Integrating archaeology and other fields like genetics enabled the team to better understand
the ancient social structure.
49. According to paragraph E, who draws attention to the necessity of Stockhammer’s technique
to become cheaper?
a) Miller b) Veeramah c) Both
50. Which one best summarizes paragraph F?
a) Marrying women from other societies was a common practice in ancient communities, which
helped strengthen their social networks as well as their health conditions.
b) Through marriages to nonlocal women, ancient societies not only accessed new technologies, which
they modified and improved, but they also benefited from the genetic diversity in their community.
c) Mixing with other communities enabled ancient societies to improve their quality of life by
using the knowledge they learned from them and thus to increase their chances of survival.
51. What does the word “relatively” in paragraph A mean?
a) in comparison
b) in every way
c) in particular
52. What does the word “enthusiasm” in paragraph E mean?
a) responsibility b) excitement c) commitment