Unit - 6

Vector Integrations

Vector integration is one of the important topic in Vector

Calculus. Generally Vector Integration is natural extension general
integration.
In this chapter we will discuss about three types of vector
integrals namely,
1. Vector Line Integral
2.Vector Surface Integral
3.Vector Volume Integral
At the end of this chapter we will discuss about three famous divergent
theorems such as:
1.Green’s Theorem
2.Gauss Theorem
3.Stokes Theorem
Vector Integral:-
An Integral is said to be a vector integral if it’s integrand is a
vector function. Mathematically it can be defined as, suppose 𝐹ത is a vector
function, then the vector integral of 𝐹ത can be denoted and defined as
ത (𝑑𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑑𝑥𝑗 ҧ + 𝑑𝑧
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ =‫𝐹(׬‬1 𝑖 ҧ + 𝐹2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝐹3 𝑘).
‫𝐹 ׬‬.
= න 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐹3 𝑑𝑧
Vector Line Integral:-
Suppose 𝐹ത is a vector function defined along a curve ‘C’
with starting point ‘A’ and ending point ‘B’ then the vector line integral of
𝐹ത along C can be denoted and defined as
𝐵
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ
‫𝐹 𝐴׬‬.
Suppose 𝐹ത is defined along a closed curve ‘C’, then
ത 𝑑 𝑟,ҧ is called vector closed integral.
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬.
Evaluation of vector line integral:-
Every vector line integral can be evaluated by
converting into real Integral.
Work done by the force:-
Suppose 𝐹ത is a force vector acting on a particle.
Suppose this particle moves from point ‘A’ to’B’ because of this 𝐹, ത then the
𝐵
ത
workdone by a force 𝐹 is given by ‫𝐹 𝐴׬‬. ത 𝑑 𝑟.ҧ
Circulation:-
Suppose 𝑣ҧ is the velocity of a particle and is moving along a
closed curve ‘C’. Then the circuation of that particle along a closed
curve’C’ is given by ‫𝑣 𝑐ׯ‬.ҧ 𝑑𝑟ҧ
 ത 𝑑𝑟,ҧ Where 𝐹ത = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ and ‘C’ is the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 in
(1) Evaluate ‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
𝑥𝑦 - plane from(0,0) to (2,4).
Sol:- Given, Fത = 𝑥yi ҧ − y 2 j ҧ
Consider , ‫׬‬C Fത . drҧ = ‫𝑥 ( ׬‬yi ҧ − y 2 j).
ҧ (d 𝑥i ҧ + dyj)ҧ
= ‫𝑥 ( ׬‬ydx − y 2 dy) ----------(1)
Given C is a curve y = 𝑥 2
dy = 2 𝑥d𝑥
Along this line ‘ 𝑥 ’ varies from 0 → 2
𝑥: 0 → 2
substituting above values in (1) we get,
2
ത
‫ ׬‬F. drҧ = ‫ 𝑥(𝑥 ( ׬‬2 )d𝑥 − (𝑥 2 )2 (2 𝑥d𝑥))
C x=0
 2
= ‫׬‬x=0 ( 𝑥 3 dx − 2x 5 dx)
1
𝑥4 𝑥6
= −2
4 6 0
1 2
= (24 − 0) − (26 )
4 6
1 2
= (16) − (64)
4 6
64 12−64 52
=4− => => −
3 3 3
52
ത
∴‫׬‬C F. drҧ = − 3
 ത 𝑑𝑟,ҧ Where 𝐹ത = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑦𝑗 ҧ and ‘C’ is the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 in
(2) Find ‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
𝑥𝑦 - plane from(0,0) to (4,4).
Sol:- Given, Fത = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 i ҧ − 𝑦j ҧ
Consider , ‫׬‬C Fത . drҧ = ‫ 𝑥 ( ׬‬2 𝑦 2 i ҧ − 𝑦j).
ҧ (d 𝑥i ҧ + dyj)ҧ
= ‫ 𝑥 ( ׬‬2 𝑦 2 dx − 𝑦dy) ----------(1)
Given C is a curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥
2ydy = 4d𝑥
Along this line ‘ 𝑥 ’ varies from 0 → 4
𝑥: 0 → 4
substituting above values in (1) we get,
2
ത
‫ ׬‬F. drҧ = ‫( ( ׬‬4𝑥)𝑥 2 )d𝑥 + (2 d𝑥))
C x=0
 4
= ‫׬‬x=0 ( 4𝑥 3 dx − 2dx)
4
𝑥4
= 4 −2𝑥
4 0
= 44 − 2(4)
= 256 + 8 => 264
∴‫׬‬C Fത . drҧ = 264.
(3) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
𝐹ത = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 ҧ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത along the straight line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3).
Sol:- Given, 𝐹ത = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 ҧ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത
The work done by the moving particle in the force field is given by
ത (𝑑𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ = න(3𝑥 2 𝑖 ҧ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘).
න 𝐹. ത
𝐶
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬. ----------(1)
Given ‘C’ is the line from (0,0,0) to (2,1,3)
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Equation of the line = = =𝐾
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑥−0 𝑦−0 𝑧−0
= = =𝐾
2−0 1−0 3−0
 𝑥 = 2𝑘, 𝑦 = 𝑘, 𝑧 = 3
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑘, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑘, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑘
‘ 𝑘’ is varies from 𝑘: 0 → 1
Substitute above values in eqution (1)
1
ത
‫𝐹 ׬‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3(2𝑘)2 (2𝑑𝑘) + (2(2𝑘)(3𝑘) − 𝑘)𝑑𝑘 + (3𝑘)(3𝑑𝑘))
𝐶 𝑘=0
1
= ‫=𝑘׬‬0(3(4𝑘 2 )(2𝑑𝑘) + (12𝑘 2 − 𝑘)𝑑𝑘 + (9𝑘𝑑𝑘))
1
= ‫=𝑘׬‬0(24𝑘 2 d𝑘) + 12𝑘 2 d𝑘 − 𝑘d𝑘 + 9𝑘d𝑘
1 1
1 𝑘3 𝑘2
= ‫=𝑘׬‬0 36𝑘 2 d𝑘 + 8𝑘d𝑘 => 36
3
+ 8
2
0 0
= 12+4 => 16.
(4) Using the line Integral calcuate the work done by the force field 𝐹ത =
3𝑥 2 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത along the line from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) then to (1,1,0) and
then(1,1,1).
Sol:- Given 𝐹ത = 3𝑥 2 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത
The Work done by the force 𝐹ത is given by
‫𝐹 ׬‬. ത (𝑑𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)
ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘). ത
𝐶
ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) ----------(1)
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
(i) ‘C’ is a curve varies from (0,0,0) to(1,0,0)
Along this line 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
‘𝑥’ varies from 0 to 1 (𝑥 : 0 → 1)
Substitute above values in Eq(1), we get,
ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
‫𝐹 ׬‬.ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 0 + 0)
𝐶
1
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3𝑘 3
=
3 0
=1
(ii) ‘C’ is a curve varies from (1,0,0) to(1,1,0)
Along this line 𝑥 = 1, 𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑧 = 0
‘𝑦’ varies from 0 to 1 (𝑦 : 0 → 1)
Substitute above values in Eq(1), we get,
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
1
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 (0 + 𝑑𝑦 + 0)
1
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 𝑑𝑦
=1
(iii) ‘C’ is a curve varies from (1,1,0) to(1,1,1)
Along this line 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0
‘𝑧’ varies from 0 to 1 (𝑧 : 0 → 1)
Substitute above values in Eq(1), we get,
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫( ׬‬3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
1
= ‫=𝑧׬‬0 (0 + 0 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
1
= ‫=𝑧׬‬0 𝑧𝑑𝑧
1
=
2
(5) If 𝐹ത = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 ҧ − 𝑧𝑗 ҧ + 𝑥 2 𝑘ത and ‘C’ is the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from
t=0 to t=1, Evaluate‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬. ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ .
Sol:- Given,
ത (𝑑𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)
ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑖𝑦𝑥( ׬‬ҧ − 𝑧𝑗 ҧ + 𝑥 2 𝑘).
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬. ത
= ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑥 ׬‬− 𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑧 ----------(1)
Given ‘c’ is the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Given t is varies from 0 → 1 => t : 0 → 1
1
ത
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫=𝑡׬‬0 (𝑡 2 )(2𝑡)(2𝑡𝑑𝑡) − (𝑡 3 )(2𝑑𝑡) + (𝑡 2 )2 (3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡)
 1
= ‫=𝑡׬‬0 4𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑡5 𝑡4 𝑡7
= 4 −2 +3
5 4 7 0
4 1 3
= − +
5 2 7
51
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ =
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬. .
70
(6) If ‘C’ is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 then find ‫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑐׬‬− 𝑦𝑑𝑥.
Sol:- Given ‘C’ is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
Let 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝜃
 As ‘C’ is a circle then ‘𝜃’ it varies from 0 to 2𝜋
2𝜋
‫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑐׬‬− 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 ( 2cos𝜃)(2cosd𝜃) − (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝜃)
2𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 ( 4cos 2 𝜃d𝜃) + (4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃d𝜃)
2𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 4 (cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)d𝜃
2𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 4 d𝜃
= 4(2𝜋)
= 8𝜋
(7) If ‘C’ is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 then find ‫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑐׬‬− 𝑦𝑑𝑥.
(8) Compute the line integral ‫ 𝑦 𝐶ׯ‬2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 along a triangle’C’ with
vertices (1,0),(0,1),(-1,0)
Sol:- Given integral is ‫ 𝑦 𝐶ׯ‬2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 along a triangle with vertices
(1,0),(0,1),(-1,0)
From the figure, we conclude that the triangle ‘C’ is made up of 3 line
segments, namely AB , BD and DA
‫ 𝑦 𝐶ׯ‬2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬AB + ‫׬‬BD + ‫׬‬DA ---------(1)
Along AB:- Along the line AB y = 0 => dy = 0
x varies from − 1 to 1
2 2 1
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝐵𝐴ׯ‬− 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬x=−1 0dx − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 => 0 --------(2)
Along BD:- It’s starting point is (1,0) and ending point is (0,1)
∴ The equation of the line which joins above two points is
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
=
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑦−0 1−0
=
𝑥−1 0−1
𝑦 1
=
𝑥−1 −1
𝑦 =1−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 1 → 0
2 2 0
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝐷𝐵ׯ‬− 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬x=1(1 − 𝑥)2 )dx − 𝑥 2 (−𝑑𝑥)
 0
= ‫׬‬x=1(1 + 𝑥 2 − 2x)dx + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
= ‫׬‬x=1(2𝑥 2 −2x)dx
0
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 𝑥+2 −2
3 2 1
2
= −1 − + 1
3
2
= − --------(3)
3
Along DA:- It’s starting point is (0,1) and ending point is (-1,0)
∴ The equation of the line which joins above two points is
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
=
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
 𝑦−1 0−1
=
𝑥−0 −1−0
𝑦−1
=1
𝑥
𝑦 =1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 0 → 1
2 2 0
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝐴𝐷ׯ‬− 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬x=1(1 + 𝑥)2 )dx − 𝑥 2 (𝑑𝑥)
0
= ‫׬‬x=1(1 + 𝑥 2 + 2x)dx − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
= ‫׬‬x=0(2x + 1)dx => 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 0 => 1 − 1 => 0 ----(4)
 Sub Eq(2) ,(3) and (4) in Eq(1)
‫ 𝑦 𝐶ׯ‬2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ‫׬‬AB + ‫׬‬BD + ‫׬‬DA
2
=0− +0
3
2 2 2
‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 𝐶ׯ‬− 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 3
(9) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
𝐹ത = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ + (𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗 ҧ + (𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦)𝑘ത along the straight line from
(1,1,1) to (3,-5,7).
Sol:- Given, 𝐹ത = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ + (𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗 ҧ + (𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦)𝑘ത
The work done by the moving particle in the force field is given by
ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = න(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ + (𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑗 ҧ + (𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦)𝑘ത ). (𝑑𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘)
න 𝐹. ത
𝐶
 ത 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑥( ׬‬2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑧 ) ---(1)
‫𝐹 𝐶׬‬.
Given ‘C’ is the line from (1,1,1) to (3,-5,7)
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Equation of the line = = =𝐾
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
= = =𝐾
3−1 −5−1 7−1
𝑥 = 2𝑘 + 1, 𝑦 = 1 − 6𝑘, 𝑧 = 6𝑘 + 1
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑘, 𝑑𝑦 = −6𝑑𝑘, 𝑑𝑧 = 6𝑑𝑘
‘ 𝑘’ is varies from 𝑘: 0 → 1
Substitute above values in eqution (1)
 ‫‪((2𝑘 + 1)2 −(1 − 6𝑘)(6𝑘 + 1))(2𝑑𝑘) +‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ത‬‬
‫‪𝑘=0 ((1 − 6𝑘)3 −(2𝑘 + 1)(6𝑘 + 1))(−6𝑑𝑘) +‬׬ = ‪𝐶 𝐹. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ‬׬‬
‫)𝑘𝑑‪((6𝑘 + 1)2 −(2𝑘 + 1)(1 − 6𝑘))(6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑘𝑑 ‪𝑘=0 1296𝑘 3‬׬‬ ‫𝑘𝑑𝑘‪− 208𝑘 2 𝑑𝑘 + 52‬‬
‫‪208‬‬
‫‪= 324 −‬‬ ‫‪− 26‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪894−208‬‬ ‫‪686‬‬
‫=‬ ‫>=‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
Vector Surface Integral:-
Suppose 𝐹ത is any vector function defined over a surface
‘S’. The surface integral of 𝐹ത over ‘S’ can be defined as ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬.
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠,
ො where
𝑛ො is unit normal vector to the surface ‘S’.
Method to Evaluate Surface Integral:-
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
(1)Consider a Surface Integral of the form ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො -------❶
(2)Every Surface Integral can be evaluated by converting into Double
integrals.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
(3)Suppose the Surface ‘S’ is projected in XY - plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
ത ො = ‫𝐹 𝑦׬ 𝑥׬‬. 𝑛ෝ ො ത .
Equation ❶=> ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠 ത
𝑛.𝑘
 𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
(4)Suppose the Surface ‘S’ is projected in YZ - plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො 𝑖ҧ
𝑛.
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
ത ത
ො = ‫𝐹 𝑧׬ 𝑦׬‬. 𝑛ෝ ො ҧ .
Equation ❶=> ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
(5)Suppose the Surface ‘S’ is projected in XZ - plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො 𝑗ҧ
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
ത ത
ො = ‫𝐹 𝑧׬ 𝑥׬‬. 𝑛ෝ ො ҧ .
Equation ❶=> ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑛.𝑗
(6)Suppose the given Surface ‘S’ is a curved surface then it’s surface
integral can be evaluated by projecting it into any one of the closed plane.
(1) Evaluate ‫׬‬S Fത . N ෡ ds, Where
Fത = yxi ҧ + z 2 j ҧ + 2zykത over the tetrahedron bounded by
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and the plane x + y + z = 1.
Sol:- Given, Fത = yxi ҧ + z 2 j ҧ + 2zykത
Also given ‘S’ is the Surface of the plane x + y + z = 1
From the figure the surface ‘S’ is made up of 4 faces, Namely
OABO, OBCO, OCAO, ABCA
‫׬‬S Fത . nො ds = ‫׬‬OBCO + ‫׬‬OCAO + ‫׬‬ABCA ----------(1)
Along OABO:-
This surface is lying in xy-plane itself.
So, nො = −k෠ and z = 0
 ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑦𝑥)𝑖 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧𝑦𝑘)(−
Now, 𝐹. ෠
𝑘)
=> −2𝑦𝑧
=> 0
‫׬‬OABO 𝐹.ത 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = 0
This surface is lying in xy - plane, so,
dx.dy dx.dy
ds = ഥ
ෝ .k
=> ෡kഥ => dxdy
n −k.
In this surface the value of z = 0 so the plane becomes x+y = 1
Here for fixed ‘x’ the two limits of ‘y’
𝑦: 0 → (1 − x) the two limits of 𝑥: 0 → 1
1 1−𝑥
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬0)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 => 0 ---------(2)
OBCO 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
Along OBCO:-
This surface is lying in yz-plane itself.
So, nො = −iƸ and x = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑦𝑥)𝑖 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧𝑦𝑘)(−𝑖)Ƹ
= 𝑦𝑥
ത 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = 0
‫׬‬OBCO 𝐹.
This surface is lying in yz - plane, so,
dy.dz dy.dz
ds = ෝ .iҧ
=> => dy. dz
n −i.Ƹ iҧ
In this surface the value of x = 0 so the plane becomes y+z = 1
Here for fixed ‘y’ the two limits of ‘z’
𝑧: 0 → (1 − y) the two limits of 𝑦: 0 → 1
1 1−𝑦
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬0)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 => 0 --------(3)
OBCO 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
Along OCAO:-
This surface is lying in xz-plane itself.
So, nො = −jƸ and y = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑦𝑥)𝑖 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧𝑦𝑘)(−𝑗)
ത 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑧 2
‫׬‬OCAO 𝐹.
This surface is lying in xz - plane, so,
dx.dz dx.dz
ds = ෝ .j ҧ
=> => dx. dz
n −j.jҧ
In this surface the value of y = 0 so the plane becomes x+z = 1
Here for fixed ‘x’ the two limits of ‘z’
𝑧: 0 → (1 − x) the two limits of 𝑥: 0 → 1
1 1−𝑥 2
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑧𝑑) 𝑧( ׬‬
OCAO 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
 1−𝑥
1 𝑧3
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 dx
3 0
1 1
= ‫׬‬ (1 − 𝑥)3 dx
3 𝑥=0
1 1
= ‫׬‬ (1 + 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥) dx
3 𝑥=0
1
1 𝑥4 𝑥2
= 𝑥+ −2
3 4 2 0
1 1
= (1 + − 1)
3 4
1 1 1
= ( ) => ( ) ---------(4)
3 4 12
Along ABCA:-
This surface is lying in all 3 planes, Let ∅ = x + y + z − 1
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻. ∅ = (𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗ҧ +𝑘 )(x + y + z − 1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= (𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑘)
𝛻. ∅ = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
𝛻.∅
This Unit Normal Vector is given by nො =
𝛻.∅
ҧ 𝑗+𝑘)
(𝑖+ ҧ
nො =
3
ҧ 𝑗+𝑘)
(𝑖+ ҧ (𝑦𝑥+𝑧 2 +2𝑧𝑦)
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑦𝑥)𝑖 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧𝑦𝑘)( ) =>
3 3
Let us project, the surface ABCA into yz -plane at x=0
dy.dz dy.dz dy.dz
So, ds = ෝ .iҧ
=> ҧ 𝑗ത+𝑘)
(𝑖+ => 1 => 3𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
n .iҧ .
3 3
In yz-plane for fixed ‘y’ 𝑧: 0 → (1 − y) and 𝑦: 0 → 1
1 1−𝑦 (𝑦𝑥+𝑧 2 +2𝑧𝑦)
ത 𝑛ො 𝑑𝑠 =
‫׬‬ABCA 𝐹. ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫=𝑧׬‬0 ( )( 3𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 )
3
1 1−𝑦
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫=𝑧׬‬0 (𝑦(0) + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑦)(𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 )
1 1−𝑦 2
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫=𝑧׬‬0 (𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑦)(𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 )
1−𝑦
1 1−𝑦 𝑧 3 𝑧2
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫=𝑧׬‬0 3 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0
1 (1−𝑦)3
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ( + 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)2 )𝑑𝑦
3
1 1
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ( (1 − 𝑧 3 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )) + (𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
3
 1 1 3 3 1 1 2
= ( (1 − − + )) + ( + − )
3 4 2 3 2 4 3
1 16−2−12 1 1 2 1
= ( )+( ) => ( ) +
3 8 12 3 8 12
1 1 2 1
= +( ) => => ---------(5)
12 12 12 6
By substituting eq(2) to (5) in eq(1), we get,
1 1 2
ത
‫׬‬S F. nො ds = 0 + 0 + 12 + 12 + 12
4
=
12
1
=
3
(2) Evaluate ‫׬‬S Fത . N ෡ ds, Where
Fത = 4xzi ҧ − y 2 j ҧ + yzkത and ‘S’ is the surface of the
cube bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎.
Sol:- Given, Fത = 4xziҧ − y 2 j ҧ + yzkത
Given ‘C’ is a cube bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎
From the figure cube consisting of 6 surfaces, namely,
OABDO, FGCEF, ODEFO, ABCGA, OFGAO, DECBD.
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො = ‫ 𝑂𝐷𝐵𝐴𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐹𝐸𝐶𝐺𝐹׬‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐴𝐺𝐶𝐵𝐴׬‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐹𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐷𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷׬‬-----
(1)
Along OABDO:- This Surface is lying in xy - plane itself
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑘෠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(− ෠
𝑘) => −𝑦𝑧 = 0 => 0
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
Since this surface is in xy-plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦 𝑛.
𝑑𝑠 = ෠ ത = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−𝑘 . 𝑘
In this surface 𝑥 ∶ 0 → a and 𝑦 ∶ 0 → a and z = 0
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬0)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 -----(2)
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐷𝑂 𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑜
Along FGCEF:- This Surface is lying in opposite to xy-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑘෠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑎
ത 𝑘)
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(
Now, 𝐹. ෠ => 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑦(𝑎) = 𝑎𝑦
 𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
Since this surface is lying in xy-plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ෠ .𝑘
ത
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑘
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and y: 0 → a and z = a
𝑎 𝑎
ത
‫𝐹 𝐹𝐸𝐶𝐺𝐹׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑)𝑦(𝑜=𝑦׬‬
𝑎
𝑎 𝑦2
= ‫ 𝑜=𝑥׬‬2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎4
= ‫𝑥𝑑 ׬‬ => 𝑥 0 =>
2 𝑥=𝑜 2 2
𝑎4
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝐹𝐸𝐶𝐺𝐹׬‬. ො = -----(3)
2
Along ODEFO:- This Surface is lying in to yz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(−𝑖))
Ƹ
= −4𝑥𝑧 => 0
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in yz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො 𝑖ҧ
𝑛.
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
−𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖ҧ
In this surface 𝑦: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and 𝑥 = 0
𝑎 𝑎
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬0)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
=0 -----(4)
Along ABCGA:- This Surface is lying opposite to yz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎
Now, 𝐹. ത 𝑖))
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)( Ƹ
= 4𝑥𝑧
ത 𝑛ො = 4𝑎𝑧
𝐹. 𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in yz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖ҧ
In this surface 𝑦: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬4𝑎𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑎 𝑧2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎
= ‫ 𝑜=𝑦׬‬4𝑎 2 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑜=𝑦׬‬4𝑎( 2 )𝑑𝑦 =2𝑎3 𝑦 0 =2𝑎4 -----(5)
0
Along OFGAO:- This Surface is lying in zx-plane itself
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(−𝑗))
Ƹ
= 𝑦2
=0
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in xz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො 𝑗ҧ
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
−𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗ҧ
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and y = 0
𝑎 𝑎
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐹𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬0)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0 -----(6)
Along DECBD:- This Surface is lying opposite to xz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎
Now, 𝐹. ത 𝑗))
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)( Ƹ
= −𝑦 2
ത 𝑛ො = −𝑎2
𝐹. 𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in xz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑗
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗ҧ
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and y = a
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬−𝑎2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝐷𝐸𝐶𝐵𝐷 𝑥=0 𝑧=𝑜
2 𝑎 𝑎 3 𝑎
= −𝑎 ‫)𝑥(𝑜=𝑧׬‬0 𝑑𝑧 => −𝑎 ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑜=𝑧׬‬ => −𝑎3 (𝑧)𝑎0 => −𝑎4 -----(7)
Substitute eq (2) to (7) in eq(1), we get,
𝑎4 𝑎4 3𝑎4
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො =0+ 4 4 4
+ 0 + 2𝑎 + 0 − 𝑎 => 𝑎 + =>
2 2 2
3𝑎4
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො = .
2
(3) Define surface integral and Evaluate ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ത 𝑁𝑑𝑠,
෡ Where
𝐹ത = 𝑧𝑖 ҧ + 𝑥 𝑗 ҧ − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘ത and ‘S’ is the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16,
including in the 1st octant between 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
Sol:- Given, 𝐹ത = 𝑧𝑖 ҧ + 𝑥𝑗 ҧ − 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘ത
Given ‘S’ is the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16,
including in the 1st octant between 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5
The surface is a curved surface
Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16
∴ The Normal to the surface is grad∅
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
∴𝛻∅ = (𝑖 ҧ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 ҧ 𝜕𝑦 ത
+ 𝑘 ) = 2𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 2𝑦𝑗 ҧ
𝜕𝑧
 𝛻∅ = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
ҧ 𝑗)ҧ
2(𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 ҧ 𝑗)ҧ
(𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 ҧ 𝑗)ҧ
(𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 ҧ 𝑗)ҧ
(𝑥 𝑖+𝑦
Unit Normal 𝑛ො = = = =
2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 16 4

2 ത ҧ 𝑗)ҧ
(𝑥𝑖+𝑦
ത
Now 𝐹. 𝑛ො = (𝑧𝑖 ҧ + 𝑥 𝑗 ҧ − 3𝑦 𝑧𝑘 )( )
4
(𝑥𝑧+𝑥𝑦)
=
4
𝑥(𝑧+𝑦)
=
4
Let us project this surface ABCEA into yz - plane, so
dy.dz dy.dz dy.dz 4
ds = ෝ ҧ => (𝑥𝑖+𝑦 ҧ 𝑗ത) => 𝑥 => 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
n.i .iҧ 𝑥
4 4
In this surface y limits are y = 0,y = 4 and z = 0 to z = 5
4 5 𝑥(𝑧+𝑦) 4
ത
‫𝐹 𝐴𝐸𝐷𝐵𝐴׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬ )( 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)
4 𝑥
4 5
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫𝑧(𝑜=𝑧׬‬ + 𝑦) (𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧)
4 𝑧2
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ( + 𝑦𝑧)50 (𝑑𝑦)
2
4 25
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ( + 𝑦(5) ) (𝑑𝑦)
2
4
25 𝑦2 25 42
= 𝑦 + (5) => ( (4) + (5) )
2 2 0 2 2
5
= 50 + (16) => 50 + 40 => 90.
2
Vector Volume Integral:-
Suppose 𝐹ത is a vector function defined over a surface ‘S’
bounded by the volume ‘V’. The Volume Integral of 𝐹ത over ‘V’ can be
ത 𝑑𝑣
denoted and defined as ‫𝐹 𝑣׬‬.
(1) Evaluate‫ 𝑥(𝑉׮‬2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧, Where ‘V’ is the volume of the
cube bounded by the co-ordinate plane and the planes 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎.
ത 𝑑𝑣 = ‫ 𝑥( ׮‬2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Sol:- Given ‫𝐹 𝑣׬‬. 𝑉
Where ‘V’ is Volume of a cube bounded by the co-ordinate plane and
the planes 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎.
Consider,
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
ത
‫𝐹 ׬‬. 𝑑𝑣 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬ ‫ 𝑥( ׬‬2 +𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑣 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫=𝑧׬‬0(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑧3
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0(𝑥 2 𝑧 2
+𝑦 𝑧+
3
)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
 ‫𝑎‬ ‫𝑎‬ ‫‪𝑎3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=0‬׬‬ ‫𝑎 ‪𝑦=0(𝑥 2‬׬‬ ‫‪+𝑦 𝑎+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑)‬
‫𝑎‬ ‫‪𝑦3‬‬ ‫‪𝑎3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑦𝑎 ‪𝑥=0(𝑥 2‬׬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑎+‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑)𝑦‬
‫𝑎‬ ‫‪𝑎4‬‬ ‫‪𝑎4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=0(𝑥 2 𝑎2‬׬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑)‬
‫‪𝑥3‬‬ ‫‪𝑎4‬‬ ‫‪𝑎4‬‬
‫(=‬ ‫‪𝑎2 +‬‬ ‫‪𝑥+‬‬ ‫)𝑥‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑎3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪𝑎5‬‬ ‫‪𝑎5‬‬
‫(=‬ ‫‪𝑎 +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑎5‬‬ ‫‪𝑎5‬‬ ‫‪𝑎5‬‬ ‫‪3𝑎5‬‬
‫(=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫>= )‬ ‫‪=𝑎5.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
(2) If Fത = 2xzi ҧ − xj ҧ + 𝑦 2 kത Then Evaluate ‫ 𝑉׬‬Fത . 𝑑𝑣 Where ‘V’ is the
region bounded by the surface 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 6, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑧 = 4.
Sol:- Given, Fത = 2𝑥zi ҧ − 𝑥j ҧ + 𝑦 2 kത
ത 𝑑𝑣 = ‫ ( ׮‬2𝑥zi ҧ − 𝑥j ҧ + 𝑦 2 kത )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
‫𝐹 ׬‬.
𝑣
2 6 4
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑧׬‬2 (2𝑥zi ҧ − 𝑥 j ҧ + 𝑦 2 kത )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 6 4
= i ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑧׬‬2 (2xz )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 6 4
+j ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑧׬‬2 (−𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧+
2 6 4
ത
+k ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑧׬‬2(𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
 4
2 6 𝑧2
= i ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥2
2 6 4 2 6 4
ത
+j ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 −𝑥𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦+k ‫=𝑥׬‬0 𝑦2𝑧
‫=𝑦׬‬0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 6 2𝑥
= i ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ( (42 − (𝑥 2 )2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
2 6 2 6
2 ത
+j ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 − 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦+k ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 𝑦 2 (4
2
− 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 6
= i ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 (16𝑥 − −𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 6 2 6
+j ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 (−4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦+kത ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 (4𝑦 2
− 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
= i ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 16𝑥𝑦 −𝑥 5 𝑦 60 𝑑𝑥
6
2 2 𝑦3 2𝑦
3
+j ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 −4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 60 𝑑𝑥+kത ‫=𝑥׬‬0 4 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3 0
 2
= i ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 16𝑥(6) −𝑥 5 (6)𝑑𝑥
2 2 63
+j ҧ ‫=𝑥׬‬0 (6) (−4𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥+kത
3
‫=𝑥׬‬0 3 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥2 𝑥6 𝑥2 𝑥4 63 4 𝑥3
= i(6)
ҧ 16 − +j(6)
ҧ −4 − +kത 𝑥−
2 6 0 2 4 0 3 3 9 0
26 24 63 4 23
= i(6)
ҧ (8(22 ) − )−j(6)(−2(2
ҧ 2
) + ( ))+kത ( (2) − )
6 4 3 3 9
192−64 −32+16 63 24−8
= i(6)
ҧ ( )−j(6)(
ҧ )+kത ( )
6 4 3 9
ത
= 128i ҧ + 24j ҧ + 384k.
(*) Evaluate‫ 𝑉׬‬Fത . 𝑑𝑣, Where Fത = 2xzi ҧ − xj ҧ + 𝑦 2 kത Where, ‘V’ is the volume
of the cube bounded by the co-ordinate planes 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0,
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎.
Green’s Divergent Theorem:-
Statement:-
Suppose ‘R’ is the region bounded by a Closed Jordan Curve
‘C’ and ‘M’,’N’ are any two continious functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦, then
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 𝑐ׯ‬+ 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ‫(𝑅׭‬
𝜕𝑥
−
𝜕𝑦
)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
(1) Verify Green’s Theorem in a plane for
‫(𝑐׬‬3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 Where ‘C’ is the region bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Sol:- Given Integral is,
‫(𝑐׬‬3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
Line Integral:-
Given ‘C’ is the boundary of the region
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥
From the firgure we conclude that ‘C’ is made up of two line segments
such as ‘OA’, ‘AO’.
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫(𝑐׬‬3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
= ‫ 𝐴𝑂ׯ‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐴ׯ‬----------(1)
Along OA:-
Alone this line 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Along this line the two limits of 𝑥 are 𝑥: 0 → 1
1
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫=𝑥׬‬0(3𝑥 2 − 8(𝑥 2 )2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥(𝑥 2 ))2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥 + (8𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
1
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
= 3 +8 − 12 = (1 + 2 − 4) = −1.
3 4 5 0
Along AO:-
Alone this line 𝑦 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
Along this line the two limits of 𝑥 are 𝑥: 1 → 0
0 1
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫=𝑥׬‬1(3𝑥 2 2
− 8( 𝑥) )𝑑𝑥 + (4 𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑥))(
2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥)
0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= ‫=𝑥׬‬1(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (4
2 𝑥
−6
2 𝑥
)𝑑𝑥
0
= ‫=𝑥׬‬1(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (2 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
= ‫=𝑥׬‬1(3𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
 0
𝑥3 𝑥2 11 5
= 3 + 11 + 2𝑥 => (1 − + 2) =>
3 2 1 2 2
2 2
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫(𝑐׬‬3𝑥 − 8𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
= ‫ 𝐴𝑂ׯ‬+ ‫𝑂𝐴ׯ‬
5
= −1 +
2
3
= -----------------(A)
2
Double Integral:-
Here 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −6𝑦 , = −16𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
For fixed ‘𝑥’, the two limits of 𝑦 are 𝑦 : 𝑥 2 → 𝑥.
The two limits of 𝑥 are 𝑥 : 0 → 1.
 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 𝑥
Consider, ‫ (𝑅׭‬− )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑦׬‬2 (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 𝑥
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫ 𝑥=𝑦׬‬2 10𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑦2
= 10 ‫=𝑥׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
1 2
= 10 ‫=𝑥׬‬0[( 𝑥) −(𝑥 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥
1
= 10 ‫=𝑥׬‬0[𝑥 − 𝑥 4 ] 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2 𝑥5
= 5 −
2 5 0
1 1 3
= 5( − ) => -------------(B)
2 5 2
From equation (A) and (B) we conclude that,
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 𝑐ׯ‬+ 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑥𝜕 (𝑅׭‬− 𝜕𝑦
)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.

(2) Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate

‫ 𝑥 𝑐׬‬2 (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 Where ‘C’ is the Square bounded by
𝑥 = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ±1
Sol:- Given Integral is,
‫ 𝑥 𝑐׬‬2 (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦
Where ‘C’ is a closed curve bounded by 𝑥 = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ±1
Double Integral:-
Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 , 𝑁 = 𝑦3 + 𝑥3
𝜕𝑁 2 𝜕𝑀
= 3𝑥 , = 𝑥2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
For fixed ‘𝑥’ two limits of 𝑦 𝑦 = −1 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 1
The two limits of 𝑥 𝑥 = −1 𝑡𝑜 1
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 1
Consider, ‫(𝑅׭‬
𝜕𝑥
−
𝜕𝑦
)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ‫=𝑥׬‬−1 ‫=𝑦׬‬−1(3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ‫=𝑥׬‬−1 ‫=𝑦׬‬−1(2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
= ‫=𝑥׬‬−1 2𝑥 2 𝑦 1−1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑 )‪𝑥=−1 2𝑥 2 (1 + 1‬׬ =‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑 ‪𝑥=−1 4𝑥 2‬׬ =‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑥3‬‬
‫‪=4‬‬
‫‪3 −1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪= (1 + 1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑁𝜕‬ ‫𝑀𝜕‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪𝑅( 𝜕𝑥 −‬׭‬ ‫𝑦𝜕‬
‫‪)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = .‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
Gauss Divergent Theorem:-
Statement:-
Suppose 𝐹ത is a vector function defined over a volume ‘V’
bounded by the surface ‘S’ then,
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො = ‫𝛻 𝑣׬‬. 𝐹𝑑𝑣ത
‫𝐹 ׭‬.ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫𝐹 𝑣𝑖𝐷 ׮‬. ത 𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝑉
(1) Verify Gauss Divergence Theorem for
𝐹ത = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ −2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത taken over the surface of the Cube
bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎 and co-ordinate planes.
Sol:- Given 𝐹ത = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ −2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത
Given ‘C’ is a cube bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 𝑎.
From the figure cube consisting of 6 surfaces,
Namely OABDO,HGFEH, ODEHO, ABFGA, OHGAO,DEFBD.
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො = ‫ 𝑂𝐷𝐵𝐴𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐻𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻׬‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐴𝐺𝐹𝐵𝐴׬‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐻𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐷𝐵𝐹𝐸𝐷׬‬-----
(1)
Along OABDO:- This surface is lying in xy-plane itself.
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑘෠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)(− ෠
𝑘)
=> −𝑧 = 0 => 𝑧 = 0
 𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
Since this surface is in xy-plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ෠ .𝑘
ത
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−𝑘
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and y: 0 → a and z = 0
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬0)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 -----(2)
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐷𝑂 𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑜
Along HGFEH:- This Surface is lying in opposite to xy-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑘෠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑎
ത 𝑘)
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)(
Now, 𝐹. ෠ => 𝑧 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
Since this surface is lying in xy-plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො ത
𝑛.𝑘
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ෠ .𝑘
ത
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑘
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and y: 0 → a and z = a
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑)𝑎( ׬‬
𝐻𝐺𝐹𝐸𝐻 𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑜
𝑎
= ‫𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑜=𝑥׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= ‫𝑥𝑑)𝑎(𝑎 𝑜=𝑥׬‬
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝐻𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻׬‬. ො =𝑎 3
-----(3)
Along ODEHO:- This Surface is lying in to yz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)(−𝑖))
Ƹ
= −(𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧) => 𝑦𝑧
 𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in yz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො 𝑖ҧ
𝑛.
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
−𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖ҧ
In this surface 𝑦: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and x = 0
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑)𝑧𝑦( ׬‬
𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐻𝑂 𝑦=0 𝑧=𝑜
𝑎 𝑎
= ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑)𝑧𝑦(𝑜=𝑧׬‬
𝑎
𝑎 𝑧2
= ‫𝑦 𝑜=𝑦׬‬ 𝑑𝑦
2 0
𝑎 𝑦
= ‫ 𝑜=𝑦׬‬2 (𝑎2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑎2 𝑦 2 𝑎4
= = -----(4)
2 2 0 4
Along ABFGA:- This Surface is lying opposite to yz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎
Now, 𝐹. ത 𝑖))
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)( Ƹ
= (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)
ത 𝑛ො = (𝑎3 − 𝑦𝑧)
𝐹.
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in yz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖ҧ
In this surface 𝑦: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and x = a
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫𝑎( ׬‬3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐻𝑂 𝑦=0 𝑧=𝑜
𝑎
𝑎 𝑧2
= ‫𝑜=𝑦׬‬ 𝑎3 (𝑧) − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 0
 ‫𝑎‬ ‫‪𝑎2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)𝑎( ‪𝑦=𝑜(𝑎3‬׬‬ ‫𝑦‪−‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑)‬
‫𝑎‬ ‫𝑦 ‪𝑎2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑦=𝑜(𝑎4‬׬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑)‬
‫𝑎‬
‫‪𝑎2 𝑦 2‬‬
‫‪= 𝑎4 (𝑦) −‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫) ‪𝑎2 (𝑎2‬‬
‫‪= 𝑎 (𝑎) −‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪𝑎4‬‬
‫‪=𝑎 −‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪4𝑎5 −𝑎4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪-----(5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
Along OHGAO:- This Surface is lying opposite to zx-plane itself
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)(−𝑗))
Ƹ
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in xz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑗
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
−𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗ҧ
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and y = 0
𝑎 𝑎
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐻𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬0)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0 -----(6)
Along DEFBD:- This Surface is lying opposite to xz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎
Now, 𝐹. ത 𝑗))
ത 𝑛ො = ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)( Ƹ
= −2𝑥 2 𝑦
ത 𝑛ො = −2𝑥 2 𝑎
𝐹.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in xz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑗
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗ҧ
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → a and z: 0 → a and y = a
𝑎 𝑎
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬−2𝑥 2 𝑎)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐻𝑂 𝑥=0 𝑧=𝑜
𝑎
= ‫ 𝑜=𝑦׬‬−2𝑥 2 𝑎(𝑧 𝑎0 )𝑑𝑥
 𝑎
= ‫(𝑜=𝑦׬‬−2𝑥 2 𝑎(𝑎))𝑑𝑥
𝑎
= ‫(𝑜=𝑦׬‬−2𝑥 2 𝑎2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 𝑎
= −2𝑎2
3 0
−2𝑎2
= (𝑎3 )
3
−2𝑎5
= -----(7)
3
Substitute eq (2) to (7) in eq(1), we get,
𝑎4 𝑎4 2𝑎5 𝑎5
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො =0+𝑎 + 3 5
+𝑎 − +0− 3
=𝑎 + -----(A)
4 4 3 3
Volume Integral:-
Given 𝐹ത = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ −2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻𝐹ത = (𝑖 ҧ +𝑗 ҧ +𝑘ത ത
)((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 3 𝜕 2 𝜕
= (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)+ (−2𝑥 𝑦)+ (𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 3𝑥 2 − 0 − 2𝑥 + 1 2

𝛻𝐹ത = 𝑥 2 + 1
∴ ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬.
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠 ത
ො = ‫𝛻 𝑣׬‬. 𝐹𝑑𝑣
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥3
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 +𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎3
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ( + 𝑎)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎3
= ‫׬‬0 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3 0
𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎 𝑎4
= ‫׬‬0 ( (𝑎) + 𝑎(𝑎))𝑑𝑧 => ‫׬‬0 ( + 𝑎2 )𝑑𝑧
3 3
𝑎
𝑎4 𝑎5
= 𝑧 + 𝑎2 𝑧 => + 𝑎3 -----(B)
3 0 3
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
From eq (A) and (B), we conclude that ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ത
ො = ‫𝛻 𝑣׬‬. 𝐹𝑑𝑣
Hence Gauss Theorem is Verified.
(2) Verify Divergence Theorem for
Fത = 4xzi ҧ − y 2 j ҧ + zykത taken over the rectangular
parallepiped x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
Sol:-Given, Fത = 4xziҧ − y 2 j ҧ + zykത
Given ‘C’ is a rectangle Parallepiped bounded by
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1
From the figure rectangular parallepipe consisting of surface,
Namely OABDO, HGFEH, ODEHO, ABFGA, OHGAO, BDEFB.
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ො = ‫ 𝑂𝐷𝐵𝐴𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐻𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻׬‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐴𝐺𝐹𝐵𝐴׬‬+ ‫ 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐻𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐵𝐹𝐸𝐷𝐵׬‬-----
(1)
Along OABDO:- This Surface is lying in xy - plane itself
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑘෠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(− ෠
𝑘) => −𝑦𝑧 = 0 => 0
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
Since this surface is in xy-plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ෠ .𝑘
ത
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−𝑘
In this surface 𝑥 ∶ 0 → 1 and 𝑦 ∶ 0 → 1 and z = 0
1 1
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐷𝐵𝐴𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑦׬‬0)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 -----(2)
Along HGFEH:- This Surface is lying in opposite to xy-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑘෠ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1
ത 𝑘)
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(
Now, 𝐹. ෠ => 𝑦𝑧 = 𝑦(1) = 𝑦
 𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
Since this surface is lying in xy-plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
𝑛.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ෠ .𝑘
ത
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑘
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → 1 and y: 0 → 1 and z = 1
1 1
ത
‫𝐹 𝐻𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑)𝑦(𝑜=𝑦׬‬
1
1 𝑦2
= ‫ 𝑜=𝑥׬‬2 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1 1 1 1
= ‫ >= 𝑥𝑑 ׬‬2 𝑥 0 =>
2 𝑥=𝑜 2
1
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝐻𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻׬‬. ො = -----(3)
2
Along ODEHO:- This Surface is lying in to yz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(−𝑖))
Ƹ
= −4𝑥𝑧 => 0
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in yz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
−𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖ҧ
In this surface 𝑦: 0 → 1 and z: 0 → 1 and 𝑥 = 0
1 1
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬0)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
=0 -----(4)
Along ABFGA:- This Surface is lying opposite to yz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑖Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1
Now, 𝐹. ത 𝑖))
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)( Ƹ
= 4𝑥𝑧
ത 𝑛ො = 4𝑧
𝐹. 𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in yz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑖
𝑑𝑦.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑖.Ƹ 𝑖ҧ
In this surface 𝑦: 0 → 1 and z: 0 → 1 and 𝑥 = 1
1 1
‫׬‬ ത
𝐹. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො =‫׬‬ ‫( ׬‬4𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝐷𝐸𝐻𝑂 𝑦=0 𝑧=𝑜
1
1 𝑧2 1
= ‫ 𝑜=𝑦׬‬4 2 𝑑𝑦 =2 𝑦 0 =2 -----(5)
0
Along OHGAO:- This Surface is lying opposite to zx-plane itself
So, 𝑛ො = −𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0
Now, 𝐹. ത
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)(−𝑗))
Ƹ
= 𝑦2
=0
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in xz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑗
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
−𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗ҧ
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → 1 and z: 0 → 1 and y = 0
1 1
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐻𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬0)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0 -----(6)
Along BDEFB:- This Surface is lying opposite to xz-plane
So, 𝑛ො = 𝑗Ƹ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
Now, 𝐹. ത 𝑗))
ത 𝑛ො = ((4𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)( Ƹ
= −𝑦 2
ത 𝑛ො = −1
𝐹.
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
Since this surface is lying in xz - plane, so 𝑑𝑠 = ො ҧ
𝑛.𝑗
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗ҧ
In this surface 𝑥: 0 → 1 and z: 0 → 1 and y = 1
1 1
ത
‫𝐹 𝑂𝐻𝐸𝐷𝑂׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫(𝑜=𝑧׬‬−1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
1 1 1
= −1. ‫)𝑥(𝑜=𝑧׬‬10 𝑑𝑧 => −1 ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑜=𝑧׬‬ => −1 ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑜=𝑧׬‬ => −1 -----(7)
Substitute eq (2) to (7) in eq(1), we get,
1 1 3
ത
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො = 0 + + 0 + 2 + 0 − 1 => 1 + => -----(A)
2 2 2
Volume Integral:-
Given 𝐹ത = (𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘ത
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻𝐹ത = (𝑖 ҧ +𝑗 ҧ +𝑘ത ത
)((𝑥𝑧)𝑖 ҧ − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕
= (𝑥𝑧)+ (𝑦 )+ (𝑦𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 4𝑧 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦
𝛻𝐹ത = 4𝑧 − 𝑦
Along this surface 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1
 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ത‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑)𝑦 ‪𝑧=0 (4𝑧 −‬׬ ‪𝑦=0‬׬ ‪𝑥=0‬׬ = 𝑣𝑑𝐹 ‪𝑉 𝛻.‬׮‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑧2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪0‬׬‬ ‫‪0‬׬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫𝑧𝑦 ‪−‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪0‬׬‬ ‫‪0‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑)𝑦 ‪(2 −‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑦2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪0‬׬‬ ‫‪2𝑦 −‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪2 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪0‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑) ‪( 2 −‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑥 1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪= 2𝑥 −‬‬ ‫‪=> 2 −‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪-----(B‬‬
‫‪2 0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
From eq (A) and (B), we conclude that
ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ത
ො = ‫𝛻 𝑣׬‬. 𝐹𝑑𝑣
Hence Gauss Theorem is Verified.
(3) Apply Divergence Theorem to Evaluate ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬. ത 𝑁𝑑𝑠,
෡ Where
𝐹ത = 4𝑥𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑘ത and ‘S’ is the surface bounding the region.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3.
Sol:- Given, 𝐹ത = 4𝑥𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑘ത
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹ത = 𝛻. 𝐹ത
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑘 )(4𝑥𝑖 ҧ − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧 2 𝑘) ത
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕
= (4𝑥) + (−2𝑦 ) + (𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹ത = 𝛻. 𝐹ത = 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧
Along this Surface, 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = − 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑧 = 3
 ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ത‬‬
‫𝑣𝑑𝐹 ‪ම 𝛻.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪න‬‬ ‫‪න‬‬ ‫𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑)𝑧‪න (4 − 4𝑦 + 2‬‬
‫𝑉‬
‫‪𝑥=−2 𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2 𝑧=0‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=−2‬׬‬ ‫‪𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2‬׬‬ ‫‪𝑧=0‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑)𝑧‪(4 − 4𝑦 + 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑧2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=−2‬׬‬ ‫‪𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2‬׬‬ ‫‪4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑‬
‫‪2 0‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=−2‬׬‬ ‫‪𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑 )‪(4(3) − 4𝑦(3) + 9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=−2‬׬‬ ‫‪𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑 )𝑦‪(21 − 12‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬ ‫‪4−𝑥 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑥=−2‬׬‬ ‫‪𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2‬׬ ‪[21‬‬ ‫‪𝑑𝑦 −‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ]𝑦𝑑𝑦 ‪𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2‬׬ ‪12‬‬
 2 4−𝑥 2
= ‫=𝑥׬‬−2 [ 21𝑥2 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑦 − 12(0)]
2 4−𝑥 2
= 42 ‫=𝑥׬‬−2 [ 𝑦 0 ]𝑑𝑥
2
= 42 ‫=𝑥׬‬−2 [ 4 − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 [ ∴The integrand in 1st integral is even and

2
= 42𝑥2 ‫=𝑥׬‬0 [ 4 − 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 in 2nd integral is odd function]

𝑥 4 2
−1 𝑥
= 84 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + sin
2 2 2 0
𝜋
= 84[0 + 2( ) − 0]
2
= 84𝜋
(4) State Gauss Divergence Theorem and use it to
ത
Evaluate‫ 𝑧𝑦( ׭‬2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧 2 𝑘)𝑑𝑠. Where ‘S’ is the closed surface
bounded by 𝑥𝑦 - plane and the upper half of the sphere
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 above this plane.
Sol:- Given 𝐹ത = 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧 2 𝑘ത
Where,’S’ is the closed surface bounded by xy - place and upper half
of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
Divergence Theorem states that,
‫𝐹 𝑆׭‬.ത 𝑑𝑠 = ‫𝛻 ׮‬. 𝐹𝑑𝑣ത
𝑉
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝐹ത = 𝛻. 𝐹ത = (𝑖 ҧ + 𝑗ҧ +𝑘 ത
)(𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑗 ҧ + 2𝑧 2 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 𝜕 2 𝜕 2 𝜕
= (yz ) + (xz ) + (2z 2 )
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
= 4z
‫׭‬S Fത . ds = ‫׮‬V 4zdxdydz
In Spherical Polar co-ordinates x = rsin𝜃cos∅
y = rsin𝜃sin∅
z = rcos𝜃 then
dxdydz = r 2 drd𝜃d∅
Substitute above values in equation we get,
a 𝜋 2𝜋
ത
‫׭‬S F. ds = 4 ‫׬‬r=0 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 ‫=∅׬‬0 (rcosθ)(r 2 sin𝜃drd𝜃d∅)
 a 𝜋 3 2𝜋
= 4 ‫׬‬r=0 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 r sinθcos𝜃 (‫=∅׬‬0 d∅)drd𝜃
a 𝜋
= 4 ‫׬‬r=0 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 r 3 sinθcos𝜃 (2π − 0)drd𝜃
a 3 𝜋
= 4π ‫׬‬r=0 r ‫=𝜃׬‬0( sin2θ d𝜃)dr
a 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝜋
= 4π ‫׬‬r=0 r − dr
2 0
−4 a
= π ‫׬‬r=0 r 3 (1 − 1)dr
2
a
= −2π ‫׬‬r=0 r 3 (0)dr
=0
Stokes Theorem:-
Statement:-
Suppose 𝐹ത is a vector function defined over a surface ‘S’
bounded by a closed curve ‘C’ then,
ത 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫𝐹 ∗ 𝛻 ׭‬.
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. ത 𝑛𝑑𝑠
ො
𝑆
Where 𝑛ො is a unit normal vector to the surface ‘S’.
(1) Verify Stokes’s Theorem for
𝐹ത = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖 ҧ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗 ҧ − 𝑥𝑧𝑘ത Where ‘S’, is the surface of the cube
bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 above the 𝑥𝑦 − plane.
Sol:- Given, 𝐹ത = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖 ҧ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗 ҧ − 𝑥𝑧𝑘ത
‘S’ is the surface of the cube bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2
above 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
Line Integral:-
From the firgure we conclude that
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑦(𝑐ׯ‬− 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝐴𝑂׬‬+ ‫ 𝐵𝐴׬‬+ ‫ 𝐷𝐵׬‬+ ‫𝐷׬‬0 + ‫ 𝐹𝐺׬‬+ ‫ 𝐸𝐹׬‬+ ‫ 𝐻𝐸׬‬+ ‫ 𝐺𝐻׬‬----(1)
Where, 𝑧 = 0 => 𝑑𝑧 = 0
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑦(𝑐ׯ‬+ 2)𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦 ----------(2)
Along OA:-
Alone this line 𝑦 = 0, and 𝑥 ∶ 0 → 2
𝑑𝑦 = 0,
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑦(𝑐ׯ‬+ 2)𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦
‫(𝐴𝑂׬‬0 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + 4(0)
2 2
‫=𝑥׬‬0 2𝑑𝑥 => 2 𝑥 0 => 2 2 − 0 => 4 ---------(3)
Along AB:-
Alone this line 𝑥 = 0, and y ∶ 0 → 2
𝑑𝑥 = 0,
2
‫=𝑦׬‬0(𝑦 + 2)(0) + (4)𝑑𝑦
 2 2
‫=𝑦׬‬0 4𝑑𝑦 => 4 𝑦 0 => 4 2 − 0 => 8 ---------(4)
Along BD:-
Alone this line 𝑦 = 2, and 𝑥: 0 → 0
𝑑𝑦 = 0,
0
‫=𝑥׬‬2(2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (0)
0 0
‫=𝑥׬‬2 4𝑑𝑥 => 4 𝑥 2 => −8 ---------(5)
Along DO:-
Alone this line 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑦: 2 → 0
𝑑𝑥 = 0,
2 0
‫=𝑦׬‬0 4𝑑𝑦 => 4 𝑦 2 => −8 ---------(6)
 Where, 𝑧 = 2 => 𝑑𝑧 = 0
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑦(𝑐ׯ‬− 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧
= ‫ 𝑦( 𝑐ׯ‬− 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦(2) + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥(2)(0)
= ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑐ׯ‬+ (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦 --------(7)
Along HG:-
Alone this line 𝑦 = 0, and 𝑥 ∶ 0 → 2
𝑑𝑦 = 0,
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑐ׯ‬+ (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦
2
‫=𝑥׬‬0(0)𝑑𝑥 + (2(0) + 4) (0) => 0 --------(8)
Along GF:-
Alone this line 𝑥 = 2, and y ∶ 0 → 2
𝑑𝑥 = 0,
2
‫=𝑦׬‬0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦
2
‫=𝑦׬‬0 0 + (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦
2
2 𝑦2
‫=𝑦׬‬0(2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦 => 2
2
+ 4𝑦 =>2 --------(9)
0
Along FE:-
Alone this line 𝑦 = 2, and x ∶ 2 → 0
0 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
‫=𝑥׬‬2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦
0
‫=𝑥׬‬2 0𝑑𝑥 + (0)𝑑𝑦 => 0 --------(10)
Along EH:-
Alone this line 𝑥 = 0, and y ∶ 2 → 0
𝑑𝑥 = 0,
2
‫=𝑦׬‬2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦
0
‫=𝑦׬‬2 0 + (2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦
0
0 𝑦2
‫=𝑦׬‬2(2𝑦 + 4)𝑑𝑦 => 2
2
+ 4𝑦 => −12 -------(11)
2
Substitute equation 3 to 6 and 8 to 11 we,
‫𝐹 𝑐ׯ‬. 𝑑 𝑟ҧ = 4 + 8 − 8 − 8 + 0 + 12 − 12 + 0
= −4. --------------
Surface Integral:-
Given, 𝐹ത = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖 ҧ + (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗 ҧ − 𝑥𝑧𝑘ഥ
ഥ
𝑖 𝑗ഥ 𝑘ത
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻𝑋𝐹ത = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2 2
𝑥𝑦 2𝑥 𝑦𝑧 −3𝑦𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=> 𝑖[ҧ (𝑦𝑧 + 4) − (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)] − 𝑗[ҧ (−𝑥𝑧) − (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)] +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕
ഥ
𝑘 [ (𝑦𝑧 + 4) − (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
=> 𝑖[0
ҧ − 𝑦] − 𝑗[−𝑧
ҧ + 1] + 𝑘ഥ [0 − 1]
 => 𝑖(𝑦)
ҧ ҧ − 1) − 𝑘ഥ
+ 𝑗(𝑧
From the figure the surface is lying in ‘xy’ plane, So 𝑛ො = 𝑘ത and
𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥.𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ො𝑘 ത
= ത .𝑘
ത
= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑛. 𝑘
ത 𝑛ො = (𝑖(𝑦)
(𝛻𝑋𝐹) ҧ ҧ − 1) − 𝑘ഥ )(𝑘ഥ )
+ 𝑗(𝑧 => −1
2 2 2 2
ത
(𝛻𝑋𝐹)𝑛.
ො 𝑑𝑠 = ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 (−1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 => ‫׬‬0 (−1𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑦 => ‫׬‬0 −𝑥 02 𝑑𝑦
2 0
=>‫׬‬0 (−2)𝑑𝑦 => −2 𝑦 2 => −2(2) => −4.
(2) State Stokes theorem and applying it to show that
Curl grad∅ = 0
Sol:- Let ‘S’ be the surface enclosed by a simple closed curve’C’
‫𝑛 )∅𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑙𝑟𝑢𝑐(𝑆׬‬. ො 𝑑𝑠 = ‫𝑛 )∅𝛻𝑋𝛻(𝑆׬‬. ො 𝑑𝑠
= ‫∅𝛻 𝐶ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑟ҧ
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
= ‫ 𝑖( 𝐶ׯ‬ҧ + 𝑗ҧ + 𝑘 ). (𝑑𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑑𝑥𝑘ത
ത
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
= ‫( 𝐶ׯ‬ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= ‫∅𝑑 ׬‬ = (∅)𝑝 (Where P is any point on ‘C’)
∴ ‫𝑛 )∅𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑙𝑟𝑢𝑐(𝑆׬‬.
ො 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑∅ = 0