Cambridge IGCSE ™: Geography 0460/13

Cambridge IGCSE™
GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2023 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level
components.
This document consists of 22 printed pages.
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over

0460/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2023
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2023 Page 2 of 22

PUBLISHED 2023
Each question carries 25 marks. Candidates cannot earn above the maximum marks available within
each sub section.
The marking scheme attempts to give guidance about the requirements of each answer and lists a
number of responses, which will earn marks along with the general principles to be applied when
marking each question.
It should be noted that candidates can earn marks if their answers are phrased differently provided
they convey the same meaning as those in the mark scheme. THE CANDIDATES DO NOT NEED TO
USE THE SAME WORDING TO EARN MARKS.
The notation ‘etc.’ at the end of an answer in the mark scheme signifies that there may well be other
correct responses or examples that can be given credit. Providing the statement is true, relevant to
the question asked and not repetition of a previous point made credit should be given.
A point made within one sub-section which is an answer to the question set in a different sub-section
should not be given credit as each sub-section asks different questions which require independent
answers.
The mark scheme uses semi colons (;) to separate marks and diagonals to separate alternative
answers.
During coordination the mark scheme is modified to add points agreed after discussion or to delete
any points not allowed. All examiners should ensure that their modified scheme is fully up-to-date
before marking begins.
Marking Mechanics.
Point marking is used for sections (a) and (b) of each question, although marks are available in
specified questions for development of appropriate points. Ticks should be used to clearly indicate
where a mark has been allowed. Where a development point has been allowed the symbol “DEV”
should be placed adjacent to the tick. The number of ticks should always be equal to the total number
of marks awarded. Only one development mark for each mark scheme point please.
Where a candidate makes a point which is not quite sufficient for credit an upturned ‘V’ insert symbol
should be used. If after careful consideration a mark is awarded which gives ‘benefit of doubt’ to the
candidate, the letter ‘J’ should be placed adjacent to the tick (i.e. the candidate has ‘just’ achieved the
mark).
Crosses are acceptable to signify wrong answers and the letters ‘IR/IRRL’ should be used to indicate
those which are irrelevant.
Levels of response marking is used for section (c) of each question.

Thus, it is the quality of the response that determines which level an answer has achieved rather than
the quantity of statements contained within it. However, once assigned to a level the mark achieved
within that level is determined by the number of points made.
Levels 1 and 2 are distinguished by whether statements are simple (level 1) or developed/elaborated
(level 2). A candidate can immediately enter L2 by making developed points without making any L1
statements. In order to achieve L3 a candidate must have already reached the top end of L2 – in
addition their answer should have a clear example and if the answer is place specific as well (7
marks). Highlight place specific detail.
Where statements are assigned levels by the examiner this should be indicated by the use of L1 and
L2 next to the statements. Ticks should not be used on answers that are marked using levels of
response marking. L1 annotation should be removed once a L2 is awarded for an answer. L3
annotation is not used. There is no need for a summary level at the end of a response.

PUBLISHED 2023
Summary:
Level 1 (1 to 3 marks):
1 simple statement (1 mark)
2 simple statements (2 marks)
3 simple statements (3 marks)
Level 2 (4 to 6 marks):
1 developed statement (4 marks)
2 developed statements (5 marks)
3 or more developed statements with e.g. (6 marks)
Level 3 (7 marks)
3 or more developed statements + named example with at least one piece of place specific detail.
Note. The following guidelines apply when case studies are required in part (c) questions:
1 Level 2 statements must be developed/elaborated or related relevant ideas need to be linked.
2 The use of statistics is not an acceptable form of development, thus a simple statement with
statistics is a Level 1 statement. The use of statistics alone cannot be credited as an alternative to a
L1 written statement.
3 Place specific information is required as part of the criteria to achieve a Level 3 answer. This
could relate to the location of the case study chosen or aspects of the study which make it authentic
rather than simply generic (e.g. named places within the area, other specific factual detail, relevant
statistics etc.). Requirements of each study will vary and your Team Leader will provide guidance.
Please note that:
– if the case study requires a country name the name of the continent in which it is located is not
sufficient for the place specific requirement, however with more precision it would be acceptable (e.g.
‘Nigeria, located in Africa…’ is not sufficient but ‘Nigeria, located in West Africa’ is sufficient.)
– if the case study requires the name of an area/town or city the name of the country in which it is
located is not sufficient for the place specific requirement, however with more precision it would be
acceptable (e.g. ‘Mumbai, located in India…’ is not sufficient but ‘Mumbai, located in Western India’ is
sufficient.)

PUBLISHED 2023
Marking annotations
Examiners must use the following annotations:
Annotation Meaning
Correct point
Incorrect
Level 2
Level 1
Highlight Creditworthy part of an extended response or

place specific detail
Omission or further development/detail needed to

gain credit
J The point has ‘just’ been allowed / benefit of the

doubt given
Unclear or validity is doubted
Developed point
LNK Linking 2 or more ideas together to gain a mark
Appropriate example or case study given
IR/IRRL Irrelevant
Material that does not answer the question
REP Idea has been repeated
{} Brackets used to show where a point has or has

not been awarded within a longer answer
Highlighting a significant part of an extended

response – can be used with another annotation
e.g. or
1. Response has been seen but no credit

given
2. Additional page has been checked

PUBLISHED 2023
Question Answer Marks
1(a)(i) 2015/2016 1
1 mark
1(a)(ii) Net migration fluctuated more than natural increase; 2
Net migration increased overall but there was a decline in natural increase.
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iii) Ideas such as; 3

It/(overall) population change/growth was higher in 2019 (reserved);
4 times as much;
76–78 (000) in 2019 compared with 18–20 (000) in 1999;
1999 natural increase 29/30 (000) and net migration –10/11 (000) 2019
natural increase 26/7 (000) and net migration 50/51 (000) etc.
Note: Statistics credited only if support an answer.
3 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

Birth rates only a little higher than/similar to/same as death rates;
Use/can afford contraception;
Education about contraception/about problems of large families;
Children do not need to work/have to attend school;
Children do not need to look after elderly/pensions available;
Secular society/less influence of religion or tradition;
Low infant mortality/they do not need more babies as most will survive;
Many women have children/people marry later in life/less teenage
pregnancies;
Women’s rights/emancipation for women;
Women have careers/education for women;
High cost of living/children are expensive/people cannot afford many children;
Access to abortion etc.
Note: Answer must be about New Zealand/MEDCs and not about LEDCs.
4 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) Graph completion 3
Assuming correct order:

1 mark for line at 43%
1 mark for line at 66%
1 mark for correct shading
Note: if order is incorrect MAX 2 marks for accuracy of plots and shading
Note: Tolerance of 1% on graph.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2023
1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Advantages:
Provides labour force;
Provides skills;
Migrants will do the jobs people will not do/dirty jobs;
Can pay low wages;
Diverse culture/cuisine;
Setting up services;
e.g. local shops, restaurant;
More money circulates in economy;
More taxes paid;
So money to invest in services or example etc.
Disadvantages:
Pressure on employment;
Insufficient housing/growth of slums;
Traffic congestion;
Racial conflict;
Pressure on hospitals;
Pressure on schools;
Cost of providing language services;
Greater cost to taxpayer etc
Higher crime rate;
5 @ 1 mark or development
Note: MAX 3 for advantages/disadvantages

PUBLISHED 2023
1(c) Levels marking 7
Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which explain why there has been
movement of large numbers of people.

Uses named example.
Developed statements which explain why there has been movement of large
numbers of people.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain why there has been
movement of large numbers of people, including reference to both pulls and
pushes with some place specific reference.
Content Guide:
Candidates can use any example of migration, international or internal.
Answers are likely to refer to:
Employment;
Health care;
Education;
Joining family and friends;
Entertainment;
Availability of water/electricity;
Food supplies;
Drought/natural disasters;
Persecution/war;
Crime;
High cost of living;
Etc.
Note: no double credit for pulls and pushes
Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Named parts of the chosen countries/areas,
Population data etc.

PUBLISHED 2023
2(a)(i) 15 (%) 1
1 mark
2(a)(ii) C 2
B
A
D
(correct order needed)
All 4 correct = 2 marks

2/3 correct = 1 mark
2 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iii) Ideas such as in B: 3

More people are unhappy about the housing;
More people are unhappy about the education;
Less people are unhappy about recreation;

Less people are unhappy about transportation;
Etc.
Note: accept the reverse statements but comparison is required.

Also accept statements which refer to where people are happier.
Must state A or B.
3 @ 1 mark

Roads may be outdated/in poor repair/potholes;
Road closures/road works;
There may be traffic congestion/people may be delayed/late to work or
school;
Congestion charging/emissions charging or controls/toll roads;
Speeding fines/speed cameras;
Public transport facilities (or example) may be
poor/outdated/expensive/infrequent/crowded/dirty;
Public transport does not serve all parts;
Parking spaces may be expensive/inadequate/restrictions;
Too many heavy lorries/commercial vehicles may use the roads;
Specified pollution e.g. air/noise pollution;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2023
2(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Small housing/lack of space;
Lack of privacy;
No gardens/outdoor spaces;
Noise from neighbours;
Noise from vehicles/road;
Need to access upper floors by stairs/lifts;
Air pollution;
Litter;
Specific event e.g. fire/water leak affects others.
3 @ 1 mark

Some people will be employed/unemployed/differences in levels of
employment;
Some people will earn high wages/more money/rich/differences in income;
Some people will not be likely to have qualifications/be educated/differences
in education levels;
Some people may be migrants/live in temporary settlements;
People may be racially discriminated against;
Gender discrimination;
Some people are likely to have access to water/food/energy (any named
service or essential item)/differences in access to basic services or e.g. etc.

PUBLISHED 2023

Statements including limited detail which describe strategies used to improve
housing.

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe strategies used to improve

housing.
Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate including some place specific reference.
Content Guide:
Answers should focus on housing and are likely to include reference to:
Building new/low-cost housing/homes/flats;
Self-help schemes;
Site and services schemes;
Installing infrastructure (roads/electricity/piped water/sanitation);
Development of new towns/satellite towns/estates;
Redevelopment/urban renewal etc.
Note: Answer can refer to an urban area in an MEDC or LEDC.

Locational details,
Named parts of urban area,
Specific details of the improvement schemes etc.

PUBLISHED 2023
3(a)(i) Wave cut platform 1
1 mark
3(a)(ii) Y = (natural) arch 2

Z = stack
2 @ 1 mark
3(a)(iii) Ideas such as destructive waves: 3

Have a higher frequency/more waves per minute/constructive <10 per minute
and destructive > 10 per minute;
Stronger backwash than swash cf constructive waves which have stronger
swash than backwash;
Have shorter wavelength/waves closer together;
Are higher;
Erode whilst constructive waves deposit;
Plunging whilst constructive waves are spilling etc.
Note: Answers must be comparative. Can accept converse references to

constructive waves.
3 @ 1 mark

Houses/property may collapse/fall down cliff;
House prices decrease/can’t sell houses/get insurance;
Relocation/move away;
Loss of farmland/livestock;
Damage to roads/railways/paths;
Danger from rockfalls/landslips;
Damage to/closure of/relocation of business/tourist facility or specified
buildings/monuments etc;
Puts tourists off visiting etc.
4 @ 1 mark

Steep/vertical/cliff;
Bare rock/rocky/rocks;
Layers of rock;
Folded rocks/rock layers dip towards sea;
Grass/vegetation on top;
Cave;
etc.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2023

Hydraulic action/force of water/power of waves;
Abrasion/corrasion or definition;
Corrosion/solution or definition;
Formation of wave cut notch/notch deepened;
Erosion along line of weakness/crack or crack widens;
Expansion/wearing back/erosion of cave;
Etc.
Note: Allow valid development of processes for dev mark.

PUBLISHED 2023

Statements including limited detail which describe the benefits for people of
living on the coast.

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe the benefits for people of living on
the coast.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example. Example to be smaller in

size than a country.)
Level 3 (7 marks)
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.
Content Guide:
Industry;
Ports;
Fishing;
Leisure activities/for surfers etc;
Fresh air/sea breeze/specified climate points;
Peaceful;
Retirement;
Tourism if linked with employment;
Scenic beauty;
Farming;
Use of revenues for government spending or example;
Etc.
Note: Example must be smaller scale than a country, unless a small island
e.g. accept Lanzarote or island country e.g. Malta, Jamaica.
Island groups such as Seychelles or Maldives, Canaries, Balearics etc. are
not acceptable.

Locational details,
Named places along coast,
Specific details of employment opportunities,
Statistics etc.

PUBLISHED 2023
4(a)(i) Constructive/divergent the plate movement is away from each other 1

Destructive/convergent the movement is towards each
other/subduct/collide/one goes under;
Opposite directions
One goes apart and one goes together.
1 mark
4(a)(ii) X = Convection currents 2
Y = Subduction
2 @ 1 mark
4(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Low;
Wide;
Gentle/flat sides/slopes;
Basic/low viscosity/fluid/runny lava/flows faster/low silica content/basalt;
There is no layers/just consist of (solidified) lava;
Low pressure Eruptions/ Eruptions are gentle/slow/weak;
3 @ 1 mark

Convection currents;
Plates/they move towards each other;
Subduction/one plate goes under the other;
Heavier/denser plate subducts;
Heating on edge of subducting plate;
Destruction/melting of crust/turns rock to magma;
Build-up of magma;
Pressure caused by build-up;
Magma pushed up/escapes through fissure;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

Positive relationship/correlation;
Longer time between eruptions longer the duration;
Relationship is not linear/not exact/there are anomalies;
Supporting statistics (allow phrases such as ‘over’, ‘under’ etc. or exact
figures for individual volcanoes. Must give 4 figures (max 1);
3 @ 1 mark
Note: Accept use of statistics as alternatives to statements.

PUBLISHED 2023

Monitor/study;
Using Faultline movements/volcanic emissions/seismometer/tiltmeter/watch
animal behaviour;
Remote sensing of ash clouds;
Predict/warn about eruption/text alerts;
Evacuation/evacuation plans;
Education/awareness about volcano survival/drills showing them what to do;
Improve quality of buildings/make buildings more solid;
E.g. stronger roof;
Shelters;
Ensure emergency services/rescue teams on standby/well equipped;
Invest in healthcare/hospitals/better healthcare;
Exclusion zones;
Land use planning;
Ensure availability of international aid;
Bomb lava flows;
Spray lava flows;
Lava diversion channels;
Mudflow/lava barrier;
Food/water/first aid supplies;
Wear masks/hats;
Etc.

PUBLISHED 2023

Statements including limited detail which describe the opportunities provided
by volcanoes for people who live in the area.

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe the opportunities provided by

volcanoes for people who live in the area.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example. Example to be smaller in

size than a country e.g. Montserrat.)
Level 3 (7 marks)
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific

reference.
Content Guide:
Work in tourist industry;
Mining/quarrying;
Geothermal power/hot water;
Scenic beauty;
Fertile soils/high yields;

Locational details,
Named places along coast,
Specific details of employment opportunities
Statistics etc.

PUBLISHED 2023
5(a)(i) On the coast, mainly in the east and south 1
1 mark
5(a)(ii) 15–20 km 2
North-west (NW)
2 @ 1 mark

Work in/own/open/profits/more business/customers from restaurants;
Work in/own/open/income/more business/customers from hotels/apartments;
Selling/supplying fish to tourists/income from boat trips/port fees;
Etc.
Note: One mark per photograph.
3 @ 1 mark

Building/expansion of airport/port/docks/harbour;
Construction of/improvement of roads/highways;
Railway construction/expansion;
Build/extend bus routes;
Installation of electricity grid/power station;
Improved water supply/piped water;
Improvements to sewage system;
Improvement to telecommunications/phone network;
Increased internet/wifi availability;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

High/warm/highest temperatures – do not credit statistics here;
Least rainfall/driest months – do not credit statistics here;
Temperatures over 20oC or individual figure OR rainfall less than 40/60 mm or
example of one month;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2023

Seasonal unemployment/lack of income;
Noise;
Litter;
Traffic congestion;
Air pollution so breathing difficulties;
Sea pollution so less fish to catch;
Increase in prices in tourist season;
High demand for water;
High demand for electricity;
Shops/restaurants/buses/pavements/beaches crowded;
Etc.

PUBLISHED 2023

Statements including limited detail which describe the attractions of physical
and/or human landscape.

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe the attractions of physical and/or

human landscape.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)
Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe the attractions of
physical and human landscape, including some place specific reference.
Content Guide:
Beach/sandy beach;
Cliffs/steep cliffs;
Bays/headlands;
Ocean/sea/blue sea/clear sea;
Named coastal features e.g. arches, stacks;
Sand dunes;
Mountains;
Rivers/valleys;
Waterfalls;
Wildlife/animals/fauna;
Plants/flora;
Named attraction e.g. The Louvre;
Historical buildings;
Museums;
Cathedrals/churches;
Theme parks/other built tourist facilities;
Harbours;
Souvenir shops/designer clothes shops etc.
Resorts/hotels;
Note: Named built attraction e.g. Eiffel Tower L1, historic buildings such as
Buckingham Palace L2.

Locational details/named locations,
Specific details of places/features etc.

PUBLISHED 2023
6(a)(i) Energy sources which will not run out/can be reused/used again/unlimited etc. 1
1 mark
6(a)(ii) Angola 2
Peru
2 @ 1 mark

Fast flowing rivers/steep slopes/sunshine/wind linked with named energy type
e.g. strong wind to generate wind power etc. (MAX 2 marks);
Development level of technology;
Wealth of country/MEDCs/affordability or cost of building schemes;
Presence or absence of other sources of energy (or examples);
Government policy/attitude towards energy/environment;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark

Air pollution/release of (greenhouse) gases/smoke/carbon dioxide or other
example;
Global warming/greenhouse effect/increases temperatures;
Climate change or example e.g. drought;
Melting ice/glaciers;
Increase in sea level;
Flooding of coastal environment/low islands;
Acid rain;
Destruction of forest/vegetation/deforestation for mining;
Landscape destruction/quarries alter shape of landscape;
Habitat loss;
Animals die/extinction/loss of biodiversity;
Forest fires;
Food chain impacts;
Water pollution;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

More energy used in industry;
General increase in both;
Greater (overall) increase in transport/transport a lot lower in 1970 but less so
in 2020;
Increase is not smooth in both/both fluctuate;
More fluctuations in use of energy in industry;
Etc.
Note: Must be comparative or must mention both, even if use `they’.

Do not credit statistics.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2023

Secondary industry/factory/manufacturing/assembly or processing;
Consists of inputs, processes and outputs;
(Inputs are):
Raw Materials/labour/land/transport/machinery/components/capital/packaging
(MAX 2)
(Note: No mark for energy)
(Processes are):
Activities that convert the raw material/components into something useful;
(Outputs are):
Products or goods/waste materials/fumes/profit (MAX 2) etc.
Note: Can use idea above or a specific example

Statements including limited detail which explain the factors influencing the
location of a factory or industrial zone.

Uses named example.
More developed explanation or linked statements which explain the factors

influencing the location of a factory or industrial zone.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example, such as primary or

tertiary industry.)
Level 3 (7 marks)
More developed explanation or linked statements which explain the factors
influencing the location of a factory or industrial zone, including place specific
information.
Content Guide:
Raw materials;
Market;
Labour availability – cost/skills;
Power supplies;
Availability of (flat) land;
Government incentives;
Proximity to ports;
Etc.

Named locational details,
Named location of areas supplying industry,
Specific details of transport routes etc.

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© UCLES 2023 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2023 Page 2 of 22

Levels of response marking is used for section (c) of each question.

© UCLES 2023 Page 3 of 22

1 Level 2 statements must be developed/elaborated or related relevant ideas need to be linked.

© UCLES 2023 Page 4 of 22

Examiners must use the following annotations:

Highlight Creditworthy part of an extended response or

Omission or further development/detail needed to

J The point has ‘just’ been allowed / benefit of the

Unclear or validity is doubted

LNK Linking 2 or more ideas together to gain a mark

Appropriate example or case study given

Material that does not answer the question

REP Idea has been repeated

{} Brackets used to show where a point has or has

Highlighting a significant part of an extended

1. Response has been seen but no credit

2. Additional page has been checked

© UCLES 2023 Page 5 of 22

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(ii) Net migration fluctuated more than natural increase; 2

1(a)(iii) Ideas such as; 3

Note: Statistics credited only if support an answer.

1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

1(b)(i) Graph completion 3

Assuming correct order:

Note: Tolerance of 1% on graph.

© UCLES 2023 Page 6 of 22

Question Answer Marks

1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Note: MAX 3 for advantages/disadvantages

© UCLES 2023 Page 7 of 22

Question Answer Marks

1(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Note: no double credit for pulls and pushes

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

© UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 22

Question Answer Marks

All 4 correct = 2 marks

2(a)(iii) Ideas such as in B: 3

Less people are unhappy about recreation;

Note: accept the reverse statements but comparison is required.

2(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

© UCLES 2023 Page 9 of 22