Comprehension Passages

1. Read the following passage carefully:

1. There is no need to define morality, let a man be simply compassionate'. This sentence expresses the basic essence of
morality, the extent to which it relies on compassion for its definition. For when we think about it, is not that truly
human feeling of compassion the basis of all morality? 2. Morality rests for its very meaning on the concepts of 'good'
and 'bad' where 'good'

refers to all thoughts and deeds that do not aim at or accomplish any harm or injury or do not involve an attempt to
inflict suffering on others. Thus morality is based on man's ability to understand, being able to sympathize, feel kindness
and sorrow for. and identify himself with the sufferings of his fellow men. So, only compassion can give rise to oral
thoughts and feelings.

3. Depriving a person of what is his or what must belong to him - what is called stealing for selfish ends, taunting or
insulting others through words or actions for self-gratification, violence - expressed verbally or as acts of torture, Killing,
etc. for the sake of violence contradict morality as well as an inner feeling of kindness and compassion.

4. When we talk about social morality of any kind, what comes into play is our abili to feel for the well-being of our
society. A certain moral code of conduct is ultimatel necessary to ensure that the society does no fall prey to
degeneration of values, why would lead to rampant suffering and ultimately chaos. It is a concern to help the society by
safeguarding it from unwanted ills and malaises and ensuring its well- being. Society’s concerns are our concerns,
anything capable of causing a detrimental Impact on it in the short term or in course of time is ultimately bound to affect
us and our children.

5. There is the need to realize that man must continue to feel compassion for the sake of himself as well as society. But
like any other human trait, compassion ought to be continually exercised if it is to remain a dormant force. Unfortunately,
in modern society what we witness is the complete lack of kindness and sympathy between fellow beings. One can only
shake one’s head and say that just like other cherished values even compassion is getting eroded in the hustle and bustle
of the mechanical existence of these times. What remains is material values that look only towards Immediate personal
gains and in the process rid man of whatever ‘humanness’ is left in him.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer the questions given below:

(i) To define morality, one relies on:

a. Value (b) Compassion (c) Human Feelings (d) All of these

ii. Morality is based on:

a. Differences between good and bad

b. Man’s ability to understand and sympathize
c. Inducing sufferings for others
d. Giving rise to oral thoughts

iii. The good in morality deals with:

a. Not at inflicting suffering on others
b. Men being able to sympathize
c. Feel kindness and sorrow for others
c. d. All of these
iv. What is gratification?

a. Depriving a person of his necessities

b. Killing inner feelings of morality
c. Pleasing oneself by insulting others
 d. taunting people for fun

v. How can one ensure that society does not suffer?

a. By teaching them the lesson of morality
b. By preaching the lessons of Buddha
c. By following a model code of conduct
d. By feeling for the well-being of society

vi . How society's concerns are our concerns?

a. Capable of having a detrimental impact immediately
b. The world is a small place; one has to bear the consequences
c. What goes around, comes around; our karma
d. In due course of time, these concerns are bound to affect everyone
vii. Man must continue to feel compassion for

a. His family b. His friends c. himself d.The society

a. Only A and B
b. Only C and D
c. Only A, C and D
d. All of these

viii. What does one witness in modern society?

e. Material Values hold importance

f. There is no humanness left in society
g. Complete lack of sympathy between fellow beings
h. Compassion being eroded by machines
a. Only A and B
b. Only C and D
c. Only A, B and C
d. All of these

ix. Find a word similar in meaning to “impose” in paragraph 2

a. inflict. b. accomplish c. attempt d. identify

x Find a word similar in meaning to “widespread” in paragraph 4

i. Degeneration b. malaisis c. Rampant d. concern

xi. Find a word opposite in meaning "active" to paragraph 5

a. hustle b. trait c. dormant d. eroded

2. Read the following passage carefully :

When plastic waste is burnt, a complex weave of toxic chemicals is released. Breaking down polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-
used for packaging, toys, and coating electrical wires. Produces dioxin, an organochlorine that belongs to the family of
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). A recent Dioxin Assessment Report brought out by the United States Environment
Protection Agency (USEPA) says the risk of getting cancer from dioxin is ten times higher than reported by the agency in
1994.

Yet the Delhi government is giving the green signal to a gasification project which will convert the garbage into energy
without removing plastic waste. Former transport minister Rajendra Gupta, the promoter of this project, says this is not
necessary. He claims no air pollution will be caused and that the ash produced can be used as manure. An earlier waste-
to-energy project set up in Timarpur failed. The new one, built with Australian assistance, will cost * 200 crores. It will
generate 25 megawatts of power and gobble 1,000 tonnes of garbage every day.

“Technologies like gasification are a form of incineration”, “says Madhumita Dutta, a Central coordinator with Toxics Link,
New Delhi. Incineration merely transfers hazardous waste from a solid form to air, water, and ash, she points out.

Toxins produced during incineration include acidic gases, heavy metals as well as dioxins and furans. The manure’ will be
hazardous and a problem to dispose of says, Dutta

Municipal solid waste contains a mix of plastics. Breaking down this waste emits hydrochloric acid which attacks the
respiratory system, skin, and eyes, resulting in coughing, vomiting and nausea.

Polythene generates volatile compounds like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, both suspected carcinogenic. Breathing
styrene from polystyrene can cause leukaemia. Polyurethane is associated with asthma. Dioxin released by PVC is a
powerful hormone disrupter and causes birth defects and reproductive problems. There is no threshold dose to prevent
it and our bodies have no defence against it. "Even the best run incinerators in the world have to deal with stringent
norms, apart from contaminated filters and ash, making them hugely expensive to operate," says Dutta. In Germany, air
pollution devices accounted for two-thirds of the cost of incineration. Despite such efforts, the European Dioxin
Inventory noted that the input of dioxin Into the atmosphere was the highest from incineration.

"India does not have the facility to test dioxin and the cost of setting one up is prohibitively expensive," says Dutta.

Besides, Indian garbage has a low calorific content of about 800 cal/kg, since it has high moisture and requires additional
fuel to burn. Toxics link calculates that the electricity generated from such technology will cost between ₹5-7 per unit,
which is six times higher than conventional energy. India has chosen a dioxin preventive route and the burning of
chlorinated plastics is prohibited under Municipal Solid Waste and Biomedical Rules.

Nearly 80 percent of Indian garbage is recyclable or compostable. Resident associations, the informal sector, and the
municipal corporation can make Delhi's garbage disappear in a sustainable manner. "Instead, the government promotes
the end of pipeline solutions," says Dutta.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer the following questions given below:

i. Dioxing causes

a. cancer b. heart attack c. hypertension. d. sickness

ii. The gasification process transforms:

a. energy into the garbage b. garbage into energy

c. water into energy d. none of the above

iii. Garbage can be converted into energy by

a. Gasification b. gratification c. a chemical process. e. incinerators

iv. Indian garbage contains

a. low moisture. b. high moisture c. no moisture. d.none of these

v. The toxic chemical released on burning plastic waste is as harmful as:

a. It is an organochlorine
b. It belongs to the family of POP’s
c. It can cause cancer
d. It is assessed by USEPA

vi. What happens during incineration?

a. Gasification is a form of incineration
b. Changes risky waste from solid form to air, water, and ash
c. Acidic Gases, Dioxins, and Furans are released
d. Manure will be hazardous and a problem to dispose

vii. How will burning plastic adversely impact the health of citizens?
b. Polyurethane is linked with asthma
c. Breathing styrene can cause leukaemia
d. Dioxin disrupts hormones
e. Hydrochloric Acid attacks the respiratory system
a. Only A
b. Only A and B
c. Only A, C and D
d. All A, B, C and D

Viii. What argument is advanced against the use of incinerators?.

a. Exorbitantly expensive to operate
b.Release of Dioxin is lowest from incinerators
c. Both of these
d. None of these

ix. Why would gasification of waste prove a wasteful luxury in India?

a. Nearly 80% of garbage is recyclable or compostable
b. Burning of chlorinated plastics is costly
c. Such technology will cost higher than conventional energy
d. Electricity generated will cost Rs 5-7 per unit