CBCS Syllabus

CBCS SYLLABUS
FOR
THREE YEARS UNDER-GRADUATE COURSE
IN
BOTANY (HONOURS)
(w.e.f. 2017)
BANKURA UNIVERSITY
BANKURA
WEST BENGAL
PIN 722155
Bankura University B.Sc. Botany (Honours) CBCS w.e.f. 2017-18
CONTENTS
SL. Subject Matter Page No.
No.
1. Introduction 3
2. Scheme for CBCS Curriculum 4-8
2.1 Credit Distribution across Courses 4
2.2 Scheme for CBCS Curriculum in Botany 5-7
(Honours)
2.3 Choices for Discipline Specific Electives 8
2.4 Choices of Skill Enhancement Courses 8
2.5 Choices for Generic Elective Courses 8
3. Core Courses (Botany Honours CC 1 to 14) 9 - 36
4. Discipline Specific Elective Courses (DSE 1 to 7) 37 - 46
5. Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC 1 to 8) 47 - 55
6. Generic Elective Courses (GE 1 to 5) 56 - 70
2
1. Introduction
The syllabus for Botany at undergraduate level using the Choice Based Credit system has been
framed in compliance with model syllabus given by UGC. While framing the syllabus as per the
UGC guideline, the topics have been kept as generic as possible as per our own infrastructure,
expertise and strength.
The main objective of framing this new syllabus is to give the students a holistic understanding
of the subject giving substantial weightage to both the core content and techniques used in
Botany.
Keeping in mind and in tune with the changing nature of the subject, adequate emphasis has been
given on new techniques and understanding of the subject.
The syllabus has also been framed in such a way that the basic skills of subject are taught to the
students, and everyone might not need to go for higher studies and the scope of securing a job
after graduation will increase.
Considering the latest trends in the development of Plant Science and in compliance with the
UGC model syllabus in Botany some new topics in the fields of Disciplines specific elective
courses as well as Skill enhancement courses like Plant Biotechnology, Research Methodology,
Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Nursery and Gardening, Herbal Technology,
Ethnobotany, Floriculture etc. have been included in the syllabus for the benefit of students from
both theoretical and practical point of view.
3
2. Scheme for CBCS Curriculum
2.1 Credit Distribution across Courses
Credits
Course Type Total Papers Theory + Practical Theory*
14*4 =56 14*5 =70

Core Courses 14
14*2 =28 14*1=14
Discipline Specific
4*4=16 4*5=20
4
4*2=8 4*1=4
Electives
4*4=16 4*5=20
Generic Electives 4
4*2=8 4*1=4
Ability Enhancement
1*2=2 (ENG / MIL) 1*2=2 (ENG / MIL)
Language 2
Courses/ENVS 1*4=4 (ENVS) 1*4=4 (ENVS)
Skill Enhancement
2 2*2=4 2*2=4
Courses
Totals 26 142 142
*Tutorials of 1 Credit will be conducted in case there is no practical component
4
2.2 Scheme for CBCS Curriculum in Botany (Honours)

SEMESTER –I
Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours / Week
Code I. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
A.
SHBOT / Phycology & Microbiology (Theory 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
101/C-1 & Practical) .
(T 4+P (T 25+P 15)
2)
SHBOT / Biomolecules & Cell Biology 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
102/C-2 (Theory & Practical)
(T 4+P (T 25+P 15)
2)
SHBOT / Plant Biodiversity [Microbes, Algae, 6 40 50 4 N.A. 4
103/GE-1 Fungi,Archegoniate (Bryophyta, (T 4+P 2) 10 (T 25+P 15)
Pteridophyta & Gymnosperm)]
ACSHP/1 Environmental Studies 4 10 40 50 4 N.A N.A

04/
AECC-1
Total in Semester - I 22 40 160 200
N.B. Theory: 1 Credit= 1 hour/Week,Practical:1 Credit= 2 hours/Week,Tutorial: 1 Credit= 1

hour/Week
SEMESTER –II
Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours / Week
Code I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
SHBOT / Mycology & Phytopathology 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
201/C-3 (Theory & Practical) .
(T 4+P (T 25+P 15)
2)
SHBOT / Archegoniate (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
202/C-4 & Gymnosperm) and Palaeobotany .
(T 4+P (T 25+P 15)
(Theory & Practical)
2)
Any one from:
SHBOT / 2. Plant Ecology, Morphology & Taxonomy 6 10 40 4 N.A 4
203/GE-2 .
3. Plant Anatomy & Embryology (T 4+P (T 25+P 15) 50
2)
ACSHP/204/ English/Hindi/MIL 2 10 40 50 2 N.A N.A
AECC-2
Total in Semester - II 20 40 160 200
5
N.B. Theory:1 Credit= 1hour/Week, Practical:1Credit= 2 hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

hour/Week
SEMESTER –III
Course Code Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours / Week
I.A. ESE Total Lec Tu. Pr.
SHBOT / Morphology &Anatomy of Angiosperms 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

301/C-5 (Theory & Practical) (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT / Economic Botany (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
302/ C-6 (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT Genetics (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

/303/C-7
(T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
Any one from:
SHBOT / 4. Genetics and Plant Breeding 6 40 50 4 N.A 4
304/GE-3
5. Cell and Molecular Biology (T 4+P 2) 10 (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT / Any one from :- Biofertilisers / Herbal 2 10 40 50 2 N.A N.A

305/SEC-1 Technology / Nursery & Gardening /
Floriculture
Total in Semester - III 26 50 200 250
N.B. Theory:1 Credit= 1 hour/Week,Practical:1Credit= 2 hours/Week,Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

hour/Week
SEMESTER –IV
Course Code Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours / Week
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.

SHBOT Molecular Biology 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
/401/C-8 (Theory & Practical) (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT Plant Ecology & Phytogeography 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

/402/C-9 (Theory & Practical) (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT Plant Systematics (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

/403/C-10 (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT Any one from: 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

/404/GE-4 6. Plant Phiosiology & Metabolism (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
7. Economic Botany & Plant
Biotechnology
SHBOT / Any one from:- Medicinal Plant / Plant 2 10 40 50 2 N.A. N.A.
405/SEC-2 Biodiversity & Human Welfare / Ethnobotany /
Mushroom Culture Technology
Total in Semester - IV 26 50 200 250
6
N.B. Theory:- 1credit= 1 hour/Week,Practical:1 Credit=2hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

hour/Week
SEMESTER – V
Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours /
Code Week
I.A. ESE Total
SHBOT / Reproductive Biology & Angiosperms 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
501/C-11 & Palynology (Theory & Practical) (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT / Plant Physiology (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
502/C-12 (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT / Any one from:- Stress Biology / Natural 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
503/DSE-1 Resource Management / (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
(T 5+Tu 1) (T 30+Tu10)
SHBOT / Any one from:- Horticultural Practice & Post 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

504/DSE-2 Harvest Technology (Theory & Practical)/ Plant (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
Breeding (Theory & Tutorial)
Total in Semester – V 24 40 160 200

N.B. Theory:- 1 Credit= 1 hour/Week, Practical:- 1 Credit= 2 hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1
hour/Week
SEMESTER – VI
Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours /

Code Week
I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.
SHBOT / Plant Metabolism (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
601/C-13 (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
SHBOT / Plant Biotechnology 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
602/C-14 (Theory & Practical) (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
Any one from:- Research Methodology 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
SHBOT / / Industrial & Environmental
603/DSE-3 (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
Microbiology / Biostatistics (Theory &
Practical)
SHBOT / Any one from:- Research Methodology 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4
604/DSE-4 / Industrial & Environmental (T 4+P 2) (T 25+P 15)
Microbiology / Biostatistics (Theory &
Practical)
Total in Semester – VI 24 40 160 200
N.B. Theory:- 1 Credit= 1 hour/Week, Practical:- 1 Credit= 2 hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

hour/Week
7
SHBOT=Science Honours Botany, ACSHP= Arts Commerce Science Honours Programme, C= Core Course,
AECC= Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course, SEC= Skill Enhancement Course, GE= Generic Elective,
DSE= Discipline Specific Elective IA= Internal Assessment, ESE= End-Semester Examination, Lec.=Lecture,
Tu.= Tutorial, and Pr.=Practical]
2.3 Choices for Discipline Specific Electives

Discipline Specific Elective – 1 to 4
1) Stress Biology 4) Horticultural Practices & Post 7) Biostatistics

Harvest Technology
2) Plant Breeding 5) Research Methodology
3) Natural Resource 6) Industrial & Environmental
Management Microbiology
2.4 Choices of Skill Enhancement Courses

1) Biofertilizers 4) Floriculture 7) Ethnobotany
2) Herbal Technology 5) Medicinal Botany 8) Mushroom Culture Technology
3) Nursery & Gardening 6) Plant Diversity &

Human Welfare
2.5 Choices for Generic Elective Courses

SEMESTER CHOICE
SEM-I 1. Plant Biodiversity [Microbes, Algae, Fungi ,Archegoniate (Bryophyta,
Pteridophyta & Gymnosperm)]
SEM-II Any one from:
2. Plant Ecology, Morphology & Taxonomy
3. Plant Anatomy & Embryology
SEM-III Any one from:
4. Genetics and Plant Breeding
5. Cell and Molecular Biology
SEM-IV Any one from:
6. Plant Phiosiology & Metabolism
7. Economic Botany & Plant Biotechnology
8
3. Core Courses
9
Semester - I
3.1 Core TI: Phycology and Microbiology
(Theory: Credits 4/ Lectures 60 /Marks 25)
Microbiology (10 marks)

Unit 1: Introduction to microbial world (7 lectures)
Microbial nutrition, growth and metabolism. Economic importance of viruses with reference to
vaccine production, role in research, medicine and diagnostics, as causal organisms of plant
diseases. Economic importance of bacteria with reference to their role in agriculture and industry
(fermentation and medicine).
Unit 2: Viruses (7 lectures)

Discovery, physiochemical and biological characteristics; classification (Baltimore), general
structure with special reference to viroids and prions; replication (general account), DNA virus
(T-phage), lytic and lysogenic cycle; RNA virus (TMV).
.
Unit 3: Bacteria (9 lectures)
Discovery, general characteristics; Principles and Modern Approaches of Bacterial Taxonomy,
Brief Outline classification of Domain Bacteria, Types - archaebacteria, eubacteria, wall-less
forms (mycoplasma and spheroplasts); Cell structure; Nutritional types; Reproduction-
vegetative, asexual and recombination (conjugation, transformation and transduction).
Phycology (15 Marks)

Unit 4: Algae .(11 lectures)
General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; range of thallus organization; Cell structure
and components; cell wall, pigment system, reserve food (of only groups represented in the
syllabus), flagella; methods of reproduction; Classification; criteria, system of Fritsch, and
evolutionary classification of Lee, 2009 (only upto groups); Significant contributions of
important phycologists (F.E. Fritsch, G.M. Smith, R.N. Singh, T.V. Desikachary, H.D. Kumar,
M.O.P.Iyengar). Role of algae in the environment, agriculture, biotechnology and industry
Unit 5: Cyanophyta , Xanthophyta and Bacillariophyta (8 lectures)

10
Ecology and occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Reproduction,

Morphology and asexual reproduction of Nostoc and Morphology and life-cycle of Vaucheria,
Cell Structure and Auxospore formation in Diatoms.
Unit 6: Chlorophyta and Charophyta (8 lectures)

General characteristics; Occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Reproduction.
Morphology and life-cycles of Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Chara. Evolutionary significance
of Prochloron.
Unit 7: Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta (10 lectures)

Characteristics; Occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Reproduction.
Morphology and life-cycles of Ectocarpus, Fucus and Polysiphonia.
3.2 Core P1: Microbiology and Phycology

List of Practical (Credits 2/15 Marks)
Microbiology (07 marks)
1. Electron micrographs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawings/ Photographs of
Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle.
2. Types of Bacteria to be observed from temporary/permanent slides/photographs. Electron
micrographs of bacteria, binary fission, endospore, conjugation, root Nodule.
3. Gram staining and simple staining of bacteria.
4. Endospore staining with malachite green using the (endospores taken from soil bacteria).
5. Study of microorganisms from curd sample by simple staining process.
Phycology (08 marks)

Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Zygnema, Oedogonium, Chara,
Vaucheria, Fucus and Polysiphonia, through electron micrographs, temporary preparations and
permanent slides.
Suggested Readings
1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4 th edition. 2. Wiley
JM, Sherwood LM and Woolverton CJ. (2013) Prescott’s Microbiology. 9 th Edition. McGraw Hill
International.
3. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi. 4. Sahoo, D.
(2000). Farming the ocean: seaweeds cultivation and utilization. Aravali International, New
Delhi.
5. Campbell, N.A., Reece J.B., Urry L.A., Cain M.L., Wasserman S.A. Minorsky P.V., Jackson
R.B. (2008). Biology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8th edition.
6. Pelczar, M.J. (2001) Microbiology, 5th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi.
11
3.3 Core T2: Biomolecules and Cell Biology

(Theory: Lectures 60/Credits- 4/Marks 25)
Biomolecules-(12 Marks)
Unit 1: Biomolecules (20 lectures)
Types and significance of chemical bonds; Structure and properties of water; pH and buffers.
Carbohydrates: Nomenclature and classification; Monosaccharides; Disaccharides;
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Lipids: Definition and major classes of storage and structural lipids; Fatty acids structure and
functions; Essential fatty acids; Triacyl glycerols structure, functions and properties;
Phosphoglycerides.
Proteins: Structure of amino acids; Levels of protein structure-primary, secondary, tertiary and
quarternary; Protein denaturation and biological roles of proteins.
Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleotides; Types of
nucleic acids; Structure of A, B, Z types of DNA; Types of RNA; Structure of tRNA.
Unit 2: Bioenergenetics (4 lectures)

Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions, coupled
reactions, redox reactions. ATP: structure, its role as a energy currency molecule.
Unit 3: Enzymes (6 lectures)

Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic group;
Classification of enzymes; Features of active site, substrate specificity, mechanism of action
(activation energy, lock and key hypothesis, induced - fit theroy), Michaelis – Menten equation,
enzyme inhibition and factors affecting enzyme activity.
Cell Biology- (13 Marks)

Unit 4: The cell (4 lectures)
Cell as a unit of structure and function; Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
Origin of eukaryotic cell (Endosymbiotic theory).
Unit 5: Cell wall and plasma membrane (4 lectures)

Chemistry, structure and function of Plant cell wall. Overview of membrane function; fluid
mosaic model; Chemical composition of membranes; Membrane transport – Passive, active and
facilitated transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
Unit 6: Cell organelles (16 lectures)

Nucleus: Structure-nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex, nuclear lamina, molecular
organization of chromatin; nucleolus.
12
Cytoskeleton: Role and structure of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary filament.

Chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes: Structural organization; Function;
Semiautonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplast.
Endomembrane system: Endoplasmic Reticulum – Structure, targeting and insertion of proteins
in the ER, protein folding, processing; Smooth ER and lipid synthesis, export of proteins and
lipids; Golgi Apparatus – organization, protein glycosylation, protein sorting and export from
Golgi Apparatus; Lysosomes
Unit 7: Cell division (6 lectures)

Phases of eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis; Regulation of cell cycle- checkpoints, role
of protein kinases.
3.4 Core P2: Biomolecules and Cell Biology

(Marks 15/Credits 2)
List of Practical (Biomolecules 07 marks & Cell Biology 08 Marks)
1. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, lipids and proteins.
2. Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peel mount of Onion/Rhoeo.
3. Demonstration of the phenomenon of protoplasmic streaming in Hydrilla leaf.
4. Measurement of cell size by the technique of micrometry.
5. Counting the cells per unit volume with the help of haemocytometer. (Yeast/pollen grains).
6. Study of cell and its organelles with the help of electron micrographs.
7. Cytochemical staining of : DNA- Feulgen and cell wall in the epidermal peel of onion using
Periodic Schiff’s (PAS) staining technique.
8. Study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis.
9. Study different stages of mitosis and meiosis (From root tip of Allium cepa and Flower Buds
of Allium cepa and Rhoeo sp).
Suggested Readings
1. Campbell, MK (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning
2. Campbell, PN and Smith AD (2011) Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill
Livingstone
3. Tymoczko JL, Berg JM and Stryer L (2012) Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed.,
W.H.Freeman
4. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL and Stryer L (2011) Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Company
5. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H.
Freeman and Company.
6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.
7. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell, Pearson
Education, Inc. U.S.A. 8th edition.
8. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009) The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM
Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
13
9. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009) The World of the Cell.
7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco
Semester-II
3.5 Core T3: Mycology and Phytopathology

(Theory: Lectures 60/ Credits 4/Marks 25)
Unit 1: Introduction to true fungi (4 lectures)
General characteristics; Affinities with plants and animals; Thallus organization; Cell wall
composition; Nutrition; Classification(Ainsworth, Sparrow, Sussman, 1973).
Unit 2: Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota (5 lecture)

Characteristic features; Ecology and significance; Thallus organisation; Reproduction; Life cycle
with reference to Synchytrium, Rhizopus .
Unit 3: Oomycota (4 lectures)

General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and classification with reference to Phytophthora,
Albugo.
Unit 4: Ascomycota (10 lectures)

General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Ecology; Life cycle, Heterokaryosis
and parasexuality; Life cycle and classification with reference to Saccharomyces, Penicillium, ,
Neurospora and Ascobolus.
Unit 5: Basidiomycota (8 lectures)

General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle of Lycoperdon and Agaricus loose and covered
smut (symptoms only), Bioluminescence, Fairy Rings and Mushroom Cultivation.
Unit 6: Deuteromycota (3 lectures)-

General accounts, conidial morphology, conidiomata and Parasexual cycle, Study of Alternaria
and Fusarium
Unit 6: Allied Fungi (2 lectures)

General characteristics; Status of Slime molds, Occurrence; Types of plasmodia; Types of
fruiting bodies.
Unit 8: Symbiotic associations (4 lectures)

Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms and range of thallus organization;
Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners; Reproduction; Mycorrhiza-Ectomycorrhiza,
Endomycorrhiza and their significance.
14
Unit 9: Applied Mycology (10 Lectures)

Role of fungi in biotechnology; Application of fungi in food industry (Flavour & texture,
Fermentation, Baking, Organic acids, Enzymes, Mycoproteins); Secondary metabolites
(Pharmaceutical preparations); Agriculture (Biofertilizers); Mycotoxins; Biological control
(Mycofungicides, Mycoherbicides, Mycoinsecticides, Myconematicides); Medical mycology.
Unit 10: Phytopathology (10 lectures)

Terms and concepts; General symptoms; Geographical distribution of diseases; Etiology;
Symptomology; Host-Pathogen relationships; Disease cycle and environmental relation;
prevention and control of plant diseases, and role of quarantine. Bacterial diseases – Citrus
canker and Bacterial blight of rice. Viral diseases – Tobacco Mosaic viruses, vein clearing.
Fungal diseases – Late blight of potato, Black stem rust of wheat , White rust of crucifers, Brown
spot of Rice.
3.6 Core P3: Mycology and Phytopathology

List of Practical (Marks 15/Credits 2)
Mycology: 09 marks
1. Introduction to the world of fungi (Unicellular, coenocytic/septate mycelium, ascocarps &
basidiocarps).
2. Rhizopus: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures through
permanent slides.
3. Penicillium: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts. Study of Sexual stage from
permanent slides/photographs.
4. Ascobolus: sectioning through ascocarp.
5. Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and temporary mounts.
6. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry leaves;
sections/ mounts of spores on wheat and permanent slides of both the hosts.
7. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; sectioning of gills of
Agaricus, fairy rings and bioluminescent mushrooms to be shown.
8. Albugo: Study of symptoms of plants infected with Albugo; asexual phase study through
section/ temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.
9. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose and fruticose) on different
substrates. Study of thallus and reproductive structures (soredia and apothecium) through
permanent slides. Mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza (Photographs)
Phytopathology: 06 marks
10. Phytopathology: Herbarium specimens of bacterial diseases: Citrus Canker; Viral diseases:
TMV, Vein clearing, Fungal diseases: Late blight of potato, Black stem rust of wheat, Brown
spot of Rice and White rust of crucifers.
15
Suggested Readings
1. Agrios, G.N. (1997) Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley &
Sons (Asia) Singapore. 4th edition.
3. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. 3rd edition.
4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan Publishers
India Ltd.
5. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India
6. H. C. L. Gwynne-Vaugham and B. Barnes (2014). Fungi: Their structure and Development,

Biotech Books.
7. Gopinath Hait. 2016. A text Book of Mycology, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd
8. R. S. Mehrotra and A. Aggarwal. 2010. Plant Pathology (Second Edition), Tata Mc Graw Hill
Education Pvt Ltd.
3.7 Core T4: Archegoniate (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, & Gymnosperm)

and Palaeobotany
(Theory: Lectures 60/Credits 4/Marks 25)
(Bryophyte-07 marks; Pteridophyte-07 marks; Gymnosperm -07 marks; Palaeobotany-04

marks)
Unit 1: Introduction (4 lectures)

Unifying features of archegoniates; Transition to land habit; Alternation of generations.
Unit 2: Bryophytes (6 lectures)

General characteristics; Adaptations to land habit; Classification; Range of thallus organization.
Economic Importance
Unit 3: Type Studies- Bryophytes (12 lectures)

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Riccia, Marchantia,
Pellia, Porella, Anthoceros, Sphagnum and Funaria; Reproduction and evolutionary trends in
Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria (developmental stages not included).
Unit 4: Pteridophytes (6 lectures)
16
General characteristics; Classification; Early land plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia).
Unit 5: Type Studies- Pteridophytes (14 lectures)

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Psilotum, Selaginella,
Equisetum and Pteris (Developmental details not to be included).Apogamy, and apospory,
heterospory andseed habit, telome theory, stelar evolution; Ecological and economic importance.
Unit 6: Gymnosperms (14 lectures)

General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of
Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum (Developmental details not to be included); Ecological and economic
importance.
Unit 7: Palaeobotany (4 Lectures)
Fossils-Definition, Types of Fossils, Importance of fossils, Fossilization Processes, Geological

Time-Scale and Megafloral succession
3.8 Core P4: Archegoniate (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, & Gymnosperm) and

Palaeobotany
List of Practicals (Marks 15/Credits 2)

1. Riccia – Morphology of thallus.
2. Marchantia- Morphology of thallus, whole mount of rhizoids & Scales, vertical sectionof
thallus through Gemma cup, whole mount of Gemmae (all temporary slides), vertical section of
Antheridiophore, Archegoniophore, longitudinal section of Sporophyte (all permanent slides).
3. Anthoceros- Morphology of thallus, dissection of sporophyte (to show stomata,

spores,pseudoelaters, columella) (temporary slide), vertical section of thallus (permanent slide).
4. Pellia, Porella- Permanent slides.
5. Sphagnum- Morphology of plant, whole mount of leaf (permanent slide only).

6. Funaria- Morphology, whole mount of leaf, rhizoids, operculum, peristome, annulus, spores
(temporary slides); permanent slides showing antheridial and archegonial heads, longitudinal
section of capsule and protonema.
7. Psilotum- Identification
17
8. Selaginella- Morphology, whole mount of leaf with ligule, transverse section of stem, whole
mount of strobilus, whole mount of microsporophyll and megasporophyll temporary slides),
longitudinal section of strobilus (permanent slide).
9. Equisetum- Morphology, transverse section of internode, longitudinal section of strobilus,

transverse section of strobilus, whole mount of sporangiophore, whole mount of spores (wet and
dry) (temporary slide), transverse section of rhizome (permanent slide).
10. Pteris- Morphology, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of sporophyll, wholemount
of sporangium, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), transverse section of rhizome, whole
mount of prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte (permanent slide).
11. Cycas- Morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), whole mount of microsporophyll,
transverse section of coralloid root, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of leaflet,
vertical section of microsporophyll, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), longitudinal
section of ovule, transverse section of root (permanent slide).
12. Pinus- Morphology (long and dwarf shoots, whole mount of dwarf shoot, male and female
cones), transverse section of Needle, transverse section of stem, longitudinal section of /
transverse section of male cone, whole mount of microsporophyll, whole mount of Microspores
(temporary slides), longitudinal section of female cone, tangential longitudinal section &radial
longitudinal sections stem (permanent slide).
13. Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male & female cones), transverse section of stem, vertical
section of ovule (permanent slide)
14. Identification-Petrified Fossil (Calamites and Lyginopteris), Impression Fossil (Glossopteris)
15. Botanical excursions are to be organized in Botanically rich area, Field report and
Photographic documents of Plant specimens to be submitted during practical examination (No
need to submit any living specimen).
Suggested Readings
1. Vashistha, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Pteridophyta. S. Chand. Delhi, India.
2. Bhatnagar, S.P. & Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
3. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta: Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book
Depot. Allahabad.
4. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill,
Delhi.
5. Vanderpoorten, A. & Goffinet, B. (2009) Introduction to Bryophytes. Cambridge
UniversityPress.
18
Semester-III
3.9 CoreT5: Morphology &Anatomy of Angiosperms

` (Theory: Lecture 60/Credits 4/Marks 25)
Morphology: 06 Marks
Unit 1: Leaves (2 Lectures)
Types, phyllotaxy, modifications of leaves.
Unit 2: Flower (5Lectures)

The flower as a modified shoot; aestivation; Inflorescence: Types and evolution. placentation
and its evolution; floral formulae, floral diagram; adhesion and cohesion of floral parts.
Unit 3: Fruits (2 Lectures)
Definition and types
Unit 4: Dispersal of fruits and seeds. (2 Lectures)
Anatomy: 19 marks
Unit 5: Introduction and scope of Plant Anatomy (3 Lectures)
Applications in systematics, forensics and pharmacognosy.
Unit 6: Structure and Development of Plant Body (5 Lectures)

Internal organization of plant body: Types of cells and tissues , The three tissue systems, General
idea of Mechanical tissues and its distribution.
Unit 7: Tissues (10 Lectures)

Classification of tissues; Simple and complex tissues (no phylogeny); cytodifferentiation of
tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and plasmodesmata; Ergastic substances.
Hydathodes, cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.
Unit 8: Apical meristems (12 Lectures)

Evolution of concept of organization of shoot apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica
Corpus theory, continuing meristematic residue, cytohistological zonation); Types of vascular
bundles; Structure of dicot and monocot stem. Structure of dicot and monocot leaf, Kranz
anatomy. Organization of root apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory);
Quiescent centre; Root cap; Structure of dicot and monocot root; Endodermis, exodermis and
origin of lateral root.
19
Unit 9: Vascular Cambium and Wood (12 Lectures)

Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium; Secondary growth in root and stem.
Sapwood and heartwood; Ring and diffuse porous wood; Early and late wood, tyloses;
Dendrochronology. Development and composition of periderm, rhytidome and lenticels.
Anomalous secondary growth in stems (Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Strychnos & Dracaena)
Unit 10: Adaptive and Protective Systems (7 Lectures)

Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, epicuticular waxes, trichomes(uni-and multicellular, glandular
and nonglandular, two examples of each), stomata (classification); Adcrustation and incrustation;
Anatomical adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes.
3.10 Core P5: Morphology &Anatomy of Angiosperms

(Morphology: 4 Marks; Anatomy: 11 Marks)
Morphology: (04 Marks)

1.Identification with resons: Types of leaves,stipules, tendril, inflorescence, fruits, calyx, corolla,
androecium, gynoecium.
Anatomy (10 Marks)

2. Study of anatomical details through permanent slides/temporary stain mounts/ macerations/
museum specimens with the help of suitable examples.
3. Apical meristem of root, shoot and vascular cambium.
4. Distribution and types of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
5. Root: monocot, dicot, secondary growth.
6. Stem: monocot, dicot - primary and secondary growth; periderm; lenticels. Secondary
structures of Bignonia, Strychnos, Boerhaavia & Dracaena
7. Leaf: isobilateral, dorsiventral, C4 leaves (Kranz anatomy).
8. Adaptive Anatomy: xerophytes, hydrophytes.
9. Microscopic Identification: Xylem: Tracheary elements-tracheids, vessel elements; xylem
fibres. Wood: tyloses ; heart- and sapwood. Phloem: Sieve tubes-sieve plates; companion
cells; phloem fibres. Epidermal system: stomata types; trichomes: non-glandular and
glandular. Secretory tissues: cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.
Suggested Readings
Morphology
1. Naik, V. N. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata Mc. Graw Hill Publishers Co. 1981. New Delhi
20
2. Sachdeva, S. K. 1990. Angiosperms, Morphology, Anatomy, Taxonomy, Evolution. Kalyani

Publishers, New Delhi.
nd
3. Plant Systematics. Gurucharan Singh. 2005 (2 Edition). Oxford & IBH.
4. Plant Taxonomy- Nair. Tata Mc. Graw Hill Publisher Company Limited.
Anatomy
1. Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
2. Fahn, A. (1974). Plant Anatomy. Pergmon Press, USA.
3. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjammin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
4. Evert, R.F. (2006) Esau’s Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body:
Their Structure, Function and Development. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
3.11 Core T6: Economic Botany and Pharmacognosy

(Theory: Lecture 60/ Credits 4/ Marks 25)
Unit 1: Origin of Cultivated Plants (6 lectures)

Concept of Centres of Origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work. Examples
ofmajor plant introductions; Crop domestication and loss of genetic diversity; evolution of
newcrops/varieties, importance of germplasm diversity.
Unit 2: Cereals (6 lectures)

Wheat and Rice (origin, morphology, processing & uses); Brief account of millets.
Unit 3: Legumes (6 lectures)

Origin, morphology and uses of Chick pea, Pigeon pea and fodder legumes. Importance to man
and ecosystem.
Unit 4: Sources of sugars and starches (4 lectures)

Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products and by-products of sugarcane industry.
Potato – morphology, propagation & uses.
Unit 5: Spices (6 lectures)

Listing of important spices, their family and part used. Economic importance with special
reference to fennel, saffron, clove and black pepper
Unit 6: Beverages (4 lectures)

Tea, Coffee (morphology, processing & uses)
Unit 7: Sources of oils and fats (10 lectures)
21
General description, classification, extraction, their uses and health implications groundnut,
coconut, linseed, soybean, mustard and coconut (Botanical name, family & uses). Essential Oils:
General account, extraction methods, comparison with fatty oils & their uses.
Unit 8: Natural Rubber (3 lectures)

Para-rubber: tapping, processing and uses.
Unit 9: Drug-yielding plants (8 lectures)

Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to Cinchona, Rauwolfia serpentina,
Strychnos, Justicia adhatoda
Unit 10: Timber plants (3 Lectures)

General account with special reference to teak and pine.
Unit 11: Fibers (4 lectures)

Classification based on the origin of fibers; Cotton, Coir and Jute (morphology, extraction and
uses).
3.12 Core P6: Economic Botany and Pharmacognosy

1. Cereals: Wheat (habit sketch, L. S/T.S. grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests)Rice (Habit
sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests).
2. Legumes: Soybean, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-chemical tests).
3. Sources of sugars and starches: Sugarcane (habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests),
Potato (habit sketch, tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show localization of starch grains, w.m.
starch grains, micro-chemical tests).
4. Sources of oils and fats: Coconut- T.S. nut, Mustard–plant specimen, seeds; tests for fats in
crushed seeds.
5. Essential oil-yielding plants: Habit sketch of Rosa and Eucalyptus (Specimen / Photograph)
6. Rubber: specimen, photograph/model of tapping, samples of rubber products.
7. Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Strychnos seed, Justicia adhatoda leaf, Ginger rhizome –
Organoleptic study microscopic features.
8. Wood: Tectona, Pinus: Specimen, Section of young stem.
9. Fibre-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to show lint and fuzz; whole
Mount of fiber and test for cellulose).
Suggested Readings
1. Kochhar, S.L. (2012). Economic Botany in Tropics, MacMillan & Co. New Delhi, India.
2. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, The Netherlands.
22
3. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. 1994 Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones & Bartlett
_Publishers.
3.13 Core T7: Genetics

(Theory: Lecture 60/Credits 4/Marks 25)
Unit 1: Mendelian genetics and its extension (16 lectures)

Mendelism: History; Principles of inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Autosomes
and sex chromosomes; Probability and pedigree analysis; Incomplete dominance and
codominance; Multiple alleles (ABO blood groups & Rh-alleles), Lethal alleles,
Epistasis(Dominant & Recessive), Pleiotropy, Recessive and Dominant traits, Penetrance and
Expressivity, Numericals; Polygenic inheritance (Kernel colour in wheat & ear size in maize).
Unit 2: Extrachromosomal Inheritance (6 lectures)

Chloroplast inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa plant; Mitochondrial inheritance in yeast; Maternal
effects-shell coiling in snail; Infective heredity- Kappa particles in Paramecium.
Unit 3: Linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping (12 lectures)

Linkage and crossing over-Cytological basis of crossing over; Recombination frequency, two
Factor and three factor crosses; Interference and coincidence; Numerical based on gene mapping;
Sex Linkage.
Unit 4: Variation in chromosome number and structure (8 lectures)

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Position effect, Euploidy and Aneuploidy
Unit 5: Gene mutations (6 lectures)

Types of mutations; Molecular basis of Mutations; Mutagens – physical and chemical (UV-ray,
X-ray, Base analogs, deaminating, alkylating and intercalating agents); Detection of mutations:
ClB method. Role of Transposons in mutation, DNA repair mechanisms.
Unit 6: Fine structure of gene (6 lectures)

Classical vs molecular concepts of gene; Cis-Trans complementation test for functional allelism;
Structure of Phage T4, rII Locus.
Unit 6. Population and Evolutionary Genetics (6 lectures)

Allele frequencies, Genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg Law, role of natural selection,
mutation, genetic drift. Genetic variation and Speciation.
23
3.14 Core P7: Genetics

1. Meiosis through temporary squash preparation.

2. Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability and chi-square.
3. Chromosome mapping using point test cross data.
4. Pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive autosomal and sex linked traits.
5. Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios (9:7, 12:3:1).
6. Study of aneuploidy: Down’s, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes.
7. Photographs/Permanent Slides showing Translocation Ring, Laggards and Inversion Bridge.
8. Study of human genetic traits: Sickle cell anemia, Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Albinism, red-
green, Colour blindness, Widow’s peak, Rolling of tongue, Hitchhiker’s thumb and Attached
ear lobe.
Suggested Readings
1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley &
sons, India. 8th edition.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
India. 5th edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin
Cummings, U.S.A. 9th edition.
4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic
Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
5. Ajoy, Pal. Text Book of Genetics – from Genes to Genomes, Books And Allied (P) Ltd.,
Kolkata.
24
Semester-IV
3.15 Core T8: Molecular Biology

(Theory : Lecture 60/Credits 4/Marks 25)
Unit 1: Nucleic acids: Carriers of genetic information (4 lectures)

Historical perspective; Nucleic Acids as the carrier of genetic information (DNA -Griffith’s,
Hershey & Chase, RNA -Fraenkel-Conrat’s experiment)
Unit 2: The Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic Material (10 lectures)
DNA Structure: Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, DNA structure, Salient
features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types of genetic material, denaturation and
renaturation, cot curves; Organization of DNA- Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes.RNA
Structure_Organelle DNA -- mitochondria and chloroplast DNA. The Nucleosome_Chromatin
structure- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin- Constitutive and Facultative heterochromatin.
Unit 2: The replication of DNA (10 lectures)

Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery); General principles – bidirectional,
semiconservative and semi discontinuous replication, RNA priming; Various models of DNA
replication, including rolling circle, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear ds-DNA,
replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome; Enzymes involved in DNA replication.
Unit 3: Central dogma and genetic code (2 lectures)
Key experiments establishing-The Central Dogma (Adaptor hypothesis and discovery of mRNA
template), Genetic code (deciphering & salient features)
Unit 4: Transcription (18 lectures)

Transcription in prokaryotes. Principles of transcriptional regulation; Prokaryotes: Regulation of
lactose metabolism and tryptophan synthesis in E.coli. Gene silencing.
Unit 5: Processing and modification of RNA (8 lectures)

Split genes-concept of introns and exons, removal of introns, spliceosome machinery, splicing
pathways, group I and group II intron splicing, alternative splicing eukaryotic mRNA
processing(5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail); Ribozymes; RNA editing and mRNA transport.
Unit 6: Translation (8 lectures)
25
Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA; Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases;
Various steps in protein synthesis, proteins involved in initiation, elongation and termination of
polypeptides; Fidelity of translation; Inhibitors of protein synthesis; Post-translational
modifications of proteins.
3.16 Core P8: Molecular Biology

1. Preparation of LB medium and raising E.Coli.
2. Demonstration of isolation of genomic DNA from E.Coli.
3. DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent/UV Spectrophotometry.
4. Study of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs (Rolling circle, Theta replication
and semi-discontinuous replication).
5. Study of structures of prokaryotic RNA polymerase and eukaryotic RNA polymerase II
through photographs.
6. Photographs establishing nucleic acid as genetic material (Messelson and Stahl’s, Avery et al,
Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase’s and Fraenkel & Conrat’s experiments)
7. Study of the following through photographs: Assembly of Spliceosome machinery; Splicing
mechanism in group I & group II introns; Ribozyme and Alternative splicing.
Suggested Readings
1. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007). Molecular
Biology of the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press, New York, U.S.A. 6 th
edition.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
U.S.A. 5th edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin
Cummings. U.S.A. 9th edition.
4. Russell, P. J. (2010). i-Genetics- A Molecular Approach. Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 3rd
edition.
5. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic
Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
6. Ajoy, Pal. Text Book of Cell and Molecular Biology, Books And Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata.
3.17 Core T9: Plant Ecology and Phytogeography

(Theory: Lecture 60 /Credits 4/Marks 25)

26
Basic concepts; Levels of organization. Inter-relationships between the living world and the
environment, the components and dynamism, homeostasis.
Unit 2: Soil (8 lectures)

Importance; Origin; Formation; Composition; Physical; Chemical and Biological components;
Soil profile; Role of climate in soil development.
Unit 3: Water (4 lectures)

Importance: States of water in the environment; Atmospheric moisture; Precipitation types (rain,
fog, snow, hail, dew); Hydrological Cycle; Water in soil; Water table.
Unit 4: Light, temperature, wind and fire (6 lectures)

Variations; adaptations of plants to their variation.
Unit 5: Biotic interactions (2 lectures)

Trophic organization, basic source of energy, autotrophy, heterotrophy; symbiosis,
commensalism, parasitism; food chains and webs; ecological pyramids; biomass, standing crop.
Unit 6: Population ecology (4 lectures)

Characteristics and Dynamics .Ecological Speciation
Unit 7: Plant communities (8 lectures)

Concept of ecological amplitude; Habitat and niche; Characters: analytical and synthetic;
Ecotone and edge effect; Dynamics: succession – processes, types; climax concepts.
Unit 8: Ecosystems (4 lectures)

Structure; Processes; Trophic organisation; Food chains and Food webs; Ecological pyramids.
Unit 9: Functional aspects of ecosystem (8 lectures)

Principles and models of energy flow; Production and productivity; Ecological efficiencies;
Biogeochemical cycles; Cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
Unit 10: Phytogeography (12 lectures)

Principles; Continental drift; Theory of tolerance; Endemism; Brief description of major
terrestrial biomes (one each from tropical, temperate & tundra); Phytogeographical division
ofIndia; Local Vegetation.
3.18 Core P9: Plant Ecology and Phytogeography

1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer, maximum

and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge and lux meter.
2. Determination of pH of various soil and water samples (pH meter and pH paper)
27
3. Analysis for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency from
two soil samples by rapid field tests.
6. Determination of dissolved oxygen of water samples from polluted and unpolluted sources.
7. Ecological adaptations of some species: Ipomoea aquatica stem, Phyllode of Acaccia
auriculiformis, Nerium leaf and Vanda root.
8. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the
collegecampus, by species area curve method (species to be listed).
9. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency
andcomparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law.
10. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation for density and abundance in the college
campus.
11. Field visit to familiarize students with ecology of different sites.
Suggested Readings
1. Odum, E.P. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5th edition.
2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation.
Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.
3. Sharma, P.D. (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8 th
edition.
4. Wilkinson, D.M. (2007). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach.
Oxford University Press. U.S.A.
5. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India. 4 th edition.
3.19 Core T10: Plant Systematics

Unit 1: Significance of Plant systematics (10 lectures)
Introduction to systematics; Plant identification, Classification, Nomenclature. Evidences from
palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data. Field inventory; Functions of
Herbarium; Important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India; Virtual herbarium;
E-flora; Documentation: Flora, Monographs, Journals; Phases of taxonomy
Unit 2: Taxonomic hierarchy (4 lectures)
Concept of taxa (family, genus, species); Categories and taxonomic hierarchy; Species concept
(taxonomic, biological, evolutionary).
Unit 3: Botanical nomenclature (8 lectures)

Principles and rules (ICN); Ranks and names; Typification, author citation, valid publication,
rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations; Names of hybrids.
Unit 4: Systems of classification (10 lectures)
28
Major contributions of Theophrastus, Bauhin, Tournefort, Linnaeus, Adanson, de Candolle,

Bessey, Hutchinson, Takhtajan and Cronquist; Classification systems of Bentham and Hooker
(upto series) and Takhtajan, 1997; Brief reference of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III)
classification.
Unit 5: Biometrics, numerical taxonomy and cladistics (8 lectures)

Characters; Variations; OTUs, character weighting and coding; Cluster analysis; Phenograms,
cladograms (definitions and differences).
Unit 6: Phylogeny of Angiosperms (10 lectures)
Terms and concepts (primitive and advanced, homology and analogy, parallelism and
convergence, monophyly, Paraphyly, polyphyly and clades). Origin and evolution of
angiosperms; Co-evolution of angiosperms and animals; Methods of illustrating evolutionary
relationship (phylogenetic tree, cladogram).
Unit 7: Salient features of the following families [Evolutionary trends need to be briefly
discussed in case of families marked with astericks] (10 Lectures)
Dicotyledons: Magnoliaceae*, Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae,
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae,
Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae*.
Monocotyledons: Alismataceae*, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae*.
3.20 Core P10: Plant Systematics

1. Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S. flower,
Section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and identification upto genus following
published keys – Bengal Plants by David Prain 1903):
Families: Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae , Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae
Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae,Verbenaceae,. Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae , Orchidaceae
2. Field visit (local) – Excursion/Field trips are to be organized in botanically rich areas. A field
report with photographic document of plants (atleast 20) and corresponding field record to be
submitted during practical examination.
3. Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any one wild plant with herbarium label
(to be submitted in the record book).
Suggested Readings
1. Singh, (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3rdedition.
29
2. Jeffrey, C. (1982). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.
3. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. (2002). Plant Systematics-A
Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 2nd edition.
4. Maheshwari, J.K. (1963). Flora of Delhi. CSIR, New Delhi.
5. Radford, A.E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York.
Semester-V
3.21 CoreT11: Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms

History (contributions of G.B. Amici, W. Hofmeister, E. Strasburger, S.G. Nawaschin, P.
Maheshwari, B.M. Johri, W.A. Jensen, J. Heslop-Harrison) and scope.
Unit 2: Reproductive development (6 lectures)

Induction of flowering; flower as a modified determinate shoot. Flower development: genetic
and molecular aspects.
Unit 3: Anther and pollen biology (10 lectures)

Anther wall: Structure and functions, microsporogenesis, callose deposition and its significance.
Microgametogenesis; Pollen wall structure, MGU (male germ unit) structure, NPC system;
Palynology and scope (a brief account); Pollen wall proteins; Pollen viability, storage and
germination; Abnormal features: Pseudomonads, polyads, massulae, pollinia.
Unit 4: Ovule (10 lectures)

Structure; Types; Special structures–endothelium, obturator, aril, caruncle and hypostase; Female
gametophyte– megasporogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic) and megagametogenesis
(details of Polygonum type); Organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.
Unit 4: Pollination and fertilization (6 lectures)

Pollination types and significance; adaptations; structure of stigma and style; path of pollen tube
in pistil; double fertilization.
Unit 5: Self incompatibility (10 lectures)

Basic concepts (interspecific, intraspecific, homomorphic, heteromorphic, GSI and SSI);
Methods to overcome self- incompatibility: mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination;
Intra-ovarian and in vitro pollination; Modification of stigma surface, parasexual hybridization;
Cybrids, in vitro fertilization.
Unit 6: Embryo, Endosperm and Seed (10 lectures)

30
Structure and types; General pattern of development of dicot and monocot embryo and
endosperm; Suspensor: structure and functions; Embryo-endosperm relationship; Nutrition of
embryo; Unusual features; Embryo development in Paeonia. Seed structure, importance and
dispersal mechanisms
Units 7: Polyembryony and apomixis (6 lectures)

Introduction; Classification; Causes and applications.
3.22 Core P11: Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms
List of Practical: (Marks 15/Credits 2)
1. Anther: Wall and its ontogeny; Tapetum (amoeboid and glandular); MMC, spore tetrads,
uninucleate, bicelled and dehisced anther stages through slides/micrographs, male germ unit
(MGU) through photographs and schematic representation.
2. Pollen grains: Fresh and acetolyzed showing ornamentation and aperture, psuedomonads,
polyads, pollinia (slides/photographs,fresh material), ultrastructure of pollen wall(micrograph);
Pollen viability: Tetrazolium test.germination: Calculation of percentage germination in
different media using hanging drop method.
3. Ovule: Types-anatropous, orthotropous, amphitropous/campylotropous, circinotropous,
unitegmic, bitegmic; Tenuinucellate and crassinucellate; Special structures: Endothelium,
obturator, hypostase, caruncle and aril (permanent slides/specimens/photographs).
4. Female gametophyte through permanent slides/ photographs: Types, ultrastructure of mature
egg apparatus.
5. Intra-ovarian pollination; Test tube pollination through photographs.
6. Endosperm: Dissections of developing seeds for endosperm with free-nuclear haustoria.
7. Embryogenesis: Study of development of dicot embryo through permanent slides; dissection

of developing seeds for embryos at various developmental stages; Study of suspensor through
electron micrographs.
Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas
Publishing
House. Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
3. Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer, Netherlands.
4. Johri, B.M. l (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands.
3.23 Core T12: Plant Physiology

31
(Theory: Lecture 60/Credits 4/ Marks 25)
Unit 1: Plant-water relations (10 lectures)

Water Potential and its components, water absorption by roots, aquaporins, pathway of water
movement, symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways, root pressure, guttation. Ascent of sap–
cohesion-tension theory.Transpiration and factors affecting transpiration, antitranspirants,
mechanism of stomatal movement.
Unit 2: Mineral nutrition (8 lectures)
Essential and beneficial elements, macro and micronutrients, methods of study and use of
nutrient solutions, criteria for essentiality, mineral deficiency symptoms, roles of essential
elements, chelating agents.
Unit 3: Nutrient Uptake (8 lectures)
Soil as a nutrient reservoir, transport of ions across cell membrane, passive absorption,
electrochemical gradient, facilitated diffusion, active absorption, role of ATP, carrier systems,
proton ATPase pump and ion flux, uniport, co-transport, symport, antiport.
Unit 4: Translocation in the phloem (8 lectures)
Experimental evidence in support of phloem as the site of sugar translocation. Pressure–Flow
Model; Phloem loading and unloading; Source–sink relationship.
Unit 5: Plant growth regulators (14 lectures)
Chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and physiological roles of Auxin, Gibberellins,
Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, Brassinosteroids and Jasmonic acid.
Unit 6: Physiology of flowering (6 lectures)
Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, florigen concept, vernalization, seed dormancy.
Unit 7: Phytochrome , crytochromes and phototropins (6 lectures)
Discovery, chemical nature, role in photomorphogenesis, low energy responses (LER) and high
irradiance responses (HIR), mode of action.
3.24 Core P12: Plant Physiology

1. Determination of isotonic concentration and osmotic pressure of plant cell sap by plasmolytic
method.
2. Determination of water potential of given tissue (potato tuber) by weight method.
3. Study of the effect of humidity and light on the rate of transpiration in excised twig/leaf.
4. Determination of water absorption, retention and transpiration.
5. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency from the two surfaces of leaves of a
mesophyte and xerophyte.
6. To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light).
32
7. To study the effect of different concentrations of IAA on Avena coleoptile elongation (IAA
Bioassay).
8. To study the induction of amylase activity in germinating barley grains.
Demonstration experiments
1. To demonstrate suction due to transpiration.
2. Fruit ripening/Rooting from cuttings (Demonstration).
3. Bolting experiment/Avena coleptile bioassay (demonstration).
Suggested Readings
1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons.
U.S.A. 4th edition.
2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.
Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Bajracharya D. (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology-A Laboratory Manual. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
33
Semester-VI
3.25 Core T13: Plant Metabolism

Unit 1: Concept of metabolism (6 lectures)

Introduction, anabolic and catabolic pathways, regulation of metabolism, role of regulatory
enzymes (allosteric, covalent modulation and Isozymes).
Unit 2: Carbon assimilation (14 lectures)

Historical background, photosynthetic pigments, role of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls
and accessory pigments), antenna molecules and reaction centres, photochemical reactions,
photosynthetic electron transport, PSI, PSII, Q cycle, CO2 reduction, photorespiration,
C4pathways; Crassulacean acid metabolism; Factors affecting CO2 reduction.
Unit 3: Carbohydrate metabolism (2 lectures)

Synthesis and catabolism of sucrose and starch.
Unit 4: Carbon Oxidation (10 lectures)

Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate, regulation of glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway,
oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, regulation of PDH, NADH shuttle; TCA cycle,
amphibolic role, anaplerotic reactions, regulation of the cycle, mitochondrial electron transport,
oxidative phosphorylation, cyanide-resistant respiration, factors affecting respiration.
Unit 5: ATP-Synthesis (8 lectures)

Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation, chemiosmotic mechanism
(oxidative and photophosphorylation), ATP synthase, Boyers conformational model
Unit 6: Lipid metabolism (8 lectures)

Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, β-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, gluconeogenesis and its
role in mobilisation of lipids during seed germination, α oxidation.
Unit 7: Nitrogen metabolism (8 lectures)

34
Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of legumes and non-legumes);

Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation; Ammonia assimilation and transamination.
Unit 8: Mechanisms of signal transduction (4 lectures)

Receptor-ligand interactions; Second messenger concept, Calcium calmodulin, MAP kinase
cascade.
3.26 Core P13: Plant Metabolism

1. Preparation of molar, molal & normal solution.
2. Chromatographic separation of photosynthetic pigments.
3. Experimental demonstration of Hill’s reaction.
4. To study the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
5. Effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.
6. To compare the rate of respiration in different parts of a plant.
7. RQ of different respiratory substrate of germinating seeds.
8. Seed Viability Test by TTC.
9. Demonstration of absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.
Suggested Readings
U.S.A. 4th edition.
3. Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
3.27 Core T14 : Plant Biotechnology

Unit 1: Plant Tissue Culture (16 lectures)
Historical perspective; Composition of media; Nutrient and hormone requirements (role of
vitamins and hormones); Totipotency; Organogenesis; Embryogenesis (somatic and zygotic);
Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; Tissue culture applications (micropropagation,
androgenesis, virus elimination, secondary metabolite production, haploids, triploids and
hybrids; Cryopreservation; Germplasm Conservation).
Unit 2: Recombinant DNA technology (12 lectures)

35
Restriction Endonucleases (History, Types I-IV, biological role and application); Restriction
Mapping (Linear and Circular); Cloning Vectors: Prokaryotic (pUC 18 and pUC19, pBR322, Ti
plasmid, BAC); Lambda phage, M13 phagemid, Cosmid, Shuttle vector; Eukaryotic Vectors
(YAC).
Unit 3:Gene Cloning (10 lectures)
Recombinant DNA, Bacterial Transformation and selection of recombinant clones, PCR
mediated gene cloning; Gene Construct; construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, screening
DNA libraries to obtain gene of interest by genetic selection; complementation, colony
hybridization; PCR
Unit 4: Methods of gene transfer (8 lectures)
Agrobacterium-mediated, Direct gene transfer by Electroporation, Microinjection,
Microprojectile bombardment; Selection of transgenics– selectable marker and reporter genes
(Luciferase, GUS, GFP).
Unit 5: Applications of Biotechnology (14 lectures)
Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready soybean); Transgenic crops
with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice); Improved horticultural varieties
(Moondust carnations); Role of transgenics in bioremediation (Superbug); edible vaccines;
Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase, Protease, Lipase); Gentically Engineered Products–Human
Growth Hormone; Humulin; Biosafety concerns.
3.28 Core P14: Plant Biotechnology

1. (a) Preparation of MS medium.
(b) Demonstration of in vitro sterilization and inoculation methods using leaf and nodal
explants of tobacco, Datura, Brassica etc.
2. Study of anther, embryo and endosperm culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis &
artificial seeds through photographs.
3. Construction of restriction map of circular and linear DNA from the data provided.
4. Study of methods of gene transfer through photographs: Agrobacterium-mediated, direct gene
transfer by electroporation, microinjection, microprojectile bombardment.
5. Study of steps of genetic engineering for production of Bt cotton, Golden rice, Flavr Savr
tomato through photographs.
6. Isolation of plasmid DNA.
7. Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA.
Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier
Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
36
2. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of
recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
3. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas
Publication House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th edition.
4. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, U.K.
5th edition.
5. Stewart, C.N. Jr. (2008). Plant Biotechnology & Genetics: Principles, Techniques and
Applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A.
4. Discipline Specific Elective Courses
37
4.1 DSE T1- Stress Biology

Unit 1: Defining plant stress (2 lectures)
Acclimation and adaptation.
Unit 2: Environmental factors (20 lectures)
Water stress; Salinity stress, High light stress; Temperature stress; Hypersensitive reaction;
Pathogenesis– related (PR) proteins; Systemic acquired resistance; Mediation of insect and
disease resistance by jasmonates.
Unit 3: Stress sensing mechanisms in plants (20 lectures)
Calcium modulation, Phospholipid signaling
Unit 4: Developmental and physiological mechanisms that protect plants against
environmental stress (12 lectures)
Adaptation in plants; Changes in root: shoot ratio; Aerenchyna development; Osmotic
adjustment; Compatible solute production.
Unit 5: Reactive oxygen species–Production and scavenging mechanisms. (6 lectures)
4.2 DSE P1 –Stress Biology

(Practical: Marks 15/Credits 2)
List of Practical
1. Quantitative estimation of peroxidase activity in the seedlings in the absence and presence of
salt stress.
2. Superoxide activity in seedlings in the absence and presence of salt stress.
3. Zymographic analysis of peroxidase.
4. Zymographic analysis of superoxide dismutase activity.
5. Quantitative estimation and zymographic analysis of catalase.
6. Quantitative estimation and zymographic analysis of glutathione reductase.
7. Estimation of superoxide anions.
38
Suggested Readings
U.S.A. 4th edition.
4.3 DSE T2: Plant Breeding

(Tutorial: Credit 1/Marks 10)
Unit 1: Plant Breeding (10 lectures)

Introduction and objectives. Breeding systems: modes of reproduction in crop plants. Important
achievements and undesirable consequences of plant breeding.
Unit 2: Methods of crop improvement (20 lectures)

Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources;
Acclimatization; Selection methods: For self pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively
propagated plants; Hybridization: For self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants – Procedure,
advantages and limitations.
Unit 3: Quantitative inheritance (10 lectures)

Concept, mechanism, examples of inheritance of Kernel colour in wheat, Skin colour in human
beings.Monogenic vs polygenic Inheritance.
Unit 4: Inbreeding depression and heterosis (10 lectures)

History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis; Applications.
Unit 5: Crop improvement and breeding (10 lectures)

Role of mutations; Polyploidy; Distant hybridization and role of biotechnology in crop
improvement.
Suggested Readings
1. Singh, B.D. (2005). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. 7 th edition.
2. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984). Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford – IBH. 2ndedition.
52
3. Acquaah, G. (2007). Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding. Blackwell Publishing.
39
4.4 DSE T3: Natural Resource Management

Unit 1: Natural resources (2 lectures)

Definition and types.
Unit 2: Sustainable utilization (8 lectures)
Concept, approaches (economic, ecological and socio-cultural).
Unit 3: Land (8 lectures)
Utilization (agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, silvicultural); Soil degradation and management.
Unit 4: Water (8 lectures)
Fresh water (rivers, lakes, groundwater, aquifers, watershed); Marine; Estuarine; Wetlands;
Threats and management strategies.
Unit 5: Biological Resources (12 lectures)
Biodiversity-definition and types; Significance; Threats; Management strategies; Bioprospecting;
IPR; CBD; National Biodiversity Action Plan).
Unit 6: Forests (6 lectures)
Definition, Cover and its significance (with special reference to India); Major and minor
forestproducts; Depletion; Management.
Unit 7: Energy (6 lectures)
Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy
Unit 8: Contemporary practices in resource management (8 lectures)
EIA, GIS, Participatory Resource Appraisal, Ecological Footprint with emphasis on carbon
footprint, Resource Accounting; Waste management.
53
Unit 9: National and international efforts in resource management and conservation

(4 lectures)
4.5 DSE P3: Natural Resource Management

40

List of Practical
1. Estimation of solid waste generated by a domestic system (biodegradable and non
biodegradable) and its impact on land degradation.
2. Collection of data on forest cover of specific area.
3. Measurement of dominance of woody species by DBH (diameter at breast height) method.
4. Calculation and analysis of ecological footprint.
5. Ecological modeling.
Suggested Readings
1. Vasudevan, N. (2006). Essentials of Environmental Science. Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
2. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi.
3. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. (2008). An Introduction to Sustainable Development.
Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
4.6 DSE T4: Horticultural practices & Post Harvest Technology


Scope of Horticulture, Branches of horticulture; Role in economy, Scope of
employmentgeneration; Importance in food and nutritional security; Commercial Horticulture:
Urban horticulture and ecotourism.
Unit 2: Ornamental plants (4 lectures)

Types, classification (annuals, perennials, climbers and trees); Identification and salient features
of some ornamental annuals - marigold, carnations, poppies, Petunias, Pansies, Impatiens,
Identification and salient features of some ornamental perennials - Rose, Gladiolus, Orchids,
Gerberas, Tuberose, Chrysanthemum, Cacti and Succulents (Opuntia, Agave and Spurges),
Croton. Identification and salient features of some ornamental flowering climbers – Ipomoeas,
Quisqualis indica, Pyrostegia venusta, Aganosma caryophyllata, Bignonias.
Identification and salient features of some ornamental flowering trees - Indian Laburnum (Cassia
fistula), Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Jacaranda, Lagerstroemia, Fishtail (Caryota urens) and areca
palms, Semul (Bombax ceiba), Coraltree (Erythrina variegata), Palash (Butea monosperma).
41
Unit 3: Fruit and vegetable crops (4 lectures)

Production, origin and distribution of major fruits – Apple, Banana, Orange, Lemon, Grapes,
Mango, Watermelon, Litchi, Pomegranate, Pineapple, Guava, Papaya; Production, origin and
distribution of major vegetables – Crucifers, Potato, Chillies, Carrot, Radish, Peas, Gourds,
Cucumber, Lady’s finger, Onion, Tomato, Pumpkin, Beans, Brinjal, Spinach. Description of
plants and their economic products of the above mentioned fruits and vegetables. Management
and marketing of vegetable and fruit crops; Identification of some fruits and vegetable varieties
(citrus, banana, mango, Oranges, Chillies, Crucifers, Beans and Cucurbits).
Unit 4: Horticultural techniques (8 lectures)
Application of manure, fertilizers, nutrients and PGRs; Weed control; Biofertilizers,
biopesticides; Irrigation methods (drip irrigation, surface irrigation, furrow and border
irrigation); Hydroponics; Propagation Methods: asexual (grafting, cutting, layering, budding),
sexual (seed propagation), Scope and limitations.
Unit 5: Landscaping and garden design (6 lectures)

Planning and layout (parks and avenues); gardening traditions - Ancient Indian,
European,Mughal and Japanese Gardens; Urban forestry; policies and practices.
Unit 6: Floriculture (6 lectures)

Cut flowers, bonsai, commerce (market demand and supply); Importance of flower shows and
exhibitions.
Unit 7: Post-harvest technology (10 lectures)

Importance of post harvest technology in horticultural crops; Evaluation of quality traits;
Harvesting and handling of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers; Principles, methods of
preservation and processing; Methods of minimizing loses during storage and transportation;
Food irradiation - advantages and disadvantages; food safety.
Unit 8: Disease control and management (8 lectures)

Field and post-harvest diseases; Identification of deficiency symptoms; remedial measures and
nutritional management practices; Crop sanitation; IPM strategies (genetic, biological
andchemical methods for pest control); Quarantine practices; Identification of common diseases
andpests of ornamentals, fruits and vegetable crops.
Unit 9: Horticultural crops - conservation and management (10 lectures)

Documentation and conservation of germplasm; Role of micropropagation and tissue culture
techniques; Varieties and cultivars of various horticultural crops; IPR issues; National,
international and professional societies and sources of information on horticulture.
Unit 10: Field trip
42
Field visits to gardens, standing crop sites, nurseries, vegetable gardens and horticultural fields at
IARI or other suitable locations.
Suggested Readings
1. Singh, D. & Manivannan, S. (2009). Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops.

RidhiInternational, Delhi, India.
2. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kochhar, S.L. (2007). Groves of Beauty and Plenty: An Atlas of
Major Flowering Trees in India. Macmillan Publishers, India.
3. NIIR Board (2005). Cultivation of Fruits, Vegetables and Floriculture. National Institute of
Industrial Research Board, Delhi.
4. Kader, A.A. (2002). Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. UCANR Publications,
USA.
5. Capon, B. (2010). Botany for Gardeners. 3rd Edition. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
4.8 DSE T5: Research Methodology

Unit 1: Basic concepts of research (10 lectures)
Research-definition and types of research (Descriptive vs analytical; applied vs fundamental;
quantitative vs qualitative; conceptual vs emperical).Research methods vs methodology.
Literature-review and its consolidation; Library research; field research; laboratory research.
Unit 2: General laboratory practices (12 lectures)

Common calculations in botany laboratories. Understanding the details on the label of reagent
bottles. Molarity and normality of common acids and bases.Preparation of solutions. Dilutions.
Percentage solutions. Molar, molal and normal solutions.Technique of handling micropipettes;
Knowledge about common toxic chemicals and safety measures in their handling.
Unit 3: Data collection and documentation of observations (6 lectures)
Maintaining a laboratory record; Tabulation and generation of graphs. Imaging of
tissuespecimens and application of scale bars. The art of field photography.
Unit 4: Overview of Biological Problems (6 lectures)
History; Key biology research areas, Model organisms in biology (A Brief overview): Genetics,
Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Genomics, Proteomics-
Transcriptional regulatory network.
Unit 5: Methods to study plant cell/tissue structure (6 lectures)
43
Whole mounts, peel mounts, squash preparations, clearing, maceration and sectioning; Tissue
preparation: living vs fixed, physical vs chemical fixation, coagulating fixatives, non-coagulant
fixatives; tissue dehydration using graded solvent series; Paraffin and plastic infiltration;
Preparation of thin and ultrathin sections.
Unit 6: Plant microtechniques (12 lectures)
Staining procedures, classification and chemistry of stains. Staining equipment. Reactive dyes
and fluorochromes (including genetically engineered protein labeling with GFP and other tags).
Cytogenetic techniques with squashed plant materials.
Unit 7: The art of scientific writing and its presentation (8 lectures)
Numbers, units, abbreviations and nomenclature used in scientific writing. Writing references.
Powerpoint presentation. Poster presentation. Scientific writing and ethics, Introduction to
copyright-academic misconduct/plagiarism.
4.9 DSE P5: Research Methodology

List of Practical
1. Experiments based on chemical calculations.
2. Plant microtechnique experiments.
3. The art of imaging of samples through microphotography and field photography.
4. Poster presentation on defined topics.
5. Technical writing on topics assigned.
Suggested Readings
1. Dawson, C. (2002). Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Stapleton, P., Yondeowei, A., Mukanyange, J., Houten, H. (1995). Scientific writing for
agricultural research scientists – a training reference manual. West Africa Rice
Development Association, Hong Kong.
3. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant microtechnique and microscopy. Oxford University Press, New
York, U.S.A.
4.10 DSE T6: Industrial & Environmental Microbiology

44
Unit 1: Scope of microbes in industry and environment (6 lectures)

Unit 2: Bioreactors/Fermenters and fermentation processes (12 lectures)
Solid-state and liquid-state (stationary and submerged) fermentations; Batch and continuous
fermentations. Components of a typical bioreactor, Types of bioreactors-laboratory, pilotscale
and production fermenters; Constantly stirred tank fermenter, tower fermenter, fixed bed and
fluidized bed bioreactors and air-lift fermenter.
A visit to any educational institute/ industry to see an industrial fermenter, and other downstream
processing operations.
Unit 3: Microbial production of industrial products (12 lectures)

Microorganisms involved, media, fermentation conditions, downstream processing and uses;
Filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption, solvent extraction, precipitation and ultrafiltration,
lyophilization, spray drying; Hands on microbial fermentations for the production and estimation
(qualitative and quantitative) of Enzyme: amylase or lipase activity, Organic acid (citric acid or
glutamic acid), alcohol (Ethanol) and antibiotic (Penicillin)
Unit 4: Microbial enzymes of industrial interest and enzyme immobilization (8 lectures)
Microorganisms for industrial applications_and hands on screening microorganisms for casein
hydrolysis; starch hydrolysis; cellulose hydrolysis. Methods of immobilization, advantages and
applications of immobilization, large scale applications of immobilized enzymes (glucose
isomerase and penicillin acylase).
Unit 5: Microbes and quality of environment.(6 lectures)
Distribution of microbes in air; Isolation of microorganisms from soil, air and water.
Unit 6: Microbial flora of water. (8 lectures)
Water pollution, role of microbes in sewage and domestic waste water treatment systems.
Determination of BOD, COD, TDS and TOC of water samples; Microorganisms as indicators of
water quality, check coliform and fecal coliform in water samples.
Unit 7: Microbes in agriculture and remediation of contaminated soils. (8 lectures)
Biological fixation; Mycorrhizae; Bioremediation of contaminated soils. Isolation of root
nodulating bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in plant roots.
4.11 DSE P6: Industrial & Environmental Microbiology

List of Practical
1.Principles and functioning of instruments in microbiology laboratory
2.Hands on sterilization techniques and preparation of culture media.
Suggested Readings
45
1. Pelzar, M.J. Jr., Chen E.C. S., Krieg, N.R. (2010). Microbiology: An application based
approach. Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case. C.L. (2007). Microbiology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings,
San Francisco, U.S.A. 9th edition.
4.12 DSE T7: Biostatistics

Unit 1:Biostatistics (12 lectures)
Definition - statistical methods - basic principles. Variables - measurements, functions,
limitations and uses of statistics.
Unit 2:Collection of data primary and secondary (12 lectures)

Types and methods of data collection procedures - merits and demerits. Classification -
tabulation and presentation of data - sampling methods.
Unit 3:Measures of central tendency (14 lectures)

Mean, median, mode, geometric mean - merits & demerits. Measures of dispersion - range,
standard deviation, mean deviation, quartile deviation - merits and demerits; Co- efficient of
variations.
Unit 4:Correlation (12 lectures)

Types and methods of correlation, regression, simple regression equation, fitting prediction,
similarities and dissimilarities of correlation and regression
Unit 5:Statistical inference (10 lectures)

Hypothesis - simple hypothesis - student 't' test - chi square test.
4.13 DSE P7: Biostatistics

List of Practical
1) Calculation of mean, standard deviation and standard error
2) Calculation of correlation coefficient values and finding out the probability
3) Calculation of ‘F’ value and finding out the probability value for the F value.
Suggested Readings
46
1. Biostatistic, Danniel, W.W., 1987.New York, John Wiley Sons.

2. An introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition, Sundarrao, P.S.S and Richards, J. Christian
Medical College, Vellore
3. Statistical Analysis of epidemiological data, Selvin, S., 1991. New York University Press. 4.
Statistics for Biology, Boston, Bishop, O.N. Houghton, Mifflin.
5. The Principles of scientific research, Freedman, P. New York, Pergamon Press.
6. Statistics for Biologists, Campbell, R.C., 1998.Cambridge University Press.
5. Skill Enhancement Courses
47
5.1 SEC T1: Biofertilisers

(Theory : Lecture 30/ Credits 2/Marks 40)
Unit 1: (4 lectures)
General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation, identification,
mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.
Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, associative effect of
different microorganisms.Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop response to
Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass multiplication.
Unit 3: .(4 lectures)
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen fixation,
factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation
Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and
distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation and
inoculum production of VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of biodegradable
municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – biocompost making methods, types
and method of vermicomposting – field Application.
Suggested Readings
1. Dubey, R.C., 2005 A Text book of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kumaresan, V. 2005, Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
3. John Jothi Prakash, E. 2004. Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay _Publication,
NewDelhi.
4. Sathe, T.V. 2004 Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
5. Subha Rao, N.S. 2000, Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New _Delhi.
48
6. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998 Bio-fertilizers and organic _Farming Akta
Prakashan, Nadiad
5.2 SEC T2: Herbal Technology

(Theory: Lecture 30/ Credits 2/Marks 40)
Unit 1: (6 Lectures)
Herbal medicines: history and scope - definition of medical terms - role of medicinal plants in
Siddha systems of medicine; cultivation - harvesting - processing - storage - marketing and
utilization of medicinal plants.
Pharmacognosy - systematic position m edicinal uses of the following herbs in curing various
ailments; Tulsi, Ginger, Fenugreek, Indian Goose berry and Ashoka.
Phytochemistry - active principles and methods of their testing - identification and utilization of
the medicinal herbs; Catharanthus roseus (cardiotonic), Withania somnifera (drugs acting on
nervous system), Clerodendron phlomoides (anti-rheumatic) and Centella asiatica (memory
booster).
Analytical pharmacognosy: Drug adulteration - types, methods of drug evaluation - Biological
testing of herbal drugs - Phytochemical screening tests for secondary metabolites (alkaloids,
flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds)
Medicinal plant banks micro propagation of important species (Withania somnifera, neem and
tulsi- Herbal foods-future of pharmacognosy)
Suggested Readings
1. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants, R.N.Chopra, S.L.Nayar and I.C.Chopra, 1956. C.S.I.R,
New Delhi.
2. The indigenous drugs of India, Kanny, Lall, Dey and Raj Bahadur, 1984. International Book
_Distributors.
3. Herbal plants and Drugs Agnes Arber, 1999. Mangal Deep Publications.
49
4. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant source. V.V. Sivarajan and Balachandran Indra 1994. Oxford
IBH _publishing Co.
5. Ayurveda and Aromatherapy. Miller, Light and Miller, Bryan, 1998. Banarsidass, Delhi.
6. Principles of Ayurveda, Anne Green, 2000. Thomsons, London.
7. Pharmacognosy, Dr.C.K.Kokate et al. 1999. Nirali Prakashan.
5.3 SEC T3: Nursury & Gardening

Nursery: definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery, planning
and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants.
Seed: Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes and methods of breaking dormancy - Seed
storage: Seed banks, factors affecting seed viability, genetic erosion - Seed production
technology - seed testing and certification.
Vegetative propagation: air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, collecting season, treatment of
cutting, rooting medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants - green house - mist
chamber, shed root, shade house and glass house.
Gardening: definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening - landscape and home
gardening - parks and its components.
Plant materials and design - computer applications in landscaping.
Gardening operations:
Soil preparation and care: soil laying, manuring, watering.
Pest and disease management: Type of pests and disease of garden plants, management of
pests and diseases and
Harvesting of crops.
Seed bed: preparation and management. Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings - Transplanting of
seedlings . Study of cultivation of different vegetables: cabbage, brinjal, lady’s finger, onion,
garlic, tomatoes, and carrots - Storage and marketing procedures.
Unit 6:
Visit to one local Nursery and one local garden.
50
Suggested Readings
1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New
Delhi.
2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
4. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co., New
Delhi.
5. Agrawal, P.K. 1993, Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation,
National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco,
USA.
5.4 SEC T4: Floriculture
(Theory : Lecture 30/ Credits 2/Marks 40)
Introduction: History of gardening; Importance and scope of floriculture and landscape
gardening.
Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations: Sexual and vegetative methods of
propagation; Soil sterilization; Seed sowing; Pricking; Planting and transplanting; Shading;
Stopping or pinching; Defoliation; Wintering; Mulching; Topiary; Role of plant growth
regulators.
Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Divine vines; Shade and
ornamental trees; Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents; Palms and
Cycads; Ferns and Selaginellas; Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai.
Principles of Garden Designs: English, Italian, French, Persian, Mughal and Japanese gardens;
Features of a garden (Garden wall, Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn, Flower beds,
Shrubbery, Borders, Water garden. Some Famous gardens of India.
Landscaping Places of Public Importance: Landscaping highways and Educational institutions.
Commercial Floriculture: Factors affecting flower production; Production and packaging of cut
flowers; Flower arrangements; Methods to prolong vase life; Cultivation of Important cut
flowers (Carnation, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Gerbera, Gladiolous, Marigold, Rose,
Lilium, Orchids).
Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants.
51
Suggested Readings
1. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.
2. S K Bhattacharjee 2010. Advanced Commercial Floriculture. Aavishkar Publishers &
Distributors
3. Whale Susan and Follon Mark. 2011. Cut Flowers: A Practical Guide to Their Selection and
Care. Jago Publishing Ltd
5.5 SEC T5: Medicinal Botany

History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants.
Indigenous Medicinal Sciences; Definition and Scope
Ayurveda: History, origin, panchamahabhutas, saptadhatu and tridosha concepts, Rasayana,
plants used in ayurvedic treatments,
Siddha: Origin of Siddha medicinal systems, Basis of Siddha system, plants used in Siddha
medicine.
Unani: History, concept: Umoor-e- tabiya, tumors treatments/ therapy, polyherbal formulations.
Definition: endemic and endangered medicinal plants,
Red list criteria; Conservation of endangered and endemic medicinal plants.
In situ conservation: Biosphere reserves, sacred groves, National Parks;
Ex situ conservation: Botanic Gardens, Ethnomedicinal plant Gardens.
Propagation of Medicinal Plants: Objectives of the nursery, its classification, important
components of a nursery, sowing, pricking, use of green house for nursery production,
propagation through cuttings, layering, grafting and budding.
Definition; Ethnobotany and Folk medicines.
Ethnobotany in India: Methods to study ethnobotany; Applications of Ethnobotany: National
interacts, Palaeo-ethnobotany. folk medicines of ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnoecology,
ethnic communities of India.
Application of natural products to certain diseases- Jaundice, cardiac, infertility, diabetics,
Blood pressure and skin diseases.
Study of local medicinal plants with proven medicinal properties: (Parts used and uses only)
1. Neem 2. Tulasi 3. Drumstick (Sojney-Moringa) 4. Fenugreek (Methi) 5. Periwinkle (Vinca)
6.Gooseberry (Amla) 7.Bael (Aegle) 8.Centella (Thankuni) 9.Sweet flag (Bach) 10.Gymnema
11.Cynodon (Durba ghas) 12. Aloe vera 13.Tinospora (Gulancha lata) 14. Ashwagandha
52
15. Kalmegh 16. Bahera 17. Haritaki
Suggested Readings
1. Trivedi P C, 2006. Medicinal Plants: Ethnobotanical Approach, Agrobios, India.
2. Purohit and Vyas, 2008. Medicinal Plant Cultivation: A Scientific Approach, 2nd edn.
Agrobios, India.
5.6 SEC T6: Plant Diversity & Human Welfare

Plant diversity and its scope- Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant diversity at the
ecosystem level, Agrobiodiversity and cultivated plant taxa, wild taxa. Values and uses of
Biodiversity: Ethical and aesthetic values, Precautionary principle, Methodologies for valuation,
Uses of plants, Uses of microbes. Introduction to plant diversity of Bankura district.
Loss of Biodiversity: Loss of genetic diversity, Loss of species diversity, Loss of ecosystem
diversity, Loss of agrobiodiversity, Projected scenario for biodiversity loss,
Management of Plant Biodiversity: Organizations associated with biodiversity management-

Methodology for execution-IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF, NBPGR; Biodiversity legislation
and conservations, Biodiversity information management and communication.
Conservation of Biodiversity: Conservation of genetic diversity, species diversity and
ecosystem diversity, In situ and ex situ conservation, Social approaches to conservation,
Biodiversity awareness programmes, Sustainable development.
Role of plants in relation to Human Welfare ; a) Importance of forestry their utilization and
commercial aspects b) Avenue trees, c) Ornamental plants of India. d) Alcoholic beverages
through ages. Fruits and nuts: Important fruit crops their commercial importance. Wood and its
uses.
Suggested Readings
53
1. Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity - Principles and

Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
5.7 SEC T7: Ethnobotany

(Theory :Lecture 30/ Credits 2/Marks 40)
Unit 1: Ethnobotany (8 Lectures)
Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science. The
relevance of ethnobotany in the present context; Major and minor ethnic groups or Tribals of
India, and their life styles. Plants used by the tribals: a) Food plants b) intoxicants and beverages
c) Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses.
Unit 2: Methodology of Ethnobotanical studies (6 Lectures)
a).Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient Literature d) Archaeological findings e) temples and
sacred places.
Unit 3: Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine (6 Lectures)
Medico-ethnobotanical sources in India;Significance of the following plants in ethno botanical
practices (along with their habitat and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b) Ocimum sanctum
c) Vitex negundo . d) Gloriosa superba e) Tribulus terrestris f) Pongamia pinnata g) Cassia
auriculata h) Indigofera tinctoria i) Solanum surattense. Role of ethnobotany in modern
medicine with special example Rauvolfia sepentina, Trichopus zeylanicus, Artemisia,Withania.
Role of ethnic groups in conservation of plant genetic resources. Endangered taxa and forest
management (participatory forest management).
Unit 4: Ethnobotany and legal aspects (10 Lectures)
Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups. Sharing of wealth concept with few
examples from India. Biopiracy, Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional Knowledge.
Suggested Readings
1. S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.
2. S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotny, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi – 1981
3. Lone et al,. Palaeoethnobotany
54
4. S.K. Jain (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of ethnobotanists,
_Lucknow, India.
5. S.K. Jain, 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotny.Scientific publishers, Jodhpur.
6. Colton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons –
Chichester
7. Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh,
India.Botanical Survey of India. Howrah._
8. Rajiv K. Sinha – Ethnobotany The Renaissance of Traditional Herbal Medicine – INA –
SHREE Publishers, Jaipur-1996_
9. Faulks, P.J. 1958.An introduction to Ethnobotany, Moredale pub. Ltd
5.8 SEC T8: Mushroom Culture Technology

(Theory :Lecture 30/ Credits 2/Marks 40)
Unit1: (5 Lectures)
Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Poisonous
mushrooms .Types of edible mushrooms available in India Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus
citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus
Unit2: (12 Lectures)

Cultivation Technology: Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) Polythene bag, vessels,
Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit
(Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium,
sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation-paddy straw,
sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation-
Low cost technology, Composting technology in mushroom production. Mushroom weeds
and pest and its control.
Unit3: (8 Lectures)
Storage and nutrition: Short-term storage (Refrigeration-up to 24 hours) Long term Storage
(canning, pickels, papads), drying, storage in salt solutions. Nutrition-Proteins-amino acids,
mineral elements nutrition- Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content-Vitamins.
Unit4: (5 Lectures)
Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from mushroom. Research Centres-National level
and Regional level. Cost benefit ratio- Marketing in India, Export Value.
SuggestedReadings
1. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991) Oyster

Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore.
55
2. Swaminathan,M.(1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printingand Publishing

Co.Ltd., No.88, Mysore Road, Bangalore-560018.
3. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S.C.,(1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications, Delhi.
4. Nita Bahl (1984-1988) Handbook of Mushrooms, II Edition, Vol.I & Vol.II.
5. B. C. Suman and V. P. Sharma (2011): Mushroom cultivation and Uses (Agrobios)
6. V. N. Pathak, N. Yadav and M. Gaur. (2011):Mushroom Production and Processing
Technology (Agrobios)
7. Reeti Singh and U. C. Singh (2011): Modern Mushroom cultivation (Agrobios)
6. General Elective Courses
56
SEMESTER-I
6.1 GE T1: Plant Biodiversity [Microbes, Algae, Fungi,
Archegoniate (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, & Gymnosperm)]
Unit 1: Microbes (10 lectures, Marks-4)

Viruses – Discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA virus (T-phage);
Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); Economic importance; Bacteria – Discovery,
General characteristics and cell structure; Reproduction – vegetative, asexual and recombination
(conjugation, transformation and transduction); Economic importance.
Unit 2: Algae (12 lectures, Marks-4)
General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization and
reproduction; Classification of algae; Morphology and life-cycles of the following: Nostoc,
Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Fucus, Polysiphonia. Economic importance of algae.
Unit 3: Fungi (12 lectures, Marks-5)
Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus organization,
cell wall composition, nutrition, reproduction and classification; True Fungi- General
characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Rhizopus (Zygomycota)
Penicillium,Alternaria (Ascomycota), Puccinia, Agaricus (Basidiomycota); Symbiotic
Associations-Lichens: General account, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza:
ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza and their significance
Unit 4: Introduction to Archegoniate (2 lectures)
Unifying features of archegoniates, Transition to land habit, Alternation of generations.
Unit 5: Bryophytes (10 lectures, Marks-4)
General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Classification, Range of thallus
organization.Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia
and Funaria.(Developmental details not to be included).Ecology and economic importance
ofbryophytes with special mention of Sphagnum.
57
Unit 6: Pteridophytes (8 lectures, Marks-4)

General characteristics, classification, Early land plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia). Classification
(up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Selaginella, Equisetum and
Pteris.(Developmental details not to be included).Heterospory and seed habit, stellar
evolution.Ecological and economical importance of Pteridophytes.
U nit 4: Gymnosperms (6 lectures, Marks-4)
General characteristics; Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of
Cycas and Pinus (Developmental details not to be included). Ecological and economical
importance.
6.2 GE P1: Plant Biodiversity [Microbes, Algae, Fungi, Archegoniate

(Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, & Gymnosperm)]
(Practical: Marks 15/ Credits2)
List of Practical
1. EMs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawing/Photograph of Lytic and
Lysogenic Cycle.
2. Types of Bacteria from temporary/permanent slides/photographs; EM bacterium; Binary
Fission; Conjugation; Structure of root nodule.
3. Gram staining & simple staining process
4. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron
micrographs), Oedogonium, Oscillatoria, through temporary preparations and Fucus &
Polysiphonia - Specimen and permanent slides
5. Rhizopus and Penicillium: Asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual
Structures through permanent slides.
6. Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and tease mounts.
7. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Justicia
leaves; section/tease mounts of spores on Justicia leaf and permanent slides of different
spore forms.
8. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; Sectioning of gills of
Agaricus.
9. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose and fruticose)
10. Mycorrhiza: Ecto mycorrhiza and endo mycorrhiza (Photographs)
11. Marchantia- morphology of thallus, w.m. rhizoids and scales, v.s. thallus through
gemma cup, w.m. gemmae (all temporary slides); v.s. antheridiophore,
archegoniophore & l.s. sporophyte (all permanent slides).
12. Funaria- morphology, w.m. leaf, rhizoids, operculum, peristome, annulus, spores
(temporary slides); permanent slides showing antheridial and archegonial heads, l.s.
capsule and protonema.
58
13. Selaginella- morphology, w.m. leaf with ligule, t.s. stem, w.m. strobilus,
w.m.microsporophyll and megasporophyll (temporary slides), l.s. strobilus (from
permanent slide).
14. Pteris- morphology, t.s. rachis, v.s. sporophyll, w.m. sporangium, w.m. spores
(temporary slides), t.s. rhizome, w.m. prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte
(permanent slide).
15. Cycas- morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), t.s. rachis, v.s. leaflet, (temporary
slides), l.s of ovule ( permanent slide).
16. Pinus- morphology (long and dwarf shoots, w.m. dwarf shoot, male and female), t.s.
of needle, t.s. stem (temporary slides), l.s./t.s. male cone, w.m. microspores , l.s.
female cone, t.l.s. & r.l.s. stem ( from permanent slide).
Suggested Readings
1. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West. Press Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi. 2nd edition.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 10th edition.
3. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, MacMillan
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
4. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John
Wiley and Sons (Asia), Singapore. 4th edition.
5. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R., (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw
Hill, Delhi, India.
6. Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A., (2010). Pteridophyta, S. Chand. Delhi, India.
7. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
8. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central
Book Depot, Allahabad.
SEMESTER II
6.3 GE T2: Plant Ecology, Morphology & Taxonomy
Plant Ecology (30 Lectures, Marks-10)
Unit 2: Ecological factors (10 lectures)
59
Soil: Origin, formation, composition, soil profile. Water: States of water in the environment,
precipitation types. Light and temperature: Variation Optimal and limiting factors; Shelford law
of tolerance. Adaptation of hydrophytes and xerophytes
Unit 3: Plant communities (6 lectures)
Characters; Ecotone and edge effect; Succession; Processes and types
Unit 4: Ecosystem (8 lectures)
Structure; energy flow trophic organisation; Food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids
production and productivity; Biogeochemical cycling; Cycling of carbon, nitrogen and
Phosphorous
Unit 5: Phytogeography (4 lectures)
Principle biogeographical zones; Endemism
Taxonomy (30 Lectures, Marks-15)

Unit 6 Morphology (4 Lectures)
Leaves- Types , Phyllotaxy; Inflorescence – Defition and types; Flower – Different parts; Fruits -
Defition and types
U nit 7 Introduction to plant taxonomy (2 lectures)

Identification, Classification, Nomenclature.
Unit 8 Identification (4 lectures)

Functions of Herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India;
Documentation: Flora, Keys: single access and multi-access
Taxonomic evidences from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular data.
Unit 10 Taxonomic hierarchy (2 lectures)

Ranks, categories and taxonomic groups
U nit 11 Botanical nomenclature ( 5 lectures)

Principles and rules (ICN); ranks and names; binominal system, typification, author citation,
valid publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations.
Unit 12 Classification (4 lectures)

Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and Hooker (upto series),
Engler and Prantl (upto series).
Unit 13 (4 Lectures)
General characters and economic importance of the following families (range of floral
structure excluded): Magnoliaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae,
Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Orchidaceae
60
6.4 GE P2: Plant Ecology & Taxonomy

Plant Ecology (Marks-6)

1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer, maximum
and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge and lux meter.
2. Determination of pH, and analysis of two soil samples for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates,
sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency by rapid field test.
4. Ecological adaptations of some species: Ipomoea aquatica stem, Nerium leaf and Vanda root.
5. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the college
campus by species area curve method. (species to be listed)
6. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency and
comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law.
Taxonomy (Marks-9)
7. Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S. flower,
section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position according to
Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification): Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae ,
Lamiaceae , Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae.Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae.
8. Field visit (local) – Excursion/Field trips are to be organized in Botanically rich areas. A field
report with photographic document of plants (atleast 10) and corresponding field record to be
submitted during practical examination
9. Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any one wild plant with herbarium label
(to be submitted in the record book).
Suggested Readings
61
1. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 4th edition.
2. Sharma, P.D. (2010) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th
edition.
3. Simpson, M.G. (2006). Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
4. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 3rd edition.
6.5 GE T3: Plant Anatomy & Embryology

Plant Anatomy (Marks-13)

Unit 1: Meristematic and permanent tissues (8 lectures)
Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and complex tissues, Tissue Systems.
Unit 2: Organs (4 lectures)

Structure of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf.
Unit 3: Secondary Growth (8 lectures)

Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity. Secondary growth in root and
stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood)
Unit 4: Adaptive and protective systems (8 lectures)

Epidermis, cuticle, stomata; General account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.
Embryology (Marks-12)
Unit 5: Structural organization of flower (8 lectures)
Structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types of ovules; Types of embryo sacs,
organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.
Unit 6: Pollination and fertilization (8 lectures)

Pollination mechanisms and adaptations; Double fertilization; Seed-structure appendages and
dispersal mechanisms.
Unit 7: Embryo and endosperm (8 lectures)

Endosperm types, structure and functions; Dicot and monocot embryo; Embryo endosperm
relationship
62
U nit 8: Apomixis and polyembryony (8 lectures)

Definition, types and Practical applications
6.6 GE P3: Plant Anatomy & Embryology

List of Practical
Plant Anatomy (Marks-10)
1. Study of meristems through permanent slides and photographs.
2. Tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma); Macerated xylary elements, Phloem
(Permanent slides, photographs)
3. Stem: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent slides).
4. Root: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent slides).
5. Leaf: Dicot and Monocot leaf (only Permanent slides).
6. Adaptive anatomy: Xerophyte (Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte (Hydrilla stem).
Embryology (Marks-5)
7. Structure of anther (young and mature), tapetum (amoeboid and secretory) (Permanent slides).
8. Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous/ Campylotropous
(from permanent slide).
9. Female gametophyte: Polygonum (monosporic) type of Embryo sac Development (Permanent
slides/photographs).
10. Pollen morphology: Impatiens, Hibiscus (from permanent slide)
11. Dissection of embryo/endosperm from developing seeds.
12. Calculation of percentage of germinated pollen in a given medium.
Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication
House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
63
SEMESTER III
6.7 GE T4: - Genetics and Plant Breeding

(Theory :- Lectures: 60 / Credits 4/ Marks 25)
Unit 1: Heredity (20 Lectures)
1. Brief life history of Mendel
2. Terminologies
3. Laws ofInheritance
4. Modified Mandelian Ratios: 1:2:1- Co- dominance, incomplete dominance; 9:7; 12:3:1.
5. Chi Square
6. Multiple allelism
7. Chromosome theory of Inheritance.
Unit 2: Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance (4 Lectures)
Unit 3: Linkage and Crossing overm (8Lectures)

Linkage: concept & history, complete & incomplete linkage, bridges experiment, coupling &
repulsion, recombination frequency, linkage maps based on two and three factor crosses.Crossing
over: concept and significance, cytological proof of crossing over.
Unit 4: Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations (6 Lectures)

Types of mutations, effects of physical & chemical mutagens. Numerical chromosomal
changes: Euploidy, Polyploidy and Aneuploidy ; Structural chromosomal changes: Deletions,
Duplications,Inversions&Translocations.
Unit 5: Plant Breeding (4 lectures)

Introduction and objectives. Breeding systems: modes of reproduction in crop plants. Important
achievements and undesirable consequences of plant breeding.
64
Unit 6: Methods of crop improvement (10 lectures)

Introduction: Centres of origin and domestication of crop plants, plant genetic resources;
Acclimatization; Selection methods: For self pollinated, cross pollinated and vegetatively
propagated plants; Hybridization: For self, cross and vegetatively propagated plants – Procedure,
advantages and limitations.
Unit 7: Inbreeding depression and heterosis (4 lectures)

History, genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis; Applications.
Unit 8: Crop improvement and breeding (4 lectures)

Role of mutations; Polyploidy; Distant hybridization and role of biotechnology in crop
improvement.
6.8 GE P4: Genetics and Plant Breeding

(Practical :- Credits 2 / Marks 15)
List of Practical
1. Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability and chi- square.
2. Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios (9:7, 12:3:1,).
3. Study of aneuploidy: Down’s, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes through photographs.
4. Photographs/Permanent Slides showing Translocation Ring, Laggards and Inversion Bridge.
5. Hybridization techniques - Emasculation, Bagging (For demonstration only).
6. Induction of polyploidy conditions in plants (For demonstration only).
Suggested Readings
1. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustad DP (2008). Principles of Genetics. 8th Ed. Wiley- India.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., India,
3. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer, C, Palladino, M (2011). Concepts of Genetics, 10th Ed.,
Benjamin Cummings
4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic Analysis.
th
W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10 edition.
5. Pierce BA (2011) Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Ed., Macmillan Higher Education
Learning
6. Singh, B.D. (2005). Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. 7thedition.
7. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984). Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford – IBH. 2nd edition.
8. Acquaah, G. (2007). Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding. Blackwell Publishing.
6.9 GE T5: Cell and Molecular Biology

65
(Theory :- Lectures: 60 / Credits 4/ Marks 25)
Unit 1: Techniques in Biology (8 Lectures)

Principles of microscopy; Light Microscopy; Phase contrast microscopy; Electron
microscopy (EM)- Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission EM (STEM);
2: Cell as a unit of Life (2 Lectures)

The Cell Theory; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell size and shape; Eukaryotic Cell
components.
Unit 3: Cell Organelles (20 Lectures)

Mitochondria: Structure, Semiautonomous nature; Symbiont hypothesis; mitochondrial
DNA. Chloroplast Structure, semiautonomous nature, chloroplast DNA. ER, Golgi body &
Lysosomes: Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope- structure of nuclear pore complex; chromatin;
molecular organization, DNA packaging in eukaryotes, euchromatin and heterochromatin,
nucleolus and ribosome structure (brief).
Unit 4: Cell Membrane and Cell Wall (6 Lectures)

The functions of membranes; Models of membrane structure; The fluidity of membranes;
Membrane proteins and their functions; Carbohydrates in the membrane; Faces of the
membranes; Selective permeability of the membranes; Cell wall.
Unit 5: Cell Cycle (4 Lectures)

Overview of Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis; Molecular controls.
Unit 6: Genetic material (8 Lectures)

DNA: Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiment, DNA structure, types of DNA, types of
genetic material. DNA replication (Prokaryotes): bidirectional replication, semi–
conservative, semi discontinuous, RNA priming, replication of linear, ds- DNA, replicating
the 5 ́end of linear chromosome including replication enzymes.
Unit 7: Transcription (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) (8 Lectures)

Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types;
Translation (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code.
Unit 8: Regulation of gene expression (4 Lectures)

Prokaryotes: Lac operon Concept.
6.10 GE P5: Cell and Molecular Biology
66
(Practical :- Credits 2 / Marks 15)

List of Practical
1. To study prokaryotic cells (bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic cells with the help of light and
electron micrographs.
2. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles
3. To study the structure of plant cell through temporary mounts.
4. Study of mitosis and meiosis (temporary mounts and permanent slides).
5. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis on Rhoeo leaf.
6. Study the structure of nuclear pore complex by photograph (from Gerald Karp)Study of
special chromosomes (polytene & lampbrush) either by slides or photographs.
7. Study DNA packaging by micrographs.
Suggested Readings
1. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition.
John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th
edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition.
ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009. The World of the
Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.
SEMESTER IV
6.11 GE T6: Plant Physiology & Metabolism
Unit 1: Pla nt-water relations (8 lectures)
Importance of water, water potential and its components; Transpiration and its significance;
Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and guttation.
Unit 2: Mineral nutrition (8 lectures)
Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality of elements; Role of
essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and passive transport,
carriers, channels and pumps.
Unit 3: Translocation in phloem. (6 lectures)
Composition of phloem sap, girdling experiment; Pressure flow model; Phloem loading and
unloading
67
U nit 4: Photosynthesis (12 lectures)

Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene); Photosystem I and II, reaction
center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3, C4 and
CAM pathways of carbon fixation; Photorespiration.
Unit 5: Respiration (6 lectures)
Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation, Glyoxylate, Oxidative
Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
U nit 6: Enzymes (4 lectures)
Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme inhibition.
U nit 7: Nitrogen metabolism (4 lectures)
Biological nitrogen fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation.
Unit 8: Plant growth regulators (6 lectures)
Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.
Unit 9: Plant response to light and temperature (6 lectures)
Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and
far red light responses on photomorphogenesis; Vernalization.
6.12 GE P6: Plant Physiology & Metabolism

Practical
1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.
2. To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and humidity) on transpiration by
excised twig.
3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a xerophyte.
4. Demonstration of Hill reaction.
5. To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on O2 evolution in
photosynthesis.
6. Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two parts of a plant.
Demonstration experiments (any four)

1. Bolting. 2. Effect of auxins on rooting.
3. Suction due to transpiration. 4. R.Q.
5. Respiration in roots.
68
Suggested Readings
1. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A.
4th Edition.
2. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
6.13 GE T7: Economic Botany & Plant Biotechnology

Economic Botany (Marks-15)
Unit 1: Origin of Cultivated Plants (4 lectures)
Concept of centres of origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work.
Unit 2: Cereals (4 lectures)
Wheat -Origin, morphology, uses
Unit 3: Legumes (6 lectures)
General account with special reference to Gram and soybean
Unit 4: Spices (6 lectures)
General account with special reference to clove and black pepper (Botanical name, family, part
used, morphology and uses)
U nit 5: Beverages (4 lectures)
Tea (morphology, processing, uses)
Unit 6: Oils and Fats (4 lectures)
General description with special reference to groundnut
Unit 7: Fibre Yielding Plants (4 lectures)
General description with special reference to Cotton (Botanical name, family, part used,
morphology and uses)
Plant Biotechnology (Marks-15)

Unit 8: Introduction to biotechnology (2 lecture)
U nit 9: Plant tissue culture (8 lectures)
Micropropagation ; haploid production through androgenesis and gynogenesis; brief account of
embryo and endosperm culture with their applications
69
Unit 10: Recombinant DNA Techniques (18 lectures)

Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular
DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA sequencing, PCR and Reverse Transcriptase-PCR.
Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and Immunodetection.Molecular diagnosis of
human disease, Human gene Therapy.
6.14 GE P7: Economic Botany & Plant Biotechnology

List of Practical
1. Study of economically important plants : Wheat, Gram, Soybean, Black pepper, Clove Tea,
Cotton, Groundnut through specimens, sections and microchemical tests
2. Familiarization with basic equipments in tissue culture.
3. Study through photographs: Anther culture, somatic embryogenesis, endosperm and embryo
culture; micropropagation.
4. Study of molecular techniques: PCR, Blotting techniques, AGE and PAGE.
Suggested Readings
1. Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India Ltd., New
Delhi. 4th edition.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier
Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
3. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of
recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
70

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CBCS SYLLABUS

3. Core Courses (Botany Honours CC 1 to 14) 9 - 36

4. Discipline Specific Elective Courses (DSE 1 to 7) 37 - 46

5. Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC 1 to 8) 47 - 55

6. Generic Elective Courses (GE 1 to 5) 56 - 70

2. Scheme for CBCS Curriculum

2.1 Credit Distribution across Courses

Course Type Total Papers Theory + Practical Theory*

14*4 =56 14*5 =70

Totals 26 142 142

*Tutorials of 1 Credit will be conducted in case there is no practical component

2.2 Scheme for CBCS Curriculum in Botany (Honours)

ACSHP/1 Environmental Studies 4 10 40 50 4 N.A N.A

N.B. Theory: 1 Credit= 1 hour/Week,Practical:1 Credit= 2 hours/Week,Tutorial: 1 Credit= 1

N.B. Theory:1 Credit= 1hour/Week, Practical:1Credit= 2 hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

I.A. ESE Total Lec Tu. Pr.

SHBOT / Morphology &Anatomy of Angiosperms 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

SHBOT Genetics (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

SHBOT / Any one from :- Biofertilisers / Herbal 2 10 40 50 2 N.A N.A

N.B. Theory:1 Credit= 1 hour/Week,Practical:1Credit= 2 hours/Week,Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

I.A. ESE Total Lec. Tu. Pr.

SHBOT Plant Ecology & Phytogeography 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

SHBOT Plant Systematics (Theory & Practical) 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

SHBOT Any one from: 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

Total in Semester - IV 26 50 200 250

N.B. Theory:- 1credit= 1 hour/Week,Practical:1 Credit=2hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

SHBOT / Any one from:- Horticultural Practice & Post 6 10 40 50 4 N.A 4

Total in Semester – V 24 40 160 200

Course Course Title Credit Marks No. of Hours /

N.B. Theory:- 1 Credit= 1 hour/Week, Practical:- 1 Credit= 2 hours/Week, Tutorial:- 1 Credit= 1

2.3 Choices for Discipline Specific Electives

1) Stress Biology 4) Horticultural Practices & Post 7) Biostatistics

2.4 Choices of Skill Enhancement Courses

2) Herbal Technology 5) Medicinal Botany 8) Mushroom Culture Technology

3) Nursery & Gardening 6) Plant Diversity &

2.5 Choices for Generic Elective Courses

3.1 Core TI: Phycology and Microbiology

(Theory: Credits 4/ Lectures 60 /Marks 25)

Microbiology (10 marks)

Unit 2: Viruses (7 lectures)

Phycology (15 Marks)

Unit 5: Cyanophyta , Xanthophyta and Bacillariophyta (8 lectures)

Ecology and occurrence; Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Reproduction,

Unit 6: Chlorophyta and Charophyta (8 lectures)

Unit 7: Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta (10 lectures)

3.2 Core P1: Microbiology and Phycology

Phycology (08 marks)

3.3 Core T2: Biomolecules and Cell Biology

Unit 2: Bioenergenetics (4 lectures)

Unit 3: Enzymes (6 lectures)

Cell Biology- (13 Marks)

Unit 5: Cell wall and plasma membrane (4 lectures)

Unit 6: Cell organelles (16 lectures)

Cytoskeleton: Role and structure of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary filament.

Unit 7: Cell division (6 lectures)

3.4 Core P2: Biomolecules and Cell Biology

3.5 Core T3: Mycology and Phytopathology

Unit 2: Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota (5 lecture)

Unit 3: Oomycota (4 lectures)

144 =56 145 =70