1

Practical Subject

KARNATAK
KARNATAKUNIVERSITY, DHARWAD
UNIVERSITY, DHARWAD

04 - Year B.Sc. (Hons.) Program

***
B.Sc. Programme
SYLLABUS
***
Subject: BOTANY
DRAFT SYLLABUS FOR
[Effective from 2021-22]
CHEMISTRY

DISCIPLINE
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC
SPECIFIC COURSE
CORE COURSE (DSC)FOR
(DSCC) and SEM I & II,

DISCIPLINE
OPEN SPECIFIC
ELECTIVE ELECTIVE(DSE)
COURSE (OEC) FOR SEM I & II and
UNDER
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SEC) FOR SEM I
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY(NEP)

*****

Effective from 2021-22

AS PER N E P - 2020

2
 Karnatak University, Dharwad
Four Years Under Graduate Program in BOTANY for B.Sc. (Hons.)
Effective from 2021-22

Sem Type of Theory/ Instruction Total Duration Formative Summat Total Credits
Course Practical hour per hours of of Exam Assessme ive
Marks
Syllabus nt Marks
week Assess
/ Sem ment
Marks

I DSCC 1 Theory 04hrs 56 02 hrs 40 60 100 04

Practical 04 hrs 52 03 hrs 25 25 50 02
OEC-1 Theory 03 hrs 42 02 hrs 40 60 100 03

*SEC-1 Practical 03 hrs 30 02 hrs 25 25 50 02

II Theory 04 hrs 56 02 hrs 40 60 100 04
DSCC2
Practical 04 hrs 52 03 hrs 25 25 50 02
OEC-2 Theory 03 hrs 42 02 hrs 40 60 100 03

Details of the other Semesters will be given later

* Student can opt digital fluency as SEC or the SEC of his/ her anyone DSCC selected

3
 Name of Course (Subject): BOTANY
Programme Specific Outcome (PSO):
On completion of the 03/ 04 years Degree in BOTANY students will be able to:

PSO 1: Skill development for the proper description using botanical terms, identification, naming, and

classification of life forms especially plants and microbes.

PSO 2: Acquisition of knowledge on the structure, life cycle, and life processes that exist among plant and

microbial diversity through certain model organism studies.

PSO 3: Understanding of various interactions that exist among plants and microbes; to develop the curiosity

on the dynamicity of nature.

PSO 4: Ability to explain the diversity and evolution based on the empirical evidence in morphology,

anatomy, embryology, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and life history.

PSO 5: Skill development for the collection, preservation, and recording of information after observation

and analysis- from simple illustration to molecular database development.

PSO 6: Making aware of the scientific and technological advancements- Information and Communication,

Biotechnology, and Molecular Biology for further learning and research in all branches of Botany.

PSO 7: To enable the graduates to prepare for national as well as international level competitive

examinations like UGC-CSIR, UPSC, KPSC, and others.

PSO 8: To enable the students for practicing the best teaching pedagogy as a biology teacher including the

latest digital modules.

PSO 9: The graduates should be knowledgeable and competent enough to appropriately deliver on aspects

of global importance like climate change, SDGs, green technologies, etc at the right opportunity.

PSO 10: The graduate should be able to demonstrate sufficient proficiency in the hands-on experimental

techniques for their area of specialization within biology during research and their professional

career.

4
 B.Sc. Semester – I
Subject: Fungi, Microbiology and Plant Pathology
Discipline-Specific Course (DSC)

The course Fungi, Microbiology and Plant Pathology in I semester has two papers (Theory Paper –I
for 04 credits & Practical Paper-II for 2 credits) for 06 credits: Both the papers are compulsory. Details of the
courses are as under.

Course No.-1 (Theory)

Course Type of Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Duration Formative Summative Total
No. Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours of Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester Marks
t Marks

Course-
01
DSCC Theory 04 04 56 hrs 2hrs 40 60 100

Course No.1 (Theory): Title of the Course (Theory): Fungi, Microbiology and Plant Pathology

Course Outcome (CO):

After completion of the course (Theory), students will be able to:

CO 1: Develop an understanding of the concept of microbial nutrition, Classify viruses based on their

characteristics and structures.

CO 2: Develop a critical understanding of plant diseases and their remediation. Examine the general

characteristics of bacteria and their cell reproduction/recombination.

CO 3: Increase the awareness and appreciation of human-friendly viruses, bacteria, algae, and their

economic importance. Identify true fungi and demonstrate the principles and application of plant

pathology in the control of plant disease.

CO 4: Demonstrate skills in laboratory, field, and glasshouse work related to mycology and plant pathology.

CO 5: Develop an understanding of microbes, fungi, and lichens and appreciate their adaptive strategies

Identify the common plant diseases according to geographical locations and device control measures.

Conduct experiments using skills appropriate to subdivisions

5
 Syllabus- Course 1(Theory): Title- Fungi, Microbiology and Plant Total Hrs: 56

Pathology
Unit-I Introduction to fungi and classification: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, 14 hrs
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Oomycota and allied fungi
General characteristics; Affinities with plants and animals; Thallus organization; Cell

wall composition; Nutrition; Classification (Alexopoulos). Chytridiomycota and

Zygomycota: Characteristic features; Ecology and significance; Thallus organization;

Reproduction; Life cycle with reference to Synchytrium, Rhizopus. Ascomycota:

General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Ecology; Life cycle,

Heterokaryosis, and parasexuality; Life cycle and classification with reference to

Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Alternaris and Peziza.

Basidiomycota, Allied fungi, and Oomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Life

cycle and Classification with reference to black stem rust on wheat Puccinia

(Physiological Specialization), loose and covered smut (symptoms only), Agaricus;

Bioluminescence, Fairy Rings and Mushroom Cultivation. Allied fungi: General

characteristics; Status of Slime molds, Classification; Occurrence; Types of plasmodia;

Types of fruiting bodies. Oomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and

classification with reference to Phytophthora, Albugo.

Unit-II Symbiotic associations and Applied Mycology 14 hrs

Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms and range of thallus

organization; Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners; Reproduction;

Mycorrhiza- Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza, and their significance. Role of fungi in

biotechnology; Application of fungi in the food industry (Flavour & texture,

Fermentation, Baking, Organic acids, Enzymes, Mycoproteins); Secondary metabolites

(Pharmaceutical preparations); Agriculture (Biofertilizers); Mycotoxins; Biological

control (Mycofungicides, Mycoherbicides, Mycoinsecticides, Myconematicides);

Medical Mycology.

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Unit-III Introduction to the microbial world, Viruses, and Bacteria 14 hrs
Microbial nutrition, nutritional types, growth, and metabolism. Economic importance of

viruses with reference to vaccine production, role in research, medicine, and diagnostics,

as causal organisms of plant diseases. Economic importance of bacteria with reference

to their role in agriculture and industry (fermentation and medicine).

Viruses and Bacteria: General characteristics; classification (Baltimore), structure and

replication of DNA virus (T4 and λ), lytic and lysogenic cycle; RNA virus (TMV),

viroids, and prions. General characteristics; Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, wall-less forms

(mycoplasmas); Cell structure; Reproduction and recombination (conjugation,

transformation, and transduction). Binary fission and endospore.

Unit-IV Phytopathology 14 hrs

Phytopathology: Terms and concepts; General symptoms; Geographical distribution of

diseases; Etiology; Symptomology; Host-Pathogen relationships; Disease cycle and

environmental relation; prevention and control of plant diseases, and role of quarantine.

Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton. Viral diseases –

Tobacco Mosaic viruses, vein clearing. Fungal diseases – Late blight of potato, Black

stem rust of wheat, White rust of crucifers.

Books recommended.
1. Agrios, G.N. (1997). Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology. 4th edition.John Wiley &
Sons (Asia) Singapore.
3. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi. 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Textbook of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd.
5. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.
6. Wiley, J.M, Sherwood, L.M. and Woolverton, C.J. (2013). Prescott’s Microbiology. 9th Edition. McGraw
Hill International.
7. Sharma T.A., Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. (1999). A Text-Book of Microbiology. S Chand and
Co, New Delhi.
8. Pelczar, M.J. (2001). Microbiology, 5th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi. Agrios, G.N. (1997).
Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.

9. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.

7
 B.Sc. Semester – I
Subject: Fungi, Microbiology and Plant Pathology
Discipline-Specific Course (DSC)

Course No.-1 (Practical)

Course Type of Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Duration Formative Summative Total
No. Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours of Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester Marks
t Marks

Course- Practic
01 DSCC 02 04 52 hrs 3hrs 25 25 50
al

Course No.1 (Practical): Title of the Course (Practical): Fungi, Microbiology and Plant Pathology

Course Outcome (CO):

After completion of the course (Practical), students will be able to:

CO 1: Develop an understanding of the concept of microbial nutrition, Classify viruses based on their

characteristics and structures.

CO 2: Develop a critical understanding of plant diseases and their remediation. Examine the general

characteristics of bacteria and their cell reproduction/recombination.

CO 3: Increase the awareness and appreciation of human-friendly viruses, bacteria, algae, and their

economic importance. Identify true fungi and demonstrate the principles and application of plant pathology

in the control of plant disease.

CO 4: Demonstrate skills in laboratory, field, and glasshouse work related to mycology and plant pathology.

CO 5: Develop an understanding of microbes, fungi, and lichens and appreciate their adaptive strategies

Identify the common plant diseases according to geographical locations and device control measures.

Conduct experiments using skills appropriate to subdivisions

List of the Experiments for 52 hrs / Semesters

1. Rhizopus: a study of the asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent

slides.

2. Aspergillus and Penicillium: a study of the asexual stage from temporary mounts. Study of Sexual stage

from permanent slides/photographs.

3. Peziza: sectioning through ascocarp.

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4. Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and temporary mounts.

5. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry

leaves; sections/ mounts of spores on wheat and permanent slides of both the hosts.

6. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full-grown mushroom; sectioning of gills of

Agaricus, fairy rings, and bioluminescent mushrooms are to be shown.

7. Phytophthora infestnas – vegetative structure and reproduction.

8. Albugo: Study of symptoms of plants infected with Albugo; asexual phase study through

section/temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.

9. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose, and fruticose) on different substrates. Study

of thallus and reproductive structures (soredia and apothecium) through permanent slides. Mycorrhizae:

ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza (Photographs).

10. Electron micrographs/Models of viruses – T4 and TMV, Line drawings/ Photographs of Lytic and
Lysogenic Cycle.

11. Gram-staining of root nodule and curd.

12. Phytopathology: Herbarium and live specimens of bacterial diseases; Citrus Canker; Angular leaf spot of

cotton, Viral diseases: TMV, Vein clearing, Fungal diseases: Early blight of potato, Black stem rust of

wheat, and White rust of crucifers.

General instructions:

Q1. Give specimens A, B, and C from fungi

Q2. Give root nodule/curd for simple/Gram staining of bacteria (D)

Q3. Diseased specimen E-viral disease/bacterial disease; F-fungal disease

Q4. Give slide ‘G’ Fungi/mycorrhizae; ‘H’ slide/specimen from fungi

Q5. Study tour report

Q5. Viva voce

Q6. Journal

9
Scheme of Practical Examination (distribution of marks): 25 marks for the Semester end examination

1. Identify, classify and write the salient features observed of specimen A, B, C 6 Marks

2. Perform simple/Gram staining using material ‘D’. Show the preparation to the examiners 4 Marks

3. Identification of the disease and explain symptoms observed in specimen E and F 4 Marks

4. Identify and describe the features observed in the slides/specimen G, and H 4 Marks

5. Study Tour Report 2 Marks

6. Viva voce 2 Marks

7. Journal 3 Marks

Total 25 marks

Note: Same Scheme may be used for IA (Formative Assessment) examination

Books recommended.
1. Ashok Bendre and Ashok Kumar (2009) A textbook of practical botany, Rostakge Publications.
2. Sharma, O.P., and Sharma, K. D. (2017) Practical Botany-I, Pragathi Prakashan, Meerut.
3. Raghuram, M, and Rao, M. V. (2018) B. Sc. Practical Book of Botany First Year, Technical
Publishers.
4. Verghese, N., Joy, P.P. Microbiology Laboratory Manual, Kerala Agricultural University.

10
 B.Sc. Semester – I
Subject: Mushroom Cultivation
Open Elective Course (OEC-1)
(OEC for other students)

Course Type of Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Duration Formative Summative Total
No. Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours of Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester Marks
t Marks

OEC-1
OEC Theory 03 03 42 hrs 2 hrs 40 60 100

OEC-1: Title of the Course: Mushroom Cultivation

Course Outcome (CO):

After completion, of course, students will be able to:

CO 1 : Identification of various types and categories of mushrooms

CO 2 : Demonstrate various types of mushroom cultivating technologies

CO 3 : Examine various types of food technologies associated with the mushroom industry

CO 4 : Value the economic factors associated with mushroom cultivation

CO 5 : Device new methods and strategies to contribute to mushroom production

Syllabus- OEC: Title: Mushroom Cultivation Total Hrs: 42

Unit-I Introduction, Cultivation technology 14 hrs
Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Nutrition
and nutraceuticals – Proteins, amino acids, mineral elements nutrition, carbohydrates,
crude fiber content, vitamins; Poisonous mushrooms.
Cultivation Technology: Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) Polythene bag,
vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack,
mushroom unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture:
Medium, Sterilization, Preparation of spawn, Multiplication.

Unit-II Cultivation 14 hrs

Cultivation practices of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sp. and Volvoriella volvacea.
Composting technology in mushroom production, Low-cost technology, Mushroom bed
preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors
affecting the mushroom bed preparation.
Unit-III Storage and Food preparation, Food preparation 14 hrs
Short-term storage (Refrigeration - up to 24 hours) Long-term Storage (canning,
pickles, papads), drying, storage in salt solutions.
Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres -
National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad,
Export Value

11
Books recommended.
1. Biswas, S., Datta, M. and Ngachan, S.V. 2012. Mushrooms: A Manual for Cultivation. PHI Learning

Private Limited, New Delhi.

2. Kapoor, J.N. 2010. Mushroom Cultivation. ICAR, New Delhi.

3. Nita Bahl (2000) Handbook of Mushrooms. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

4. Singh, M., Vijay, B., Kamal, S., and Wakchaure (Eds.) 2011. Mushrooms: Cultivation, Marketing, and

Consumption. Directorate of Mushroom Research (ICAR), Solan

5. Tewari, Pankaj, and Kapoor, S.C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications, Delhi.

12
 B.Sc. Semester - I
Subject: Gardening and landscaping
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE (SEC)-I

Title of Paper: Gardening and landscaping

Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Mode of Duration of Formative Summative Total
Type of
Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours Examina Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester tion Marks
t Marks

Theory + 2hr
SEC-I 02 03hrs 30 Practical 25 25 50
Practical

Course Outcome (CO):

After completion of the Skill Enhancement course, students will be able to:

CO 1: Apply the basic principles and components of gardening

CO 2: Conceptualize flower arrangement and bio-aesthetic planning

CO 3: Design various types of gardens according to the culture and art of bonsai

CO 4: Establish and maintain special types of gardens for outdoor and indoor landscaping

List of the Experiments for 52 hrs / Semesters

1. Tools, implements, and containers used for propagation and nursery techniques.
2. Propagation by cutting, layering, budding, and grafting.
3. Seed propagation - preparation of portable trays, seed treatments, sowing, and seedling production.
4. Identification and description of annuals, herbaceous perennials, climbers, creepers, foliage, and
flowering shrubs, trees, palms, ferns, ornamental grasses; cacti, and succulents.
5. Planning and designing of gardens, functional uses of plants in the landscape.
6. Preparation of land for lawn and planting.
7. Identification of commercially important flower crops and their varieties.
8. Propagation practices in flower crops, sowing of seeds, and raising of seedlings of annuals.
9. Use of chemicals and other compounds for prolonging the vase life of cut flowers.
10. Grading, packing, and marketing of cut flowers.
11. Visit commercial nurseries and commercial tissue culture laboratories.

General instructions:

Theoretical Knowledge of the following is essential:

Principles of gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making, methods of designing rockery,
water garden, etc. Special types of gardens, their walk-paths, bridges, constructed features. Greenhouse.
Special types of gardens, trees, their design, values in landscaping, propagation, planting shrubs, and
herbaceous perennials. Importance, design values, propagation, plating, climbers and creepers, palms, ferns,
grasses, and cacti succulents.
Flower arrangement: importance, production details, and cultural operations, constraints, postharvest
practices. Bioaesthetic planning, definition, need round country planning, urban planning, and planting
avenues, schools, villages, beautifying railway stations, dam sites, hydroelectric stations, colonies,
riverbanks, planting material for playgrounds.

13
Vertical gardens, roof gardens. Culture of bonsai, the art of making bonsai. Parks and public gardens.
Landscape designs, Styles of the garden, formal, informal, and freestyle gardens, types of gardens, Urban
landscaping, Landscaping for specific situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals, roadsides,
traffic islands, dam sites, IT parks, corporate.

Scheme of Practical Examination (distribution of marks): 25 marks for the Semester end examination

1. Identify and describe the uses of tools 6 Marks

2. Perform experiment – Seed viability/Seed germination 6 Marks

3. Identification of specimen 6 Marks

4. Study tour report 2 Marks

5. Viva 2 Marks

6. Journal 3Marks

Total 25 marks

Note: Same Scheme may be used for IA (Formative Assessment) examination

Books recommended.
1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
2. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co., New Delhi.
3. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA.
4. Hartmann and Kester, 2010. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Pearson Publisher.
5. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.
6. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
7. Thakur, A.K., Kashyap, B., Bassi, S.K. and Sharma, M. 2018. Floriculture. S. Dinesh & Co., Jalandhar.

14
 Details of Formative assessment (IA) for DSCC theory/OEC: 40% weightage for total marks

Type of Assessment Weight age Duration Commencement

Written test-1 10% 1 hr 8th Week
Written test-2 10% 1 hr 12th Week
Seminar 10% 10 minutes --
Case study / Assignment / 10% ------ --
Field work / Project work/
Activity
Total 40% of the maximum
marks allotted for the
paper

Faculty of Science
04 - Year UG Honors programme:2021-22

GENERAL PATTERN OF THEORY QUESTION PAPER FOR DSCC/ OEC

(60 marks for semester end Examination with 2 hrs duration)

Part-A
1. Question number 1-06 carries 2 marks each. Answer any 05 questions : 10marks

Part-B

2. Question number 07- 11 carries 05Marks each. Answer any 04 questions: 20 marks

Part-C

3. Question number 12-15 carries 10 Marks each. Answer any 03 questions : 30 marks

(Minimum 1 question from each unit and 10 marks question may have sub
questions for 7+3 or 6+4 or 5+5 if necessary)

Total: 60 Marks

Note: Proportionate weight-age shall be given to each unit based on number of hours prescribed.

15
 B.Sc. Semester – II
Subject: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
Discipline-Specific Course (DSC)

The course Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms in I semester has two papers
(Theory Paper –I for 04 credits & Practical paper-II for 2 credits) for 06 credits: Both the papers are
compulsory. Details of the courses are as under.

Course No.-2 (Theory)

Course Type of Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Duration Formative Summative Total
No. Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours of Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester Marks
t Marks

Course-
02
DSCC Theory 04 04 56 hrs 2hrs 40 60 100

Course No.2 (Theory): Title of the Course (Theory): Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and
Gymnosperms
Course Outcome (CO):

After completion of the course (Theory), students will be able to:

CO 1: Demonstrate an understanding of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.

CO 2: Develop a critical understanding of morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Algae, Bryophytes,

Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.

CO 3: Understanding of plant evolution and their transition to land habitat.

CO 4: Demonstrate proficiency in the experimental techniques and methods of appropriate analysis of

Alage, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms

CO 5: Economic importance of Alage, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms

Syllabus- Course 2(Theory): Title- Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Total Hrs: 56

Gymnosperms
Unit-I Algae: Cyanophyta, Xanthophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta and 14 hrs
Rhodophyta
Algae, Cyanophyta and Xanthophyta: Life histories of algae, commonly found algae
in India, Classification (by Fritsch), Algal cultivation methods, Phylogenetic systematics
of red, brown and green algae, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Cryptomonads and other
unicellular algae, Algal evolution, Algal bioprospecting. Ecology and occurrence; Range
of thallus organization; Cell structure; Morphology and reproduction in Nostoc and
Vaucheria.

16
Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta: General characteristics; Occurrence;
Range of thallus organization; Cell structure; Reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles
of Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara, Ectocarpus, and Batrachospermum Red tides and other
algal adaptations. Commercial cultivation and economic importance of green algae,
Brown and Red algae.
Unit-II Bryophytes and type of bryophytes 14 hrs
Unifying features of and adaption of archegoniates; Transition to land habit; Alternation
of generations.
General characteristics; Classification (Smith/Fritsch); Range of thallus organization.
Morphology, anatomy, reproduction and evolutionary trends in Riccia, Marchantia,
Anthoceros, and Funaria; Common mosses of India, Ecological and economic
importance of bryophytes with special reference to Sphagnum.
Unit-III Pteridophytes 14 hrs
Unifying features, morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Psilotum, Selaginella,
Equisetum, and Pteris (Developmental details not to be included). Apogamy and
apospory, heterospory and seed habit, telome theory, stellar evolution; Common ferns of
India, Ecological and economic importance.
Unit-IV Gymnosperms 14 hrs
Unifying features, general characteristics, classification (Smith/Fritsch), morphology,
anatomy, and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus, and Gnetum (excluding developmental
details); Cycas and Pinus of India, Ecological and economic importance.

Books recommended.
1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4th edition.

2. Vashishta B.R., Sinha A.K. and Singh V. P. (2008). Botany for Degree Students. Algae. S Chand and Co,

New Delhi.

3. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweeds cultivation and utilization. Aravali International, New

Delhi.

4. Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky P.V. and Jackson, R.B.

(2008). Biology, 8th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA.

5. Vashistha, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Pteridophyta. S. Chand. Delhi, India.

6. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi,

India.

7. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta: Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot,

Allahabad.

8. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

9. Vanderpoorten, A. and Goffinet, B. (2009). Introduction to Bryophytes. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge

17
 B.Sc. Semester – II
Subject: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
Discipline-Specific Course (DSC)

Course No.-2 (Practical)

Course Type of Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Duration Formative Summative Total
No. Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours of Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester Marks
t Marks

Course- Practic
02 DSCC 02 04 52 hrs 3hrs 25 25 50
al

Course No.2 (Practical): Title of the Course (Practical): Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and
Gymnosperms
Course Outcome (CO):

After completion of the course (Practical), students will be able to:

CO 1: Demonstrate an understanding of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.

CO 2: Develop a critical understanding of morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Algae, Bryophytes,

Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms.

CO 3: Understanding of plant evolution and their transition to land habitat.

CO 4: Demonstrate proficiency in the experimental techniques and methods of appropriate analysis of

Alage, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms

CO 5: Economic importance of Alage, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms

List of the Experiments for 52 hrs / Semesters

1. Microscopic observation of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Volvox, Oedogonium,

Chara, Vaucheria, Ectocarpus, Fucus, and Batrachospremum through temporary preparations and

permanent slides.

2. Riccia – Morphology of the thallus.

3. Marchantia- Morphology of thallus, whole-mount of rhizoids and Scales, vertical section of thallus

through Gemma cup (all temporary slides), vertical section of Antheridiophore, Archegoniophore,

longitudinal section of Sporophyte (all permanent slides).

4. Anthoceros- Morphology of thallus, dissection of the sporophyte (to show stomata, spores, pseudoelaters,

columella) (temporary slide), vertical section of the thallus (permanent slide).

18
5. Funaria- Morphology, whole-mount of leaf, rhizoids, operculum, peristome, annulus, spores (temporary

slides); permanent slides showing antheridial and archegonial heads, longitudinal section of a capsule; whole

mount of protonema.

6. Psilotum- Study of the specimen, transverse section of synangium (permanent slide).

7. Selaginella- Morphology, whole-mount of the leaf with a ligule, transverse section of stem, whole-mount

of strobilus, whole-mount of microsporophyll and megasporophyll (temporary slides), longitudinal section

of strobilus (permanent slide).

8. Equisetum- Morphology, transverse section of internode, longitudinal section of strobilus, whole-mount

of sporangiophore, whole-mount of spores (temporary slide), transverse section of rhizome (permanent

slide).

9. Pteris- Morphology, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of sporophyll, whole-mount of the

sporangium, whole-mount of spores (temporary slides), transverse section of rhizome, whole-mount of

prothallus with sex organs, and young sporophyte (permanent slide).

10. Cycas- Morphology (coralloid roots, leaf), the whole mount of microsporophyll, transverse section of

coralloid root, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of the leaflet, vertical section of microsporophyll,

whole-mount of spores (temporary slides), longitudinal section of ovule, transverse section of root

(permanent slide).

11. Pinus- Morphology (long and dwarf shoots, whole-mount of dwarf shoot, male and female cones),

transverse section of the needle, transverse section of stem, longitudinal section of / transverse section of a

male cone, whole-mount of microsporophyll, whole-mount of Microspores (temporary slides), longitudinal

section of a female cone, tangential longitudinal section and radial longitudinal sections stem (permanent

slide).

12. Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male and female cones), transverse section of stem, vertical section of the

ovule (permanent slide).

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General instructions:

Q1. Give specimen from Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms (A, B, C, and D)

Q2. Preparation and analysis of material Algae/Bryophytes/Pteridophytes/ Gymnosperms (E and F)

Q3. Specimen or Slides from Algae/Bryophytes/Pteridophytes/Gymnosperms (H, I, and J)

Q4. Study Tour Report

Q5. Viva

Q6. Journal

Scheme of Practical Examination (distribution of marks): 25 marks for the Semester end examination

1. Identify, classify and describe features observed in specimen 8 Marks

2. Describe the internal structures of the given specimen 4 Marks

3. Identification of Specimen/slides 6 Marks

4. Study Tour Report 2 Marks

5. Viva 2 Marks

6. Journal 3 Marks

Total 25 marks

Note: Same Scheme may be used for IA (Formative Assessment) examination

Books recommended.
1. Ashok Bendre and Ashok Kumar (2009) A textbook of practical botany, Rostakge Publications.
2. Sharma, O.P., and Sharma, K. D. (2017) Practical Botany-I, Pragathi Prakashan, Meerut.
3. Raghuram, M, and Rao, M. V. (2018) B. Sc. Practical Book of Botany First Year, Technical
Publishers.
4. Verghese, N., Joy, P.P. Microbiology Laboratory Manual, Kerala Agricultural University.

20
 B.Sc. Semester – II
Subject: Biofertilizers
Open Elective Course (OEC-2)
(OEC for other students)

Course Type of Theory / Credits Instruction Total No. of Duration Formative Summative Total
No. Course Practical hour per Lectures/Hours of Exam Assessment
Assessmen Marks
week / Semester Marks
t Marks

OEC-2
OEC Theory 03 03 42 hrs 2hrs 40 60 100

OEC-2: Title of the Course: Biofertilizers

Course Outcome (CO):

After completion, of course, students will be able to:

CO 1: Develop their understanding of the concept of bio-fertilizer

CO 2: Identify the different forms of biofertilizers and their uses

CO 3: Compose the Green manuring and organic fertilizers

CO 4: Develop the integrated management for better crop production by using both nitrogenous and

phosphate biofertilizers and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM).

CO 5: Interpret and explain the components, patterns, and processes of bacteria for growth

in crop production

Syllabus- OEC: Title- Biofertilizers Total Hrs: 42

Unit-I 14 hrs
The general account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation,
identification, mass multiplication, carrier-based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.
Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier-based inoculant, the associative
effect of different microorganisms. Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop
response to Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance, and mass multiplication.
Unit-II 14 hrs
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen
fixation, factors affecting growth, blue-green algae, and Azolla in rice cultivation.
Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and
distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation
and inoculum production of VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
Unit-III 14 hrs
Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of bio-degradable
municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes – bio compost making methods, types, and
method of vermicomposting – field Application.

21
Books recommended.
1. Dubey, R.C. (2005). A Textbook of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.

2. John Jothi Prakash, E. (2004). Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay Publication,

New Delhi.

3. Kumaresan, V.( 2005). Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.

4. NIIR Board. (2012). The Complete Technology Book on Biofertilizer and organic farming. 2nd Edition.

NIIR Project Consultancy Services.

5. Sathe, T.V. (2004) Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.

6. Subba Rao N.S. (2017). Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry. Fourth Edition. Medtech.

7. Vayas, S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. (1998). Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming Akta Prakashan,

Nadiad

22
Details of Formative assessment (IA) for DSCC theory/OEC: 40% weightage for total marks

Type of Assessment Weight age Duration Commencement

Written test-1 10% 1 hr 8th Week
Written test-2 10% 1 hr 12th Week
Seminar 10% 10 minutes --
Case study / Assignment / Field 10% ------ --
work / Project work/ Activity
Total 40% of the maximum marks
allotted for the paper

Faculty of Science
04 - Year UG Honors programme: 2021-22

GENERAL PATTERN OF THEORY QUESTION PAPER FOR DSCC/ OEC

(60 marks for semester end Examination with 2 hrs duration)

Part-A
1. Question number 1-06 carries 2 marks each. Answer any 05 questions : 10marks

Part-B

2. Question number 07- 11 carries 05Marks each. Answer any 04 questions : 20 marks

Part-C

3. Question number 12-15 carries 10 Marks each. Answer any 03 questions : 30 marks

(Minimum 1 question from each unit and 10 marks question may have sub
questions for 7+3 or 6+4 or 5+5 if necessary)

Total: 60 Marks

Note: Proportionate weight-age shall be given to each unit based on number of hours prescribed.

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